CH 02 HW

03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Ch 02 HW
Due: 8:59pm on Tuesday, March 14, 2023
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
PhET Tutorial: Moving Man
Learning Goal:
To understand the relationships between position, velocity, and acceleration.
NOTE: These activities use Java, and are therefore not screen-reader accessible and may not work on a mobile device. If
the browser you're using no longer supports Java, try a different browser and download the Java plugin for this content.
For this tutorial, use the PhET simulation The Moving Man. This simulation allows you to drag a person back and forth and
look at the resulting position, velocity, and acceleration. You can also enter a position as a function of time mathematically
and look at the resulting motion.
Start the simulation. When you click the simulation link, you may be asked whether to run, keep, or save the file. If no
prompt appears, you can also right-click the link and select "Copy link address", then manually paste this URL into a new tab
(or window).
If you are still unable to open this PhET in your browser, select the following link to open a separate compatible version of
this simulation. This version may not perform as well, therefore it is offered as a secondary option: Moving Man (backup link).
Under the Charts tab you can click and drag the person left and right, or enter a numeric value in the boxes on the left panel
to see plots for the person’s position, velocity, and acceleration as a function of time. Click the Play button to start a
simulation and the Pause button to stop a simulation. You can also watch a playback by selecting the Playback radio button
instead of the default Record radio button. You can click Clear to remove the current plot while maintaining your settings for
position, velocity and acceleration or click Reset All to start over. In the Playback mode, the grey bar can be dragged over
the plot to any value in time, and the digital readouts will show the corresponding values of the position, velocity, and
acceleration.
Under the Special Features menu, the Expression Evaluator option produces a second window in which you can
mathematically type in any function for the position as a function of time, x(t). After typing in a function, click the Play button
to start the simulation. To zoom in vertically, click any of the three + buttons to the top right of each plot. To zoom in
horizontally, click the + button to the bottom right of the acceleration plot. Feel free to play around with the simulation. When
you are done, click Reset All on the Charts tab before beginning Part A.
Part A
First, you will focus on the relationship between velocity and position. Recall that velocity is the rate of change of
position. This means that the velocity is equal to the slope of the Position vs. Time graph.
Move the person to the position x = −6 m or enter –6.00 in the position box. If you dragged the person to position,
click the Pause button and then the Clear button. Next, drag the person to the right to roughly x = 6 m and reverse his
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10440633 1/43
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
direction, returning him to the original position, at x = −6 m . Move the person relatively quickly, about a few seconds
for the round trip. Your plots should look something like those shown below.
Look at the Position vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time plots. What is the person's velocity when his position is at its
maximum value (around 6 m )?
ANSWER:
negative.
The person's velocity is positive.
zero.
Correct
When the person’s position is a maximum, the slope of the position with respect to time is zero, which means
the velocity is also zero. However, due to the person’s acceleration, the velocity does not remain zero; he
eventually moves to the left.
Part B
Similarly, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity, so it is the slope of the Velocity vs. Time graph.
Because it is difficult to drag the person in a consistent and reproducible way, use the Expression Evaluator under the
Special Features menu for this question.
Click Reset All and type in the function x(t) = 8 ∗ t − 2 ∗ t ∗ t in the Expression Evaluator. Click the Play button and
let the simulation run roughly 5 simulation seconds before pressing the Pause button. Use the zoom buttons to adjust
the plots so they fit in the screen. You should see a plot similar to what you got in the previous question, but much
smoother.
Look at the Position vs. Time, Velocity vs. Time, and Acceleration vs. Time plots.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
In Playback mode, use the grey vertical bar. Slide the bar until the value x = 8 m is displayed in the position box
on the left panel. What are the values of velocity and acceleration when x = 8 m?
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
the velocity is zero but the acceleration is negative.

When the person is 8 m to the right of the origin,
both the velocity and the acceleration are nonzero.
both the velocity and the acceleration are zero.

