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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the study context, research objectives, research significance,
(Rao, 2019). Learning takes on greater significance when students are able to
articulate their ideas and appreciate the value of what they are studying (Asnita
effective communication than meets the sound (Supina, 2018). Speaking was
defined by Sahara, Zulaikah, and Jelita (2021) as "the act of uttering sounds or
speaking skill.
Speaking fluently is one of the most essential skills for students of the
correctly if they wish to speak the language fluently. Students need to be able
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high school, at which point it becomes one of the required four languages.
Speaking is one of them, and it is considered one of the necessary abilities due
to the fact that people are unable to communicate without first having the ability
notion and putting it into their own words when they try to paraphrase it.
strategies, and learning style, can all play a role in a student's struggles with
real.
Teachers did not realize that their students precede information in different
ways. They have their styles of learning. Learning style models are visual,
auditory, and kinesthetic. Learning style assessments can help identify personal
preferences and potential strengths and weaknesses in how learners deal with
The relevant study was conducted by Nafis (2017) in her thesis entitled
research, she wanted to find out why the students can understand English when
they did not like English class. The writer used a questionnaire that VARK
determine the types of language learning styles preferred by the students. Based
on the questionnaire results, most students chose visual style (46%) as the
between students" learning style and their achievement in listening skills, in her
research found that the obtained χ2 = 0.310 is smaller than the χ2 table with a
significance level of 0.05 = 5.591 (0.310 < 5.591). It means that the null
From the research finding, it can be concluded that there was no significant
skills. It means that students" learning style is not a dominant factor that affects
cognitive ability, and other factors may be more dominant in affecting listening
Ang, Embi and Yunus, (2017) stated that learners have different abilities in
awareness of the existence of their strategies. High achiever students are the
students who can achieve the goals and targets they have set before by utilizing
(2004) It means that high Achievers are students that can understand
themselves, can motivate themselves, and can control and manipulate the
Furthermore, learning style is one of the main factors that help determine
how and how well the students learn a second language or foreign language
which can influence their comprehension both in reading, writing, listening and
speaking (Huang et al., 2018). A student's learning style can be defined as the
mental process they employ when learning something new (Subini, 2013).
learning (kinesthetic learning). A person with a visual learning style learns best
best through focused listening; and someone with a kinesthetic learning style
learns best through focused doing, drawing on their memories of past events,
5
their sense of touch, and their ability to move around. According to Polya,
enhance the theory of learning styles, speaking challenges, and the relationship
According to the background of the study above, the researcher design the
1. What problems are faced by students when used their learning styles
in speaking skill?
1. To find out the problems faced by students when used their learning
Samarinda.
6
important aspect of the learning process. Additionally, the researcher hopes that
this research can be a reference for further research and can be developed for
other relevant research. Moreover, this study can find out the learning style of
learning process, the findings could serve as a motivator to encourage the use
classrooms.
when used the learning styles for the EFL students of the English Department,
especially for the speaking class. Meanwhile, the researcher focuses on the
academic year 2023 which is in the 4th semester, because the students of the 4th
semester have taken speaking classes from, they were freshmen until they are
in the 4th semester. In addition, in this study there were only six students who
in this study there were only six students who would become participants to
represent each of the learning styles to be studied. where from each learning
style two students will be selected as representatives of each learning style and
7
to choose the subject the researcher will make observations and adjust to the
researcher wishes to define the essential phrase. These are the definitions of the
major terms:
ability. The definition of learning style can vary depending on the expert
and the specific learning style model they are using. However, generally
the validity of the models and suggesting that a more individualized and
using appropriate language, tone, and nonverbal cues, and to adapt one's
interacts with other people, has a special meaning and repetition process
study that speaking ability is one of the subject taught to students in the
REVIEWS OF LITERATURE
This chapter discusses some reviews of related literature concerning the topics
of this study.
based on Alzain et al., (2018) define learning styles as attitudes, favorites, and
behaviors that students use in the learning process. Learning styles are
individual. Descriptions of those six learning styles by Reid (1995) describe the
their eyes.
discussions.
puzzle.
case, learning style is the dominant factor that influences students' learning. It
every individual has a unique style of learning, whether visual, auditory, and
domination of how people manage and deal with information and themodality
of the easiest way people deal with it (Schreuder et al., 2016). The human
brain influences the learning style because it has a significant capacity to save
learning style is one of the factor influences students in their thinking and
and managing information. In contrast, some human brains can receive and
the term language learning style refers to language learners' and preferred
not perceived or used consciously, that is the basis for the intake and
Moreover, regarding learning style, some experts said that there are three
types of common learning styles i.e., visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Yang
12
et al., (2016) said that visual learning style refers to a preference for learning
through vision and visual learners rely on sight to take the information.
