Transport Of Substance Through

Cell Membrane-1 & 2

Dr. Somia Iqbal
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Classify various modes of transport of
substances across the cell membrane.
• Compare and contrast modes of transport of
substances across the cell-membrane with
examples (osmosis, diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, primary active transport,
secondary active transport).
 METHOD OF TRANSPORT
Simple Diffusion
•Diffusion through lipid bilayer
•Diffusion through protein
Channel
•Osmosis
Carrier-Mediated Transport
•Facilitated Diffusion
•Primary active Transport
•Secondary active transport

Vesicular Transport
•Endocytosis
oPinocytosis
oCarrier mediated endocytosis
oPhagocytosis
•Exocytosis
 Transport

Passive Transport Active Transport

MOLECULAR
Molecular Vesicular
Diffusion Osmosis TRANSPORT
transport Transport

Facilitated
Simple Diffusion Diffusion primary Secondary Exocytosis Endocytosis

Lipid Pores/
bilayer channel
s Symport Antiport

Carrier
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis mediated
endocytosis
 DIFFUSION
Definition:
• Diffusion is the movement of a substance
from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration.
• It happens due to random movement of
particles.
• It is a passive process means no energy
required.
 TYPES OF DIFFUSION
1. SIMPLE DIFFUSION
2. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
 SIMPLE DIFFUSION
• Movement of molecules or ions;
❑Through intermolecular space.
OR
❑Through membrane opening(channel
protein/Pores)
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
 SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Through Lipid
Bilayer(intermolecular Space)
➢Lipid soluble substance
diffuses through lipid bilayer.
➢Examples of lipid soluble
substances are O2,N2,C02 &
Alcohol.
Through protein pores/
channels
➢Water and other lipid
insoluble (water soluble )
substances pass through these
channels).
➢Transport of water soluble
substance depend upon size of
particle as well (large particle→ no
rapid transport)
 PROTEIN PORES/ CHANNELS

• Composed of integral cell membrane proteins.

• Form open tube through membrane and always
open.
• Protein pores (also known as aquaporins/watery
channels).
• Selectively permeable to certain substances.
• Many of channels can be opened or closed by
gates that are regulated by either electrical
signals (voltage gated channels) or chemicals
(ligand-gated channels)
 Selectively Permeable To Certain
Substances.

Chemical bond
Diameter Shape Electrical charge
on inside surface
❑4 protein subunits
surrounding central pore.
❑At the top of channel has
protein loop that form
selectivity filter.
❑This filter is lined by carbonyl
oxygen.
❑Hydrated K ion enter the
filter-----interact with carbonyl
oxygen----shed water molecule-
----dehydrated K ion pass
through channel.
❑Inner surface of this channel
is lined by amino acids that are
strongly negatively charged.
❑This strong negative charge
pull sodium ions inside the
channel and once inside the
channel can diffuse in either
direction.
 Gating Of Protein Channels
+ +
•Inside negative charge----gate close
•Inside become slightly less negative----gate
open---Na move inside …..responsible for
initiation of action potential.
•Inside negative as compared outside----gate
closed.
•become extremely positively charged----gate
open----k move outside----responsible for
termination of action potential.
 Gating Of Protein Channels

•Chemical substance like ach binds with protein channel---open or closes the gate.
•Important in transmission of nerve signals from one nerve to other.
 FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Definition:
Facilitated diffusion also called carrier-
mediated diffusion is the transport of
substance through the membrane using a
specific carrier protein to help.
 Mechanism
•A carrier protein with a pore and
binding “receptor” inside the pore.
•The molecule to be transported
enters the pore and becomes
bound.
•Then, in a fraction of a second, a
conformational or chemical change
occurs in the carrier protein.
•The pore now opens to the
opposite side of the membrane.
•Binding molecule release from
binding site to opposite side of
membrane.
 Please remember……..
• The concentration of the diffusing substance
increases, the rate of simple diffusion continues
to increase proportionately, but in the case of
facilitated diffusion, the rate of diffusion cannot
rise greater than the V max level.
Reason:
➢ The rate at which molecule can be transported
by this mechanism can never be greater than
the rate at which the carrier protein molecule
can undergo change back and forth.
 Factors That Effect The Net Rate Of
Diffusion
1. Surface area of membrane (↑ diffusion)
2. Lipid solubility (↑ diffusion)
3. Molecular weight of substance (↓diffusion)
4. Distance (thickness) through which diffusion must take place(Greater
the distance, the slower is the rate of diffusion).
5. Concentration gradient of substance across the membrane (movement
of substances from area of higher concentration to area of lower
concentration)
6. Electrical Membrane potential across the membrane (even when there
is no concentration difference across the membrane→ change in
voltage cause movement of ions across the membrane)
7. Pressure difference across the membrane(↑ diffusion from area of
higher pressure to lower pressure).
Rate of transport Concentration of Can not increase after
substance increase--- Vmax
diffusion rate increases
 DIFFUSION
Definition:
•Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
•It happens due to random movement of particles.
•It is a passive process means no energy required.

