POETRY

Ecstatic - Expresses delight poetry with an ecstatic tone can raise a reader’s spirits.
Melancholic - Expresses loneliness or emptiness.
Satiric tone - Expresses dislike or discontent with something through sarcasm.
Exult - To feel or show great happiness
Overarching - Including or influencing every part of something
Poetry (composed of Tone,Figurative Language. And Form) ideas, feelings, rhythm, and sound are
packed into carefully chosen words, working to convey meaning to the readers.
Narrative Poetry - poems that tell a story historically began as oral traditions.
Lyrical Poetry - poems that are supposedly sung with musical accompaniment.
Dramatic Poetry - usually performed onstage.
Elements of Poetry
Persona - a dramatic character who is the speaker in the poem.
Form - Poetry is written in lines, and oftentimes the lines are divided into groups called stanzas.
Imagery - the use of language that appeals to the five senses, visual (sight), auditory (hearing), gustatory
(taste), tactile (touch), and olfactory (sense).
Sound Patterns - rhyme, rhythm, and other literary devices that pertain to sounds.
onomatopoeia - using words that imitate the sound of what they refer to
alliteration - repetition of initial sounds
assonance - repetition of vowel sounds within neighboring words.
Rhyme - The repetition of similar or identical sounds at the end of poetic lines.
rhyme scheme - the pattern of the rhyme placed at the end of each line or stanza in a poem.
rhythm foot - equivalent to two or more stressed and/or unstressed syllables meter - the measurement of
syllables in a line.
Figurative Language - words or phrases that are put together to help readers picture ordinary things in
new ways.
Theme - the central idea of a poem.
Prose
Exposition - important background information helpful in setting up a story; includes the setting.
Rising action - the series of events building up to the point of greatest importance in the narrative.
Climax - the most important point of the narrative, where events of the greatest intensity occur.
Falling action – the part of the narrative where the aftermath of the climax is addressed
Conclusion - the end of a narrative, where the story either comes to a close or is left as a cliffhanger.
Prose - any writing that does not have a metrical structure and rhythmical pattern like poetry.
Fiction - a story that is made up or invented by an author examples are short stories and novels.
Short Stories - read in one sitting and strive for unity and effect.
Novels - characters, setting, plot, and theme are usually more developed and detailed than a short story.
Plot Structure - contains the exposition, rising action, climax, and falling action leading to the resolution
of the story.
Episodic plot - features distinct episodes that are related to one another but that also can be read
individually, almost as stories by themselves.
Cumulative plot - contains repetition of phrases, sentences, or events with one new aspect added with
each repetition.
Frame Narrative/Embedded plot - a story in which another story or other multiple stories is/are
embedded.

Creative Non Fiction

Nonfiction deals with real people, places, and events.
Informative nonfiction are texts that provide factual information. Some examples are science and history
books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, and periodicals.
Literary nonfiction is written like fiction, but the people, events, and places involved remain factual.
Some examples of nonfiction narratives are autobiographies, biographies, and personal essays.
Autobiography – the story of a person’s life told by the same person. Usually it is written in the first-
person point of view and covers a long period of the author’s life.
Biography – the story of a person’s life told by another person. An example is A Beautiful Mind by
Sylvia Nasar.
Essay – a piece of writing that centers on one topic or subject matter. The purpose of an essay may be to
inform, to describe, to entertain, or to persuade the readers and can be formal or non formal.
Formal essay – a short composition written for scholarly purposes and provides factual info.
Informal essay – a short fiction that is more casual tone.
Drama
Dramas are stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience.
Types of Drama
Tragedy - The central character in a tragedy has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero. It
means that he or she possesses a characteristic that can lead to his or her downfall.
Comedy - Comedic plays aim to make the audience laugh. Comedic stories are lighthearted. They often
take place in unusual circumstances, and it is typical for characters in these plays to utter witty remarks.
Musical drama - The characters in musical drama dance and sing. Various themes are presented, from
serious to comedic.

Farce - A farce is a nonsensical drama that employs slapstick humor.

Melodrama - A melodrama is characterized by the characters’ exaggerated emotions in various situations.

Dialogue refers to the characters’ speech and is considered the lifeblood of drama. The members of the
audience get to understand the story, not only by the characters’ actions but also by their speech.
Dialogue – These are the conversations of two or more characters onstage.
● Monologue – This is a long speech given by one character that can be heard by or directed to other
characters who are also onstage.
● Soliloquy – This is the speech of a character who is alone onstage. It is portrayed as though the
character is talking to himself or herself, or to the audience, and the words cannot be heard by the other
characters.
● Aside – This is a remark that a character makes that is meant only for the audience to
hear. The other characters onstage do not hear asides.
Creative Fiction
Creative nonfiction is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually
accurate narratives.