the velocity is zero but the acceleration is positive.
Correct
At x = 8 m, the person turns to go back in the opposite direction. His velocity is zero, but his acceleration is
negative since the velocity is decreasing with time. This is similar to throwing a ball straight up into the air; at its
highest point, the velocity is zero but the acceleration is still directed downward.
Part C
Keep the function x(t) = 8∗t−2∗t∗t in the Expression Evaluator. What is the value of the person’s acceleration
ax at t = 2 s?
Use the grey vertical bar. Slide the bar until it coincides with t = 2s on the horizontal axis. What is the value
displayed in the acceleration box on the left panel?
ANSWER:
2
−2 m/s
0
ax =
2
4 m/s
2
−4 m/s
Correct
This is an example of one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The position of an object undergoing
this type of motion obeys the kinematic equation x(t) = x0 + v x,0 t + 1/2 ax t2. In this case, the initial
2 2
velocity is v x,0 = 8 m/s and the acceleration is ax = −4 m/s (since 1/2 ax = −2 m/s ).
Part D
In the previous question, the person had an initial velocity of 8 m/s and a constant acceleration of −4 m/s2 . How
would the maximum distance he travels to the right of the origin change if instead his initial velocity were doubled (
v x,0 = 16 m/s)?
Go to the Introduction tab to run the simulation using the new initial velocity v x,0 = 16 m/s and the same
acceleration of −4 m/s2 , and read the value for position when the velocity equals zero. Remember to remove
the walls from the simulation by clicking on the red close button on the walls. In Playback mode the simulation
can be run slowly and paused when the velocity is zero.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
The maximum distance would not change.
The maximum distance would double.
The maximum distance would increase by a factor of four.
Correct
Because it takes twice as much time to momentarily stop, and because his average velocity will be twice as
fast, the distance he travels will be four times greater. Using the kinematic equation,
2 2
x(4 s) = (16 m/s)(4 s) − (1/2)(4 m/s )(4 s) = 32 m. Alternatively, since his final velocity (i.e. the point
he turns around) is zero, you can use the other kinematic equation v 2x,f = v 2x,0 + 2ax (xf − x0 ), or
2
v
x,0
xf = − to directly observe that doubling the initial velocity results in the distance increasing by a factor
2ax
of 4.
3 2
Now, assume going forward that the position is given by the equation x(t) = 0.2t − 2.4t .
+ 7.2t − 5
Enter this function in the Expression Evaluator as x(t) = 0.2 ∗ t ∗ t ∗ t − 2.4 ∗ t ∗ t + 7.2 ∗ t − 5 and run the simulation
by clicking the Play button in the Record mode, waiting until the person collides with the wall to select the Pause button.
Consider the person's motion from the beginning until the moment just before colliding with the brick wall.
Part E
Which of the following statements is true of the position at t = 1.0 s ?
ANSWER:
The position is increasing at a rate increasing in magnitude.
The position is decreasing at a rate increasing in magnitude.
The position is increasing at a rate decreasing in magnitude.
The position is decreasing at a rate decreasing in magnitude.
Correct
The slope of the Position vs. Time graph is positive (but decreasing in magnitude) at this time.
Part F
Which of the following statements is true of the velocity at t = 1.0 s ?
ANSWER:
The velocity is positive and the person is slowing down.
The velocity is negative and the person is slowing down.
The velocity is negative and the person is speeding up.
The velocity is positive and the person is speeding up.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Since the slope of the Position vs. Time graph is positive, the velocity is positive (i.e. the person is moving to
the right), although since this slope is becoming smaller in magnitude, this implies the magnitude of the
person's velocity, or speed, is decreasing (i.e. the person is slowing down).
Part G
How many times are the person's position, velocity, and acceleration equal to zero?
Sort each item into the bin corresponding to the number of times it is equal to zero.
ANSWER:
Reset Help

never 1 2 3 4
acceleration velocity position
Correct
3
Notice that since the position is given by x = 4t , when the time is t , the position is
= 1s
3
x = 4(1) m = 4 m.
Part H
At approximately what times does the person change direction?
Select all that apply.
When a person moving in one dimension changes direction, the sign of their velocity changes (either from
positive to negative or negative to positive).
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
1.0 s
2.0 s
6.0 s
3.2 s
7.8 s
4.0 s
Correct
The person changes direction when his velocity changes from positive to negative (at t = 2.0 s) or negative to
positive (at t = 6.0 s). In other words, this occurs when the person's velocity is equal to zero, which also
corresponds to when the slope of the Position vs. Time graph is zero as well.
Part I
Which of the following statements is true about the acceleration during the entire course of this motion?
ANSWER:
The acceleration is constant (and zero) in time.
The acceleration is constant (and non-zero) in time.
The acceleration decreases linearly.
The acceleration increases linearly.
Correct
The graph showing Acceleration vs. Time is linear and increases at a constant rate. Since the acceleration is
not constant, the familiar kinematic equations can't be used to describe this motion, due to the fact that there is
a term in the position equation that is proportional to t3 . However, it is still true that the slope of a Position vs.
Time graph gives velocity, and the slope of a Velocity vs. Time graph gives acceleration. In this case, you
should be able to observe that the slope of the Velocity vs. Time graph increases the entire duration of the
motion (i.e. from negative, to zero, to positive), which is captured by the Acceleration vs. Time graph. Using
calculus methods, it is possible to derive the equations for velocity and acceleration too if desired.
PhET Interactive Simulations

University of Colorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
Speed of a Bullet
A bullet is shot through two cardboard disks attached a distance D apart to a shaft turning with a rotational period T , as
shown.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Part A
Derive a formula for the bullet speed v in terms of D, T , and a measured angle θ between the position of the hole in the
first disk and that of the hole in the second. If required, use π, not its numeric equivalent. Both of the holes lie at the
same radial distance from the shaft. θ measures the angular displacement between the two holes; for instance, θ = 0
means that the holes are in a line and θ = π means that when one hole is up, the other is down. Assume that the bullet
must travel through the set of disks within a single revolution.
Hint 1. Consider hole positions

