Name: Line Aritasbi Parsial

Class: A
Student Number (NIM): J1E022010

Summary Group 1 – 4
Group 1: FICTION AND NON-FICTION

1. Definition of Fiction
What is the best definition of fiction?
: something told or written that is not fact: a made-up story.
Fictional adjective /ˈfɪk·ʃə·nəl/
The characters are purely fictional. The type of book or story that is written about imaginary
characters and events and does not describe real people or deal with facts, or a false report or
statement that you pretend is true.
Immigrant tales have always been popular themes in fiction. For example, Diana is a writer
of historical fiction. Synonyms word for fiction: tale, story, novel, and legend.
2. Example of Fiction
 Harry Potter Series
 Titanic: The Long Night
 Sangkuriang
 Toba Lake
 Robin Hood

3. Definition of non-fiction
Non·fic·tion /nänˈfikSH(ə)n/
Noun: non-fiction—prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as
biography or history.
Non-fiction is written work that is based on facts and reality and contains truth in it which is
written based on scientific studies and/or experience and is informative in nature.
4. Examples of non-fiction
 The story of Borobudur Temple  Soedirman
 Story of the Aceh Tsunami
 5. The difference between fiction and non-fiction
Fiction Non-fiction
 Not real! (make-believe)  Real! (Facts and information)
 made- characters, settings, and  real characters, settings, and events
events
 Read it in any order
 Read it in order
 facts and information
 has a beginning middle, and end
 photos with captions, charts, and
 Illustrations
 graphs
 Entertain (for us to enjoy)
 Inform (for us to learn)
 …
6. Fictional genres
Fiction
 Fantasy  Horror
 Science Fiction  Thriller
 Romance  Historical fiction
 Detective & Mystery  Young Adult (YA)
Non-fiction
 Memoir & Autobiography
 Biography
 Motivational / Inspirational
 Art & Photography, ext.
 Group 2: SHORT STORY

1. Definition of a Short story

What is the best definition of the short story?
: an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters
and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather
than plot.
Short stories are usually between five and sixty pages; as a result, they can be read in a single
sitting. Usually, short stories concentrate on a single event with only one or two characters.
2. Characteristics of a Short story
 Length:
Short stories typically range from 1,600 to 20,000 words.
 Subject:
Short stories usually focus on a single subject or theme.
 'In medias res':
Short stories usually occur in a single setting and begin 'in medias res', which means 'into the
middle of things in Latin.
 A limited number of characters:
Due to the limitations of the genre, short stories typically focus on just one or a couple of
characters.
3. Components of the short story
o Setting
The setting is a description of where and when the story takes place.
o Characterization

Characterization deals with how the characters in the story are described.
o Point of view
By the point of view we mean from whose eyes the story is being told. Short stories tend to
be told from one character’s point of view.
o Theme

The theme is the main idea of the story.

o Style
The author’s style has to do with his or her vocabulary, use of imagery, tone, or the feeling of
the story. It has to do with the author’s attitude toward the subject. In some short stories, the
tone can be ironic, humorous, cold, or dramatic.
 4. Main Purpose

To express the feelings of the writer in pouring imagination or fantasy into a story and can
also entertain readers, so that the reader can get entertainment or get a warning or advice
from a short story.

5. Genre of Short Story

o Horror stories
Stories related to ghosts or scary events that aim to give fear to the reader.

o Romance Stories
Tell the story of a woman and a man who want to find happiness in life and complete it in
love and romance.

o Science fiction stories

Stories that combine fiction stories but still maintain scientific logic based on the results of
research.

o Historical stories
Stories that criticize the history that has happened. This short story is interesting because it
can open sight for the reader with a different and not rigid packaging and point of view.

o Detective stories
Stories to solve puzzles that arise from events. Usually, these stories are about crime and
murder.

o Inspirational stories
The story contains stories of motivation, economics, love, relationships, family,
or achievements.

6. Structure of Short Story

a. Introduction: Here is where you introduce the story to the readers about its characters
and setting.
b. Confrontation: The primary problem that the main characters face in a story. The
characters must act to confront those forces and there is where conflict is born.
c. Resolution: The resolution is the end of the story where the problems is solved which is
what your main character tries to do in the last act.
 7. Language features of Short Story

1. Use of specific noun as a pronoun of 5. Using action verb

person or animal in the story
Example: kick, knock, eat, sleep
For example, the queen the king, the
6. Using adjective
man, etc.
Example: old, young, lazy, sad, happy
2. Use of past tense, including simple
past tense, past continuous tense dan 7. Using saying verbs

past perfect tense. Example: scream, laugh, shout, sigh

3. Use of present tense, including simple 8. Use of adverb of time

present tense, present continuous tense,
Example: every morning, Tomorrow,
and present perfect tense.
yesterday, at night all
4. Use of either first person singular or
9. Use of adverb of place
third person singular.
Example: in a small town, at home, etc.
First-person: I, me, mine
10. Use of time connectives and
Third person: He, him, his, she her, hers
conjunction
it its
Example: next, after, before, then

