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  • Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

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    NAVYA A/P SOORIA THEYMUDU
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    Gene regulation in prokaryotes can occur through constitutive, inducible, or repressible expression. Inducible systems involve effector molecules like inducers that activate gene expression in their presence as positive regulators but repress it in their absence as negative regulators. Repressible systems involve co-repressors that repress expression in their presence as negative regulators but do not activate it in their absence. Key examples are the lac and trp operons, which are regulated by inducers, repressors, and other factors binding to operator and promoter elements.

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    Gene regulation in prokaryotes can occur through constitutive, inducible, or repressible expression. Inducible systems involve effector molecules like inducers that activate gene expression in their presence as positive regulators but repress it in their absence as negative regulators. Repressible systems involve co-repressors that repress expression in their presence as negative regulators but do not activate it in their absence. Key examples are the lac and trp operons, which are regulated by inducers, repressors, and other factors binding to operator and promoter elements.

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    21 views26 pages

    Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

    Uploaded by

    NAVYA A/P SOORIA THEYMUDU
    Gene regulation in prokaryotes can occur through constitutive, inducible, or repressible expression. Inducible systems involve effector molecules like inducers that activate gene expression in their presence as positive regulators but repress it in their absence as negative regulators. Repressible systems involve co-repressors that repress expression in their presence as negative regulators but do not activate it in their absence. Key examples are the lac and trp operons, which are regulated by inducers, repressors, and other factors binding to operator and promoter elements.

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    of 26

    Gene regulation

    Gene regulation in prokaryotes

    Regulation achieved in various stages in gene


    expression
    Gene regulation

    Gene regulation in prokaryotes

    • Constitutive gene expression

    • Inducible gene expression


    • +ve and –ve control

    • Repressible gene expression


    • +ve and –ve

    • efector molecules (inducers, repressors, etc)


    • allosteric transitions
    • operons
    • factors and elements (cis and trans)
    Gene regulation

    Inducible systems
    Gene regulation

    Repressible systems
    Gene regulation

    System Effector -ve regulation +ve


    Molecule (Repressor) regulation
    (Activator)

    Inducible - inducer ☓ ☓

    + inducer ✓ ✓

    Reprssible - ✓ ✓
    co-repressor
    + ☓ ☓
    co-repressor
    Gene regulation

    The Operon Model (-ve) by Jacob and Monod 1961


    Gene regulation

    The operon: induction


    Gene regulation

    The operon: repression


    Gene regulation

    The lac (lactose) operon : induction and catabolite repression


    • negatively controlled inducible operon, i.e. the lac genes are
    only expressed in the presence of lactose
    Gene regulation

    The lac (lactose) operon : induction and catabolite repression


    • negatively controlled inducible operon, i.e. the lac genes are
    only expressed in the presence of lactose

    System Effector -ve regulation +ve regulation


    Molecule (Repressor) (Activator)

    Inducible - inducer ☓ ☓
    + inducer ✓ ✓
    Repressible - ✓ ✓
    co-repressor
    + ☓ ☓
    co-repressor
    Gene regulation

    Inducer
    Gene regulation

    function of lac I, lac operator


    and lac promoter were
    identified genetically by
    isolation of mutant strains.
    • the involvement of trans
    factors and cis elements
    Gene regulation

    lac I = cis and trans

    Operator = cis
    Gene regulation

    Carbon Catabolite Repression


    The presence of glucose also leads to the repression of lac
    operon

    CAP = Catabolite Activator Protein (regulatory protein)


    cAMP = cyclic AMP (Adenosine-3’, 5’- monophosphate (effector molecule)
    Gene regulation

    cAMP binds to CAP → CAP-cAMP complex binds to CAP


    site → Lac Z, Y, A Transcription ON

    In the presence of glucose


    Glucose → adenylcyclase → cAMP → Lac Z, Y, A
    transcription ON
    Gene regulation

    Catabolite repression = presence of glucose also leads to


    the repression of lac operon
    cAMP = effector
    molecule, produced
    from ATP by
    adenylcyclase. cAMP
    binds to CAP (or
    CRP).
    Presence of glucose
    inhibits adenylate
    cyclase cAMP level
    is low no
    cAMP/CAP binding
    no CAP site
    binding no Allows ‘choosing’ of glucose over
    lactose
    activation.
    Gene regulation
    Gene regulation
    Gene regulation
    Gene regulation

    Trp operon = -ve repressible operon


    Gene regulation

    Trp operon = -ve repressible operon

    System Effector -ve regulation +ve regulation


    Molecule (Repressor) (Activator)

    Inducible - inducer ☓ ☓
    + inducer ✓ ✓
    Repressible - ✓ ✓
    co-repressor
    + ☓ ☓
    co-repressor
    Gene regulation

    Trp operon = Attenuator


    (2nd level of trp operon
    regulation)

    Attenuator: the sequence in


    trpL

    “premature” termination of
    trp operon transcription
    occurs only in the presence
    of tryptophan-charged
    tRNATrp

    Pairing between regions


    decide whether or not to
    Leader peptide = introductory region of the terminate transcription
    attenuator mRNA
    Gene regulation
    Gene regulation
    Gene regulation
    Gene regulation

    System Effector -ve regulation +ve regulation


    Molecule (Repressor) (Activator)

    Inducible - inducer ☓ ☓
    + inducer ✓ ✓
    Repressible - ✓ ✓
    co-repressor
    + ☓ ☓
    co-repressor

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