The relative position of the holes can be used to find the bullet's speed. Remember, the shaft will have rotated
while the bullet travels between the disks.
Hint 2. How long does it take for the disks to rotate by an angle θ?
The disks rotate by 2 π in time T . How long will it take them to rotate by θ?
Give your answer in terms of T , θ, and constants such as π.
Hint 1. Checking your formula
If your formula is correct, when you plug 2 π in for θ, your answer will be T .
ANSWER:
Tθ
Tθ =
2π
ANSWER:
2Dπ
v =
θT
Correct
Exercise 2.14
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
A race car starts from rest and travels east along a straight and level track. For the first 5.0 s of the car's motion, the
eastward component of the car's velocity is given by υx (t) = (0.820 m/s3 )t2 .
Part A
What is the acceleration of the car when υx = 12.9 m/s ?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
m
ax = 6.50 2
s
Answer Requested
Exercise 2.37
A juggler throws a bowling pin straight up with an initial speed of 6.90 m/s .
Part A
How much time elapses until the bowling pin returns to the juggler's hand?
ANSWER:
t = 1.41 s
Correct
Exercise 2.51
A rocket starts from rest and moves upward from the surface of the earth. For the first 10.0 s of its motion, the vertical
acceleration of the rocket is given by ay = (2.90m/s3 ) t , where the +y -direction is upward.
Part A
What is the height of the rocket above the surface of the earth at t = 10.0 s ?
ANSWER:
h = 483 m
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Part B
What is the speed of the rocket when it is 335 m above the surface of the earth?
ANSWER:
m
υy = 114
s
Correct
Motion of Two Rockets
Learning Goal:
To learn to use images of an object in motion to determine position, velocity, and acceleration.
Two toy rockets are traveling in the same direction (taken to be the x axis). A diagram is shown of a time-exposure image
where a stroboscope has illuminated the rockets at the uniform time intervals indicated.
Part A
At what time(s) do the rockets have the same velocity?
Hint 1. How to determine the velocity

The diagram shows position, not velocity. You can't find instantaneous velocity from this diagram, but you can
determine the average velocity between two times t1 and t2 :
x(t 2 )−x(t 1 )
vavg [t1 , t2 ] = .
t 2 −t 1
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Note that no position values are given in the diagram; you will need to estimate these based on the distance
between successive positions of the rockets.
ANSWER:
at time t = 1 only
at time t = 4 only
at times t = 1 and t = 4
at some instant in time between t = 1 and t = 4
at no time shown in the figure
Correct
Part B
At what time(s) do the rockets have the same x position?
ANSWER:
at time t = 1 only
at time t = 4 only
Correct
Part C
At what time(s) do the two rockets have the same acceleration?
Hint 1. How to determine the acceleration
The velocity is related to the spacing between images in a stroboscopic diagram. Since acceleration is the rate at
which velocity changes, the acceleration is related to the how much this spacing changes from one interval to the
next.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
at time t = 1 only
at time t = 4 only
Correct
Part D
The motion of the rocket labeled A is an example of motion with uniform (i.e., constant) __________.
ANSWER:
and nonzero acceleration
velocity
position
time
Correct
Part E
The motion of the rocket labeled B is an example of motion with uniform (i.e., constant) __________.
ANSWER:
and nonzero acceleration
velocity
position
time
Correct
Part F
At what time(s) is rocket A ahead of rocket B?
Hint 1. Use the diagram
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
You can answer this question by looking at the diagram and identifying the time(s) when rocket A is to the right of
rocket B.
ANSWER:
before t = 1 only
after t = 4 only
before t = 1 and after t = 4
between t = 1 and t = 4
at no time(s) shown in the figure
Correct
Overcoming a Head Start
Cars A and B are racing each other along the same straight road in the following manner: Car A has a head start and is a
distance DA beyond the starting line at t = 0. The starting line is at x = 0. Car A travels at a constant speed v A . Car B
starts at the starting line but has a better engine than Car A, and thus Car B travels at a constant speed v B , which is greater
than v A .
Part A
How long after Car B started the race will Car B catch up with Car A?
Express the time in terms of given quantities.
Hint 1. Consider the kinematics relation
Write an expression for the displacement of Car A from the starting line at a time t after Car B starts. (Note that
we are taking this time to be t = 0.)
Answer in terms of v A , v B , DA , and t for time, and take x = 0 at the starting line.
Hint 1. What is the acceleration of Car A?

2
The acceleration of Car A is zero, so the general formula x(t) = x0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at has at least one
term equal to zero.
ANSWER:
xA (t) = DA + v A t
Hint 2. What is the relation between the positions of the two cars?
The positions of the two cars are equal at time tcatch .
Hint 3. Consider Car B's position as a function of time

03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Write down an expression for the position of Car B at time t after starting.
Give your answer in terms of any variables needed (use t for time).
ANSWER:
xB (t) = vB t
ANSWER:
DA
t catch =
vB −vA
Correct
Part B
How far from Car B's starting line will the cars be when Car B passes Car A?
Express your answer in terms of known quantities. (You may use tcatch as well.)
Hint 1. Which expression should you use?