8. How to Write a Short Story

 Identify a short story idea

 Define the character’s main conflict and goal
 Hook readers with a strong beginning
 Draft a middle focused on the story’s message
 Write a memorable ending
 Refine the plot and structure of your short story
 Group 3: POETRY
1. Definition of Poetry
Definition of Poetry in general poetry is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic
qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible
meaning (ordinary intended meaning).
2. Characteristics of poetry
o Figures of Speech

Figures of speech, or figurative language, are ways of describing or explaining things in a

non-literal or non-traditional way. For example, a metaphor describes something by likening
it to something else: "His touch was a lightning strike." The author does not mean that the
touch was literally a lightning strike, but rather that it produced feelings of heightened
excitement and charged emotions.

o Descriptive Imagery

Imagery is something concrete, like sight, smell, or taste. Imagery describes what the poet
sees, hears, or otherwise senses, be it a literal image or one that exists in his mind. Visual
imagery, which describes what the poet sees, is the most common type of image in poetry.

o Punctuation and Format

The punctuation and format of the poem deal with how it is arranged on the page and how the
author intends for you to read it. For example, if a poem has frequent line breaks and short
stanzas, it forces you to read it in a different rhythm than if it were arranged in longer stanzas
with fewer breaks.

o Sound and Tone

Poets use different sounds and tones throughout poetry to change the way it sounds. For
example, the poet may use alliteration, which is when multiple consecutive words start with
the same letter.

o Choice of Meter

The meter of a poem is the rhythm or pattern of speech with which you read it, and it doesn't
happen by accident. Poets use different meters to give their poetry different rhythms, which
have technical names like iambic pentameter or spondaic heptameter.
 3. Purpose of Poetry
o To convey emotion or ideas to the reader's or listeners' mind.

o Delivering the poet's heart that is difficult to want directly

o Admire the beauty of nature and then put it in literary works

o Give advice or reprimand

4. Types of Poetry
 Haiku

Renowned for their small size, haikus consist of just three lines (tercet); the first and third
lines have five syllables, whereas the second has seven. Haikus don’t have to rhyme and are
usually written to evoke a particular mood or instance.

 Free verse

Free verse can rhyme or not, it can have as many lines or stanzas as the poet wants, and it can
be about anything you like!

 Sonnet

As a rule, Petrarchan (Italian) sonnets follow an ABBA ABBA CDE CDE rhyme scheme,
whereas Shakespearean (English) sonnets are typically ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. But of
course, rules are made to be broken!

 Acrostic

This type of poetry spells out a name, word, phrase, or message with the first letter of each
line of the poem. It can rhyme or not, and typically the word spelled out, lays down the theme
of the poem.

 Villanelle

It is made up of 19 lines; five stanzas of three lines (tercet) each and a final stanza of four
lines (quatrain). As you can see from the rhyme scheme; ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA,
this type of poem only has two rhyming sounds. Plus, there is a lot of repetition throughout
the villanelle. Line one will be repeated in lines six, 12, and 18; and line three will be
repeated in lines nine, 15, and 19.
 Limerick

Limericks are funny (and sometimes rude!) They have a set rhyme scheme of AABBA, with
lines one, two, and five all being longer in length than lines three and four. The last line is
often the punchline.

 Ode

An ode is typically written to praise a person, event or thing (you could write an ode to your
pet or favourite food!) and they are usually quite short in length.

 Elegy

An elegy does not have rules like some of the other forms of poetry but it does have a set
subject: death – eek! They are usually written about a loved one who has passed away, but
can also be written about a group of people, too. Although they can sound sad, elegies often
end on a hopeful note.

 Ballad

The ballad is another old and traditional form of poetry that typically tells a dramatic or
emotional story.  Ballads do have a set form; they are typically four lines (quatrain) and have
a rhyme scheme of ABAB or ABCB. However, this form is looser than others so can be
modified to suit a writer’s (that’s you!) needs. Most modern pop songs you hear nowadays
can be referred to as ballads!
 Group 4: DRAMA
1. Definition of Drama
What is Drama?
Drama is a type of literature telling a story, which is intended to be performed to an
audience on the stage. The word drama is taken from the word "dran" which means to move
or to act. It is a kind of story composed in dialogue not to be read but to be watched because
it is acted on the stage.
2. The Elements of Drama
Aristotle (A Greek Philosopher) considered these six things to be essential to good drama:

1. Plot: this is what happens in the play. Plot refers to the action: the basic

2. Theme: theme refers to the meaning of the play.

3. Characters: characters are the people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the
actors in the play.

4. Dialogue: this refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the characters
in the play.

5. Music/Rhythm: while music is often featured in the drama, in this case, Aristotle was
referring to the rhythm of the actors’ voices of the speakers.

6. Spectacle: this refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special effects, etc.
spectacle is everything that the audience sees as they watch the play.

 The Modern Theater

In modern theatre, this list has changed slightly, although you will notice that many of the
elements remain the same. The list of essential elements in modern theatre is as follows:
• Characters
• Plot
• Theme
• Dialogue
• Convention
• Genre
• Audience
 3. Types of Drama
 Comedy: is a type of drama that is written to be entertaining or amusing for the audience.
 Tragedy: is a type of drama in which the protagonist or hero is brought down by his/her
flaws.
 Tragicomedy: is a special kind of drama that combines the features of tragedy and
comedy.
 Melodrama: is a kind of drama in which everything is hyperbolized.

—THANK YOU—