Additionally, Evans & Sadler-Smith (2006) stated that students learn the best
by seeing, students will find the information when it is explained by the aids
learnerslike to keep they are on the teacher by sitting in front of the class and
learners are tidy and order, talking active, a good plannerand manager, detail
than listening to someone, need whole vision and objective, good in taking
Unlike the visual learning style, the auditory learning style is learning
words, using rhymes, having discussions, explaining notes, using word links,
partner, using rhythmic sounds, listening carefully, talking to own selves and
13
reading aloud.
pointed that auditory learners talking to own self when working, get easyto be
to music rather than art, learning by listening and remembering what they
discussed rather than seeing, speaking, discuss and telling a story entirely,
1. Visual
for visual learners. Visual learners are more motivated to review and
2. Aural / Auditory
recalling things they said before. They would incline toward listening
3. Reading or Writing
as words and text. They are understudies who don't mind sitting down
4. Kinesthetic
long time.
effective means for helping teachers recognize the incredibly diverse needs
students bring into the classroom. It means the learning style is effective in
15
helping teachers recognize the incredibly diverse needs students bring into the
classroom. It is untestable that the learning styles concept is one way to help
students learn. Learning style also helps teachers know how to treat their
behaviors that are relatively stable indicators of how learners precisely interact
with and respond to the learning environment. Based on the explanation above,
the researcher concluded that learning styles are how individuals perceive and
classified into three kinds, namely visual learning style (more sensitive to the
sense of sight), auditory learning style (more sensitive against the sense of
hearing), and kinesthetic learning style (more sensitive with move, work, and
touch). Every individual possesses all of the learning styles, but one was more
dominant. Every person has a preferred learning style that makes it easier to
absorb the lesson. Every individual who understands their learning tendencies
learning.
personality refer to the general approaches that students use in acquiring a new
and styles, it is important to use a model of learning style that identifies each
Sensory Learning style and Their Relation to Teaching models learning style
are divided into three sub-types: visual, tactile/kinesthetic and auditory Alfina
(2018). In the following section, only those learning styles are explained which
1. Visual learners are more focused on their ability to look, which means that
and obtain information visually before they can understand something. Because
visual learners have a high sensitivity to memorizing, they will absorb the lesson
through picture descriptions color and they have good understanding in art..
Visual learners prefer to think in pictures and obtain information through visual
means such as diagrams and videos. In contrast verbal learners gain more
Students with a visual learning style have a strong desire to see and capture
information before understanding it. Students with a visual learning style learn
through pictorial materials, have a strong sense of color, and have a good
because it was too reactive to sound, making it difficult to follow oral advice
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b) talking quickly
2. Auditory learners learn through aural channels such as verbal dialogues and
on vocal pitch, tone, and speed. They may benefit from reading something
aloud, and they may not create utilization of written material. Auditory learners
to do something and can imagine something better after hearing the information.
uncomforted with noisy situation, move the lips when read and spoke, pleasant
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to speak loudly and listen, able to repeat and imitate, prefer to the music than
art, learn what they listened and discussed, feel hard to write and hardly to write
and easily to tell story, and fluent speaker. learns more effectively through the
ear (hearing). Besides, auditory students are comfortable without visual input
and thus enjoy and profit from unembellished lectures, conversations, and oral
(2017). They learn by listening and speaking. These students enjoy talking and
interviewing. They are phonetic readers who enjoy oral reading, choral reading
c) Move lips and say the words in the book while reading
being seen
touch. This type of learner learns in an unusual way because they are constantly
moving, sensing activity, and touching. Kinesthetic or tactile learners: they like
movement and work with touchable objects. They enjoy regular breaks and
move around the room Syaom Barliana, (2019). This learning style necessitates
remember it. This learning model has several characteristics that not everyone
can do. In order to remember, character focuses on the hand as the primary
receiving device. Someone with this learning style can absorb information
body movement). Kinesthetic and tactile students like lots of movement and
enjoy working with tangible objects, collages, and flashcards. Sitting at a desk
for long is not for them; they prefer to have frequent breaks and move around
a. Talk slowly
activity which is interact with other people, has the special meaning and
that speaking as result of getting information through people’s mind then they
will perceive in words and keep in their mind and at the end of the processing
is produced the words in orally, called speaking. According to Keraf and Slamet
( 2009) they devided the speaking into 3 categories are; persuative; supporting,
emotion to get the opinion conformity, intellectual, and even acts of listeners.
instructive; inform to gain the reaction from our listener correctly, and
recreative; pleasant, require the interaction from our listener such as interest and
happy.