Just use your expression for the position of either car after time t = 0 , and substitute in the correct value for
t catch (found in the previous part).
ANSWER:
DA
dpass = vB ( )
vB −vA
Correct
Problem 2.84
A flowerpot falls off a windowsill and falls past the window below. You may ignore air resistance. It takes the pot 0.420 s to
pass from the top to the bottom of this window, which is 1.90 m high.
Part A
How far is the top of the window below the windowsill from which the flowerpot fell?
ANSWER:
l = 0.310 m
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
± Average Velocity from a Position vs. Time Graph
Learning Goal:
To learn to read a graph of position versus time and to calculate average velocity.
In this problem you will determine the average velocity of a moving

object from the graph of its position x(t) as a function of time t . A
traveling object might move at different speeds and in different
directions during an interval of time, but if we ask at what constant
velocity the object would have to travel to achieve the same
displacement over the given time interval, that is what we call the
object's average velocity. We will use the notation v ave [t1 , t2 ] to
indicate average velocity over the time interval from t1 to t2 . For
instance, v ave [1, 3] is the average velocity over the time interval
from t = 1 to t = 3.
Part A
Consulting the graph shown in the figure, find the object's average velocity over the time interval from 0 to 1 second.
Answer to the nearest integer.
Hint 1. Definition of average velocity
Average velocity is defined as the constant velocity at which an object would have to travel to achieve a given
displacement (difference between final and initial positions, which can be negative) over a given time interval,
from the initial time ti to the final time tf . The average velocity is therefore equal to the displacement divided by
the given time interval. In symbolic form, average velocity is given by
x(t f )−x(t i )
vave [ti , tf ] = .
t f −t i
ANSWER:
v ave [0, 1] = 0 m/s
Correct
Part B
Find the average velocity over the time interval from 1 to 3 seconds.
Express your answer in meters per second to the nearest integer.
Hint 1. Find the change in position

The final and initial positions can be read off the y axis of the graph. What is the displacement during the time
interval from 1 to 3 seconds?
Express your answer numerically, in meters
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
xf − xi = 40 m
Hint 2. Definition of average velocity
Average velocity is defined as the constant velocity at which an object would have to travel to achieve a given
displacement (difference between final and initial positions, which can be negative) over a given time interval,
from the initial time ti to the final time tf . The average velocity is therefore equal to the displacement divided by
the given time interval. In symbolic form, average velocity is given by
x(t f )−x(t i )
vave [ti , tf ] = .
t f −t i
ANSWER:
v ave [1, 3] = 20 m/s
Correct
A note about instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity at a certain moment in time is represented by
the slope of the graph at that moment. For straight-line graphs, the (instantaneous) velocity remains constant
over the interval, so the instantaneous velocity at any time during an interval is the same as the average
velocity over that interval. For instance, in this case, the instantaneous velocity at any time from 1 to 3 seconds
is the same as the average velocity of 20 m/s.
Part C
Now find v ave [0, 3].
Give your answer to three significant figures.
Hint 1. A note on the displacement

Since the object's position remains constant from time 0 to time 1, the object's displacement from 0 to 3 is the
same as in Part B. However, the time interval has changed.
ANSWER:
v ave [0, 3] = 13.3 m/s
Correct
Note that v ave [0, 3] is not equal to the simple arithmetic average of v ave [0, 1] and v ave [1, 3], i.e.,
vave [0,1]+vave [1,3]
, because they are averages for time intervals of different lengths.
2
Part D
Find the average velocity over the time interval from 3 to 6 seconds.
Express your answer to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Determine the displacement
What is the displacement?

03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
x(6.0) − x(3.0) = -40 m
Hint 2. Determine the time interval

What is the time interval?
Answer to two significant figures.

ANSWER:
tf − ti = 3.0 s
ANSWER:
v ave [3.0, 6.0] = -13.3 m/s
Correct
Part E
Finally, find the average velocity over the whole time interval shown in the graph.
Express your answer to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Determine the displacement

What is the displacement?
ANSWER:
x(6.0) − x(0.0) = 0 m
ANSWER:
v ave [0.0, 6.0] = 0 m/s
Correct
Note that though the average velocity is zero for this time interval, the instantaneous velocity (i.e., the slope of
the graph) has several different values (positive, negative, zero) during this time interval.
Note as well that since average velocity over a time interval is defined as the change in position (displacement)
in the given interval divided by the time, the object can travel a great distance (here 80 meters) and still have
zero average velocity, since it ended up exactly where it started. Therefore, zero average velocity does not
necessarily mean that the object was standing still the entire time!
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Analyzing Position versus Time Graphs: Conceptual Question
Two cars travel on the parallel lanes of a two-lane road. The cars’
motions are represented by the position versus time graph shown
in the figure. Answer the questions using the times from the graph
indicated by letters.
Part A
At which of the times do the two cars pass each other?
Hint 1. Two cars passing

Two objects can pass each other only if they have the same position at the same time.
ANSWER:
None
Cannot be determined
Correct
Part B
Are the two cars traveling in the same direction when they pass each other?
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
yes
no
Correct
Part C
At which of the lettered times, if any, does car #1 momentarily stop?
Hint 1. Determining velocity from a position versus time graph

The slope on a position versus time graph is the "rise" (change in position) over the "run" (change in time). In
physics, the ratio of change in position over change in time is defined as the velocity. Thus, the slope on a
position versus time graph is the velocity of the object being graphed.
ANSWER:
none
cannot be determined
Correct
Part D
At which of the lettered times, if any, does car #2 momentarily stop?
Hint 1. Determining velocity from a position versus time graph

The slope on a position versus time graph is the "rise" (change in position) over the "run" (change in time). In
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
none
cannot be determined
Correct
Part E
At which of the lettered times are the cars moving with nearly identical velocity?
Hint 1. Determining Velocity from a Position versus Time Graph