TYPES OF DIFFUSION
SIMPLE DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Movement of molecules or ions Through membrane Facilitated diffusion also called carrier-mediated diffusion is
opening(channel proteins) or Through intermolecular the transport of substance through the membrane using
space. a specific carrier protein to help.
Through Lipid •Mechanism:
Bilayer(intermolecular Through protein pores/ channels •A carrier protein with a pore and binding “receptor” inside the pore.
Space) •The molecule to be transported enters the pore and becomes bound.
➢Lipid soluble •Then, in a fraction of a second, a conformational or chemical change occurs
substance diffuses ➢Water and other lipid insoluble (water in the carrier protein.
soluble ) substances pass through these •The pore now opens to the opposite side of the membrane.
through lipid bilayer. •Binding molecule release from binding site to opposite side of membrane.
➢Examples of lipid channels).
soluble substances ➢Transport of water soluble substance
are O2,N2,C02 & depend upon size of particle as well
Alcohol. (large particle→ no rapid transport) Factors That Effect The Net Rate Of Diffusion
1. Surface area of membrane (↑ diffusion)
•Composed of integral cell membrane proteins.
•Form open tube through membrane and always open. 2. Lipid solubility (↑ diffusion)
•Protein pores (also known as aquaporins/watery channels). 3. Molecular weight of substance (↓diffusion)
4. Distance (thickness) through which diffusion must take
Selectively Permeable To Certain place(Greater the distance, the slower is the rate of diffusion).
Substances. Gating Of Protein Channels
5. Concentration gradient of substance across the membrane
(movement of substances from area of higher concentration to
area of lower concentration)
Electrical
Diameter 6. Electrical Membrane potential across the membrane (even when
charge
there is no concentration difference across the membrane→
Chemical bond change in voltage cause movement of ions across the membrane)
on inside 7. Pressure difference across the membrane(↑ diffusion from area
Shape
of higher pressure to lower pressure).
 OSMOSIS
• Osmosis is the movement of water or other
solvent through a plasma membrane(semi-
permeable membrane) from a region of low
solute concentration to a region of high solute
concentration.
• Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does
not require energy to be applied.
➢A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid,
liquid or gaseous solute.
➢A solute is a substance dissolved in another
substance.
➢A solute and a solvent make up a solution. ...
Water is the solvent and the salt is
the solute and together they make a salt
(saline) solution.
 Transport

Passive Transport Active Transport

MOLECULAR
Molecular Vesicular
Diffusion Osmosis TRANSPORT
transport Transport

Facilitated
Simple Diffusion Diffusion primary Secondary Exocytosis Endocytosis

Symport Antiport

Carrier
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis mediated
endocytosis
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Active transport is an energy dependent
process that involves the use of a carrier
protein to transfer a specific substance across
the membrane against its concentration
gradient.
 Primary Active Transport
• In primary active transport, the carrier splits
ATP to power the transport process.
• In primary active transport, the binding site
of carrier has a greater affinity for its
passenger (always an ion) on the low-
concentration side.
 MECHANISM
1. The carrier protein has ATPase activity, which
means it splits the terminal phosphate from an
ATP molecule to yield ADP and inorganic
phosphate plus free energy.
2. The phosphate group then attaches to the
carrier, increasing the affinity of its binding site
for the ion.
3. As a result the ion to be transported binds to
the carrier on the low-concentration side.
4. The carrier changes its conformation so that the
ion is now exposed to the high concentration
side of the membrane and released.
Example: Sodium Potassium Pump
• The carrier protein of Na-k Pump is made up of two
globular proteins: a larger one (α subunit) and a
smaller one (β subunit).
• The larger protein has three specific features that are
important for the functioning of the pump:
1. It has three receptor sites for binding sodium ions on
Inside of the cell.
2. It has two receptor sites for potassium ions on the
outside.
3. The inside portion of this protein near the sodium
binding sites has ATPase activity.
 Na–K pump plays three important
roles:
1. It establishes Na and K concentration gradients across
the plasma membrane of all cells; these gradients are
critically important in the ability of nerve and muscle
cells to generate electrical signals essential to their
functioning.
2. It helps regulate cell volume by controlling the
concentrations of solutes inside the cell and thus
minimizing osmotic effects that would induce swelling
or shrinking of the cell.
3. The energy used to run the Na–K pump also indirectly
serves as the energy source for secondary active
transport.
 Secondary Active Transport
• Secondary active transport, is transport of
molecules across the cell membrane against a
concentration/electrochemical gradient,
utilizing energy in other forms than ATP.
• This energy comes from the electrochemical
gradient created by pumping ions out of the cell.
 Co-transport
• When sodium ions are transported out of cells by
primary active transport, a large concentration
gradient of sodium ions across the cell membrane
usually develops— high concentration outside the cell
and low concentration inside.
• This gradient represents a store house of energy
because the excess sodium outside the cell membrane
is always attempting to diffuse to the interior.
• So, this diffusion energy of sodium can pull other
substances along with the sodium through the cell
membrane. This phenomenon is called co-transport.
 Co-transport-mechanism
• Carrier in this instance
serves as an attachment
point for both the
sodium ion and the
substance to be co-
transported.
• Once they both are
attached, the energy
gradient of the sodium
ion causes both the
sodium ion and the
other substance to be
transported together to
the interior of the cell.
 Counter-transport
• In counter-transport, sodium ions again attempt to diffuse to
the interior of the cell because of their large concentration
gradient.
• However, this time, the substance to be transported is on the
inside of the cell and must be transported to the outside.
• Therefore, the sodium ion binds to the carrier protein where
it projects to the exterior surface of the membrane, while the
substance to be counter-transported binds to the interior
projection of the carrier protein.
• Once both have bound, a conformational change occurs, and
energy released by the sodium ion moving to the interior
causes the other substance to move to the exterior.
 Transport

Passive Transport Active Transport

MOLECULAR
Molecular Vesicular
Diffusion Osmosis TRANSPORT
transport Transport

Facilitated
Simple Diffusion Diffusion primary Secondary Exocytosis Endocytosis

Symport Antiport

Carrier
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis mediated
endocytosis