There are 5 concepts in speaking skill based on Brown, are; (1) speaking
process, (3) speaking skill is a learning outcome, (4) speaking skill as a media
to make a wide knowledge, (5) language skill can be develop by any kind of
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the word into sound that has a special meaning, expression, declire thought,
ideas, and feeling to other people and the basic objective of the language
target language, so if the speaker or the learner still unable to speak means the
situation, learners’ focus, teacher’s method and strategy or internal and external
communication. Therefore, we can infer that speaking is the ability to use words
with what we mean and say. Barrass (2006, p.3) said that it is also a tool for
speaking is one of the productive skills, which is the ability in using language
(2014) defines communication happens when the listener can give the response
Learning is the process of teaching students to speak in good and true language,
to think, motivation, and guidance. Speaking activity has its own set of benefits
Some of the factors that cause problems in speaking to students, first are
poor reading habits, unequal participation and practice of English both inside
and outside the classroom, and confusion in the application of grammar rules
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because students are able to improve their speaking skills in a classroom setting.
This analysis also confirms the important concern for the use of student
a) Imitative
parrot back (imitate) a word or phrase or doable a sentence. Whereas this purely
b) Intensive
c) Responsive
and little talk, simple request and comments. Will be a kind of short replies to
d) Interactive
which has the aim of the exchanging specific information or social relationship.
e) Extensive (monologue)
story telling, throughout which the chance for oral interaction from listener is
together.
Based on the explanation the writer conclude that, The speaking type in this
discourse (no more than a sentence) through which they demonstrate linguistic
The research on learning style has been done by some researchers around
the world. In other word, this is not the first study which focuses on learning
style.
The similar research has ever been done by Nafis (2017) in this study the
writer wants to find out why the students able to understand English when they
did not like English class. The writer used a questionnaire that VARK
26
used to find out the types of language learning styles preferred by the students.
Based on the results from questionnaire, most of students chosen visual style
(46%) as their own language learning styles that they preferred. Gender also
created the diversities of language learning style between male and female
students. For male students, visual learners are dominant as 62%. On the other
hand, 37% of female students preferred that auditory types as their own
language learning style. In the end, the writer found that language learning style
Because every student have different intelligence that the teacher should aware
in the first meeting, then the teacher should prepare an appropriate teaching
describe about the relationship between students’ learning style and their
achievement in listening skill. The method which was used in this research was
survey method through correlational research. The students’ learning style score
was taken from the questionnaire whereas the student’ achievement in listening
was taken from documentation. In analyzing the data and testing the hypothesis,
the writer used Coefficient Contingency (C) which has close relationship with
style and their achievement in listening skill. It means that students’ learning
27
style is not a dominant factor that affects listening achievement. In this case,
other factors such as motivation, aptitude, cognitive ability, and any other
factors are maybe more dominant in affecting listening skill achievement than
The third research came from Yufrizal et al. (2017). This research aims to
find out whether there is any significant interaction between motivation and
of test in which validity and reliability are tested. The results of the analysis
students and the lower ones. Learning styles have significant influence on
Then fourth research was conducted by Hirt et al., (2021) with entitled
learners in the context of a high-stakes academic long-term task”, and this study
explores how high and low achievers differ in self-regulated learning (SRL) in
and higher strategy use and self-reported quality of strategy use. Whereas low
achievers on the paper with higher prior achievement especially showed less
joy, higher fear, and lower scores on emotional regulation competencies than
the high achievers, low achievers on the paper with lower prior achievement
notably displayed a lower level of intrinsic motivation than the high achievers.
And for the fifth previous study was conducted by Affandi et al. (2021),
moreover, the aim of this research is to describe source of wellbeing for high
IV-VI in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, which are at top ten rank of their class.
found that there are two factors as source of wellbeing for high achiever
students, that are physical and psychological safety and the availability of
and physical threats. Whereas the availability of support for personal growth
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
that enables the researcher to reach the actual experiences (Wisdom &
social processes, human behavior, and cultural practices. It can also be used to
population, provided that the sample is representative and the data is analyzed
to gathering and analyzing data, which can help researchers make more
emphasizes the potential for mix method research to promote social change
approaches are two prominent theories that have been proposed to guide its
implementation. While there may not be a single definitive theory that governs
are clear.
practical theory that emphasizes the importance of using the most appropriate
methods for answering research questions. Therefore, the researcher will use
understanding subjective experiences and the data in this study will be display
Qualitative research designs are broadly categorized into four main types
based on their focus, approach, and data collection methods (Renjith, 2021).