The slope on a position versus time graph is the “rise” (change in position) over the “run” (change in time). In
ANSWER:
None
Cannot be determined
Correct
Given Positions, Find Velocity and Acceleration
Learning Goal:
To understand how to graph position, velocity, and acceleration of an object starting with a table of positions vs. time.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
The table shows the x coordinate of a moving object. The position is tabulated at 1-s intervals. The x coordinate is indicated
below each time. You should make the simplification that the acceleration of the object is bounded and contains no spikes.
time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x (m) 0 1 4 9 16 24 32 40 46 48
Part A
Which graph in best represents the function x (t) , describing

the object's position vs. time?
Hint 1. Meaning of a bounded and nonspiky acceleration

A bounded and nonspiky acceleration results in a smooth graph of x vs. t .
ANSWER:
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
Graph 4
Correct
Part B
Which of the following graphs in best represents the function v (t), describing the object's velocity as a function of time?
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Hint 1. Find the velocity toward the end of the motion

Velocity is the time derivative of displacement. Given this, the velocity toward the end of the motion is
__________.
ANSWER:
positive and increasing
positive and decreasing
negative and increasing
negative and decreasing
Hint 2. What are the implications of zero velocity?
Two of the possible velocity vs. time graphs indicate zero velocity between t = 4 and t = 7 s . What would the
corresponding position vs. time graph look like in this region?
ANSWER:
a horizontal line
straight but sloping up to the right
straight but sloping down to the right
curved upward
curved downward
Hint 3. Specify the characteristics of the velocity function

The problem states that "the acceleration of the object is bounded and contains no spikes." This means that the
velocity ___________.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
has spikes
has no discontinuities
has no abrupt changes of slope
is constant
ANSWER:
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
Graph 4
Correct
In principle, you could also just compute and plot the average velocity. The expression for the average velocity
is
x(t 2 )−x(t 1 )
vavg [t1 , t2 ] = .
t 2 −t 1
The notation v avg [t1 , t2 ] emphasizes that this is not an instantaneous velocity, but rather an average over an
interval. After you compute this, you must put a single point on the graph of velocity vs. time. The most
accurate place to plot the average velocity is at the middle of the time interval over which the average was
computed.
Also, you could work back and find the position from the velocity graph. The position of an object is the integral
of its velocity. That is, the area under the graph of velocity vs. time from t = 0 up to time t must equal the
position of the object at time t . Check that the correct velocity vs. time graph gives you the correct position
according to this method.
Part C
Which of the following graphs in best represents the function
a (t), describing the acceleration of this object?
Hint 1. Find the acceleration toward the end of the motion
Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity. Toward the end of the motion the acceleration is __________.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
zero
positive
negative
Hint 2. Calculate the acceleration in the region of constant velocity

What is the acceleration a over the interval during which the object travels at constant speed?
Answer numerically in meters per second squared.
ANSWER:
2
a = 0 m/s
Hint 3. Find the initial acceleration
Acceleration is the time derivative of velocity. Initially the acceleration is _________.

ANSWER:
zero
positive
negative
ANSWER:
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
Graph 4
Correct
In one dimension, a linear increase or decrease in the velocity of an object over a given time interval implies
constant acceleration over that particular time interval. You can find the magnitude of the acceleration using
the formula for average acceleration over a time interval:
v(t 2 )−v(t 1 )
aavg [t1 , t2 ] = .
t 2 −t 1
When the acceleration is constant over an extended interval, you can choose any value of t1 and t2 within the
interval to compute the average.
Kinematic Vocabulary
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
One of the difficulties in studying mechanics is that many common words are used with highly specific technical meanings,
among them velocity, acceleration, position, speed, and displacement. The series of questions in this problem is designed to
get you to try to think of these quantities like a physicist.
Answer the questions in this problem using words from the following list:
A. position
B. direction
C. displacement
D. coordinates
E. velocity
F. acceleration
G. distance
H. magnitude
I. vector
J. scalar
K. components
Part A
Velocity differs from speed in that velocity indicates a particle's __________ of motion.
Enter the letter from the list given in the problem introduction that best completes the sentence.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Unlike speed, velocity is a __________ quantity.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
A vector, by definition, has both __________ and direction.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Part D
Once you have selected a coordinate system, you can express a two-dimensional vector using a pair of quantities
known collectively as __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
Speed differs from velocity in the same way that __________ differs from displacement.
Hint 1. Definition of displacement
Displacement is the vector that indicates the difference of two positions (e.g., the final position from the initial
position). Being a vector, it is independent of the coordinate system used to describe it (although its vector
components depend on the coordinate system).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F
Consider a physical situation in which a particle moves from point A to point B. This process is described from two
coordinate systems that are identical except that they have different origins.
The __________ of the particle at point A differ(s) as expressed in one coordinate system compared to the other, but the
__________ from A to B is/are the same as expressed in both coordinate systems.
Type the letters from the list given in the problem introduction that best complete the sentence. Separate the
letters with commas. There is more than one correct answer, but you should only enter one pair of comma-
separated letters. For example, if the words "vector" and "scalar" fit best in the blanks, enter I,J.
ANSWER:
D,C
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
The coordinates of a point will depend on the coordinate system that is chosen, but there are several other
quantities that are independent of the choice of origin for a coordinate system: in particular, distance,
displacement, direction, and velocity. In working physics problems, unless you are interested in the position of
an object or event relative to a specific origin, you can usually choose the coordinate system origin to be
wherever is most convenient or intuitive.
Note that the vector indicating a displacement from A to B is usually represented as r BA