1. Ethnographic research: This design involves studying the culture and social
observing and recording their behaviors, attitudes, and values. This design
document analysis.
the data collected during the research process. The researcher collects data
the case or cases studied. From the data the researcher choose case study as
participants, which can provide valuable insights into how learning styles
phenomenon in its real world context. Based on the theory, it means that the
case study design is a natural method that happened in the field based on the
that is rich and holistic. The single unit here could be an individual, group,
to explain why something happens by looking at its process and the explaining
North Samarinda District, East Borneo. Moreover, this study will be researh
in fourth semester. The reason researcher choose this university because is that
most of its students come from different social family background that create
35
diversities of students’ learning habit which may affect their learning style.
participants in a way that promotes honest and open communication. Here are
Sampling: The first step is to carefully select the participants for the study.
sampling may be used to identify participants who fit the study's criteria.
informed about the study's purpose, potential risks and benefits, and the
study.
options.
paying attention to their verbal and non-verbal cues and asking follow-up
Reflexivity: The researcher's own biases and assumptions can influence data
their own experiences, beliefs, and values throughout the research process to
minimize the impact of their own biases on the study. To find a deeper
Department, the researcher focused on the fourth semesters and the students
who have the learning styles. For the technique sampling sampling technique,
the researcher will use the Purposive sampling to select the participants of the
research because they can give important information about the research. The
process. As the objective of extreme case sampling, the researcher selects the
test by the teacher and for the indicators learning style the researcher The
In order to collect the data from the research, there are at least three
instruments required for this research. For the qualitative research the main
instrument is the researcher self. But to supporting this study the researcher uses
some tools:
a. Observation Sheet
term with its specific meaning. Observation refers to making the use of
how the learners learned and apply their learning styles in learning
b. Interview Guidelines
the researcher will use a semi-structured interview, and she prepared the
Therefore, when the researcher conduct the interview with the subjects,
she is ready with the guide, so that the interview is right on target and
the topic is not broad. As stated by Ary et al. (2018), interviews are
the situation in their own words. Interviews will support this study by
The researcher will ask permission for the university to do research on the
asking some questions face to face between researcher and respondent using
interview guide. In the interview, the researcher will use semi- structural
information of the subjects that will be subjects in this study related the
learning style.
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from the range and variety of the data and epistemology position adopted by
the researcher. Cohen, et.al (2011) also confirms that qualitative data analysis
involves organizing, accounting for and explaining the data, in short, making
participannts interview, note words or phrases from the transcript to get the
data. Labeling them into categories to make classification of the data (Creswell
2013). The codes which were used in coding session prepared for the analysis
with the existing theory in the literature review (Saldana, 2009). Moreover,
Merriam (1998) contents that data collection and data analysis must be a
dynamic.
3.7 Triangulation
To validate the data, this study will used triangulation method. As stated by
Honorene (2017), there were multiple ways to ratify for the accuracy of the
findings:
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A. Methods Triangulation
reliability of the findings after collecting data from different data collection
methods. It will provide various data findings and great insight into the
findings.
B. Triangulation of Sources
consistency of different data sources from within the same method. In short,
the study can use sources that have a different time of study. Moreover, this
method can compare the data with different results from interview,
C. Analyst Triangulation
As stated by Honorene (2017), the data are interpret and examine using
multiple theoretical perspectives. Hence, the associate data findings with the
expert's theory.
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Yang, X., Shi, F., Liu, X., & Zhao, Y. (2016). Learning styles and perceptual patterns
for English /i/ and /I/ among Chinese college students. Applied
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Choose the answer which best explain your preferences and circle the letters(s) it.
Please circle more than one if a single answer does not match your perception .
leave blank any question that does not
8. You want to learn a new program, skill or game on the computer. You will:
A. Follow the diagram in the accompanying book. (V)
B. Talk to people who know about the program. (A)
C. Read the written instructions that accompany this program. (R/W)
D. Use a control or a keyboard. (K)
12. You should explain your ideas to your friends in front of the class. You will:
A. Write what you will say then study it and read it over and over again.(R/W)
B. Take examples and stories to make your idea more real and practical. (A)
C. Write some keywords and practice them repeatedly. (K)
D. Create diagrams or graphs to help you explain your ideas. (V)
13. After reading a drama, you are given a task, you choose:
A. Draw one of the surprises that happened in the drama. (V)
B. Practice a round in the drama. (K)
C. Write about the drama. (R/W)
D. Read a speech in the drama. (A)
INTERVIEW GUIDELINES
No Indikator Pertanyaan
1. Apakah anda lebih bisa berbicara bahasainggris
jika guru mengajar menggunakan vidio?