⃗ = rB
⃗ − r ⃗
A
.
Part G
Identify the following physical quantities as scalars or vectors.
ANSWER:
Reset Help

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

position average velocity
speed distance displacement acceleration
velocity
Correct
Exercise 2.16
An astronaut has left the International Space Station to test a new space scooter. Her partner measures the following velocity
changes, each taking place in a time interval 10.3 s . What are the average acceleration in each interval? Assume that the
positive direction is to the right.
Part A
At the beginning of the interval the astronaut is moving toward the right along the x-axis at 15.7 m/s , and at the end of
the interval she is moving toward the right at 5.30 m/s .
ANSWER:
2
a = -1.01 m/s
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Part B
At the beginning she is moving toward the left at 5.30 m/s , and at the end she is moving toward the left at 15.7 m/s .
ANSWER:
2
a = -1.01 m/s
Correct
Part C
At the beginning she is moving toward the right at 15.7 m/s , and at the end she is moving toward the left at 15.7 m/s .
ANSWER:
2
a = -3.05 m/s
Correct
PSS 2.1 Motion with Constant Acceleration
Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 2.1 Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Cheetahs, the fastest of the great cats, can reach 50.0 miles/hour in 2.22 s starting from rest. Assuming that they have
constant acceleration throughout that time, find their acceleration in meters per second squared.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Motion with constant acceleration
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

In most straight-line motion problems, you can use the constant-acceleration equations. Occasionally, however, you will
encounter a situation in which the acceleration isn’t constant. In such a case, you’ll need a different approach.
SET UP the problem using the following steps:
1. First, decide where the origin of coordinates is and which axis direction is positive. It is often easiest to place
the particle at the origin at time t = 0; then x0 = 0 . It helps to make a motion diagram showing the
coordinates and some later positions of the particle.
2. Keep in mind that your choice of the positive axis direction automatically determines the positive direction for x
velocity and x acceleration. If x is positive to the right of the origin, then v x and ax are also positive toward the
right.
3. Restate the problem in words, and then translate it into symbols and equations.
4. Make a list of known and unknown quantities such as x, x0 , v x, v 0x , ax , and t . Write down the values of the
known quantities, and decide which of the unknowns are the target variables. Look for implicit information.
EXECUTE the solution as follows:

Choose an equation from the following list
v x = v 0x + ax t
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
1 2
x = x0 + v0x t + ax t
2
2 2
vx = v + 2ax (x − x0 )
0x
v0x +vx
x − x0 = ( )t
2
that contains only one of the target variables. Solve this equation for the target variable, using symbols only. Then, substitute
the known values and compute the value of the target variable. Sometimes you will have to solve two simultaneous
equations for two unknown quantities.
EVALUATE your answer:

Take a hard look at your results to see whether they make sense. Are they within the general range of values you expected?
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

This problem involves the motion of an object, the cheetah, whose acceleration is assumed constant. Thus, the equations
given in this strategy apply.
SET UP the problem using the following steps
Part A
Which of the following sketches and choice of coordinate axis best describe the physical situation presented in this
problem?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
The next step is to translate the problem statement from words into symbols. Which of the following is an appropriate
restatement of the problem, "Cheetahs, the fastest of the great cats, can reach 50.0 miles/hour in 2.22 s starting from
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
rest. Assuming that they have constant acceleration throughout that time, find their acceleration in meters per second
squared."
Hint 1. Find the initial velocity using implicit information
The problem states that the cheetah starts running from rest. What is the initial velocity v 0x of the cheetah?
Enter your answer in meters per second.
ANSWER:
v 0x = 0 m/s
Hint 2. The condition for the equations of motion presented in this problem
The equations presented in the strategy above only apply to situations involving motion under constant
acceleration.
ANSWER:
Cheetahs can reach v 0x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v x . What is ax ?

= 0
Cheetahs can reach v x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v 0x = 0 . What is ax ?
Cheetahs can reach v x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v 0x = 0 . Assuming a = constant ,
what is ax ?
Cheetahs can reach v 0x = 50.0 miles/hour in t = 2.22 s starting from v x . Assuming a

= 0 = constant ,
what is ax ?
Correct
Now you compile a list of known and unknown quantities. You can organize this information in a table as
shown below.
Known Unknown
x0 = 0 m x
v 0x = 0 m/s ax
vx = 50.0 miles/hour _
t = 2.22 s _
Keep in mind that your target variable is ax .
EXECUTE the solution as follows
Part C
Finally, you are ready to answer the main question. Cheetahs, the fastest of the great cats, can reach 50.0 miles/hour
in 2.22 s starting from rest. Assuming that they have constant acceleration throughout that time, find their acceleration in
meters per second squared.
Enter your answer in meters per second squared to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Identify what equation to use
Which of the following equations would be the best to use when solving for ax ?
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
2 2
vx = v + 2ax (x − x0 )
0x
1 2
x = x0 + v0x t + ax t
2
v0x +vx
x − x0 = ( )t
2
v x = v 0x + ax t
Hint 2. Convert to SI units
How many meters per second are equivalent to 50.0 miles/hour ?
Enter your answer in meters per second to three significant figures.
Hint 1. The conversion factor from miles to meters

To convert miles to meters, use
1 mile = 1609 m .
ANSWER:
50.0 miles/hour = 22.3 m/s
ANSWER:
2
ax = 10.1 m/s
Correct
EVALUATE your answer
Part D
Imagine you looked up the accelerations of the following objects: snails, humans, Thomson's gazelles, the space shuttle,
Formula One race cars, and F-16 fighter jets. Which of the following statements about the acceleration of a cheetah
would you expect to be true?
ANSWER:
The acceleration of a cheetah is greater than the acceleration of a Formula One race car but less than the
acceleration of an F-16 fighter jet.
The acceleration of a cheetah is greater than the acceleration of a Thomson's gazelle but less than the
acceleration of the space shuttle during liftoff.
The acceleration of a cheetah is greater than the acceleration of a snail but less than the acceleration of a
human.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
The acceleration of the space shuttle on takeoff is 29.4 m/s2 . Thomson's gazelles can accelerate at
approximately half the rate of a cheetah, which is why they often become tasty snacks for the fast cats.
If you had solved for the acceleration of a cheetah and calculated a number greater than 29.4 m/s2 or smaller
than 30 cm/s2 (the acceleration of a snail), you most likely made an error and would want to review your
work.
Exercise 2.33
A small block has constant acceleration as it slides down a frictionless incline. The block is released from rest at the top of
the incline, and its speed after it has traveled 7.00 m to the bottom of the incline is 3.80 m/s .
Part A
What is the speed of the block when it is 5.00 m from the top of the incline?
ANSWER:
m
v = 3.21
s
Correct
Exercise 2.49
Part A
You throw a small rock straight up from the edge of a highway bridge that crosses a river. The rock passes you on its
way down, 4.00 s after it was thrown. What is the speed of the rock just before it reaches the water 21.0 m below the
point where the rock left your hand? Ignore air resistance.
ANSWER:
m
v = 28.2 s
Correct
Exercise 2.50
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
3
A small object moves along the x-axis with acceleration ax (t) = −(0.0320 m/s )(15.0 s − t) . At t = 0 the object is at
x = -14.0 m and has velocity v 0x = 8.10 m/s.
Part A
What is the x-coordinate of the object when t = 10.0 s ?
ANSWER:
x = 48.3 m
Correct
Problem 2.58
A brick is dropped from the roof of a tall building. After it has been falling for a few seconds, it falls 47.0 m in a 1.00-s time
interval.
Part A
What distance will it fall during the next 1.00 s ? Ignore air resistance.
ANSWER:
h = 56.8 m
Correct
Problem 2.65
A car and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with the car initially at some distance behind the truck. The truck has a
constant acceleration of 2.10 m/s2 and the car an acceleration of 3.40 m/s2 . The automobile overtakes the truck after the
truck has moved 60.0 m.
Part A
How much time does it take the car to overtake the truck?
ANSWER:
t = 7.56 s
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Part B
How far was the car behind the truck initially?
ANSWER:
d = 37.1 m
Correct
Part C
What is the speed of the truck when they are abreast?

ANSWER:
m
v truck = 15.9 s
Correct
Part D
What is the speed of the car when they are abreast?
ANSWER:
m
v car = 25.7 s
Correct
Part E
Select the correct x − t graph of each vehicle. Take x = 0 at the initial location of the truck.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Problem 2.77
During your summer internship for an aerospace company, you are asked to design a small research rocket. The rocket is to
be launched from rest from the earth's surface and is to reach a maximum height of 910 m above the earth's surface. The
rocket's engines give the rocket an upward acceleration so it moves with acceleration of 16.0 m/s2 during the time T that
they fire. After the engines shut off, the rocket is in free fall. Ignore air resistance.
Part A
What must be the value of T in order for the rocket to reach the required altitude?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
T = 6.57 s
Correct
Problem 2.90
The human circulatory system is closed - that is, the blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart into the arteries is
constrained to a series of continuous, branching vessels as it passes through the capillaries and then into the veins as it

returns to the heart. The blood in each of the heart s four chambers comes briefly to rest before it is ejected by contraction
of the heart muscle.
The contraction of the left ventricle lasts 250 ms and the speed of blood flow in the aorta (the large artery leaving the heart)
is 0.80 m/s at the end of the contraction.
Part A
What is the average acceleration of a red blood cell as it leaves the heart?
ANSWER:
310 m/s2
31 m/s2
3.2 m/s2
0.32 m/s2
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Problem 2.61
A gazelle is running in a straight line (the x-axis). The graph in the figure shows this animal's velocity as a function of time.
Part A
During the first 12.0 s , find the total distance moved.
ANSWER:
x = 92.0 m
Correct
Part B
During the first 12.0 s , find the displacement of the gazelle.
ANSWER:
x = 92.0 m
Correct
Exercise 2.46
An egg is thrown nearly vertically upward from a point near the cornice of a tall building. It just misses the cornice on the way
down and passes a point a distance 31.0 m below its starting point at a time 5.00 s after it leaves the thrower's hand. Air
resistance may be ignored.
Part A
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
What is the initial speed of the egg?
ANSWER:
v = 18.3 m/s
Correct
Part B
How high does it rise above its starting point?
ANSWER:
h = 17.1 m
Correct
Part C
What is the magnitude of its velocity at the highest point?
ANSWER:
v = 0 m/s
Correct
Part D
What is the magnitude of its acceleration at the highest point?
ANSWER:
2
a = 9.80 m/s
Correct
Part E
What is the direction of its acceleration at the highest point?
ANSWER:
up
down
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Exercise 2.31
The graph in shows the velocity of a motorcycle police officer

plotted as a function of time.
Part A
Find the instantaneous acceleration at t = 3s .
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
2
a = 0 m/s
Correct
Part B
ANSWER:
2
a = 6.3 m/s
Correct
Part C
ANSWER:
2
a = -11 m/s
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Correct
Part D
How far does the officer go in the first 5 s ?
ANSWER:
x = 100 m
Correct
Part E
ANSWER:
x = 230 m
Correct
Part F
ANSWER:
x = 320 m
Correct
Exercise 2.44
A hot-air balloonist, rising vertically with a constant velocity of magnitude v = 5.00 m/s , releases a sandbag at an instant
when the balloon is a height h = 40.0 m above the ground . After it is released, the sandbag is in free fall. For the questions
that follow, take the origin of the coordinate system used for measuring displacements to be at the ground, and upward
displacements to be positive.
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
Part A
Compute the position of the sandbag at a time 0.170 s after its release.
ANSWER:
y = 40.7 m
Correct
Part B
Compute the magnitude of the velocity of the sandbag at a time 0.170 s after its release.
ANSWER:
v = 3.33 m/s
Answer Requested
Part C
Determine the direction of the velocity of the sandbag at a time 0.170 s after its release.
ANSWER:
downward
upward
Correct
Part D
Compute the position of the sandbag at a time 1.50 s after its release.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
y = 36.5 m
Correct
Part E
Compute the magnitude of the velocity of the sandbag at a time 1.50 s after its release.
ANSWER:
v = 9.70 m/s
Correct
Part F
Determine the direction of the velocity of the sandbag at a time 1.50 s after its release.
ANSWER:
upward
downward
Correct
Part G
How many seconds after its release will the bag strike the ground?
ANSWER:
t = 3.41 s
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Part H
With what magnitude of velocity does it strike?
ANSWER:
v = 28.4 m/s
Answer Requested
Part I
What is the greatest height above the ground that the sandbag reaches?
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
y = 41.3 m
Answer Requested
Problem 2.70
You are on the roof of the physics building, 46.0 m above the ground . Your physics professor, who is 1.80 m tall, is walking
alongside the building at a constant speed of 1.20 m/s .
Part A
If you wish to drop an egg on your professor's head, how far from the building should the professor be when you release
the egg? Assume that the egg is in free fall.
ANSWER:
x = 3.60 m
Correct
Exercise 2.38
You throw a glob of putty straight up toward the ceiling, which is 3.00 m above the point where the putty leaves your hand.
The initial speed of the putty as it leaves your hand is 9.50 m/s .
Part A
What is the speed of the putty just before it strikes the ceiling?
03/04/2023, 03:40 Ch 02 HW
ANSWER:
m
v = 5.61
s
Correct
Part B
How much time from when it leaves your hand does it take the putty to reach the ceiling?
ANSWER:
t = 0.397 s
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 93.1%.
You received 59.6 out of a possible total of 64 points.

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PhET Tutorial: Moving Man

The person's velocity is positive.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

the velocity is zero but the acceleration is negative.

both the velocity and the acceleration are zero.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The maximum distance would not change.

The maximum distance would double.

The maximum distance would increase by a factor of four.

The position is increasing at a rate increasing in magnitude.

The position is decreasing at a rate increasing in magnitude.

The position is increasing at a rate decreasing in magnitude.

The position is decreasing at a rate decreasing in magnitude.

The velocity is positive and the person is slowing down.

The velocity is negative and the person is slowing down.

The velocity is negative and the person is speeding up.

The velocity is positive and the person is speeding up.

acceleration velocity position

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The acceleration is constant (and zero) in time.

The acceleration is constant (and non-zero) in time.

The acceleration decreases linearly.

The acceleration increases linearly.

PhET Interactive Simulations

Hint 1. Consider hole positions

Give your answer in terms of T , θ, and constants such as π.

Hint 1. Checking your formula

What is the acceleration of the car when υx = 12.9 m/s ?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

Motion of Two Rockets

Hint 1. How to determine the velocity

at some instant in time between t = 1 and t = 4

at no time shown in the figure

at some instant in time between t = 1 and t = 4

at no time shown in the figure

Hint 1. How to determine the acceleration

at some instant in time between t = 1 and t = 4

at no time shown in the figure

and nonzero acceleration

and nonzero acceleration

Hint 1. Use the diagram

before t = 1 and after t = 4

at no time(s) shown in the figure

Overcoming a Head Start

Hint 1. Consider the kinematics relation

Hint 1. What is the acceleration of Car A?

Hint 3. Consider Car B's position as a function of time

Hint 1. Which expression should you use?

± Average Velocity from a Position vs. Time Graph

In this problem you will determine the average velocity of a moving

Hint 1. Definition of average velocity

v ave [0, 1] = 0 m/s

Hint 1. Find the change in position

Hint 2. Definition of average velocity