Chapter 2

The Islamic University of Gaza
Faculty of Information Technology 02
Basic Concepts
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫ�ﻢ أﺳﺎﺳ�ﺔ‬
By: Ibrahim S. Alfayoumi, Ameer M. Telbani

Outlines
1. What is visualization?
• (Possible) Definitions
2. From Data to infographic
3. Data Visualization pipeline
• Data
• Visual Mapping
• Rendering
• Perceiving
• Interpreting
• Comprehending
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ؟‬
‫• )ﻣﻤﻜﻦ( اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺧﻂ أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫• ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫• رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫• اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬
‫• ا��دراك‬
‫• اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫• اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬
(Possible) Definitions
Data visualization is :
• "The use of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of abstract data to
amplify cognition“
• “an accessible way to see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data."
• to help people carry out tasks more effectively
‫)ﻣﻤﻜﻦ( اﻟﺘﻌ��ﻔﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫• "اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴ��ت اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة ﻟﺘﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك"‬
‫• "ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻓﻬﻢ ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪".‬‬
‫• ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
Defining Concepts
• computer supported
Made and delivered on a computer
• Interactive visual representations
• For Abstract data
• Helping people
• to see and understand
• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,
• and carry out tasks
• more effectively
• Through amplifying cognition

‫ﺗﺤﺪ�ﺪ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫ�ﻢ‬
‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ وﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫• ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫• ﻟﻨﺮى وﺗﻔﻬﻢ‬
‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪،‬‬
‫• وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬
‫• أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

Defining Concepts
Interactivity is the ideal solution for large amounts

of data with complex data stories, providing the
• Interactive visual representations ability to identify, isolate, and visualize information
for extended periods of time.
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﻗﺼﺺ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ وﺗﺼﻮرﻫﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬


Defining Concepts
is the data that is collected from a source, but in its
• Interactive visual representations initial state. It has not yet been processed
• Helping people

‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ا��وﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬


Defining Concepts
• computer supported Data visualizations help us see data, ideally in

ways that lead us to have quick insights
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﺼﻮرات اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮدﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ رؤى ��ﻳﻌﺔ‬


Defining Concepts
• computer supported Infographics are design products or ways to

• Interactive visual representations share information in a form that is highly visual.
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫‪ Infographics‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ أو ﻃﺮق ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ‬

‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬


Defining Concepts
• computer supported trends are identified by trendlines or price

action that highlight when the price is making
uptrend and downtrend
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﻄﻮط ا��ﺗﺠﺎه أو ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺮز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه ﺻﻌﻮدي وﻫﺒﻮط‬


Defining Concepts
Outlier is a data point that differs significantly
• Interactive visual representations from other observations.
• Helping people

‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮا ﻋﻦ‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺧﺘ�� ًﻓﺎ‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤ��ﺣﻈﺎت ا��ﺧﺮى‪.‬‬


Defining Concepts
• computer supported A pattern is a series of data that repeats in a

• Interactive visual representations recognizable way.
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﺮر ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬


Defining Concepts
• computer supported visualizing data is to summarize and present data
• Interactive visual representations with easily understandable visualizations that
• For Abstract data highlight a key message
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻮرات‬

‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬


Defining Concepts
• computer supported The aim of producing visual representations of
• Interactive visual representations data, is to amplify the understanding of the data
• For Abstract data "understanding often comes from seeing"
• Helping people

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ"‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت " ً‬


Visualization pipeline
Data visualization pipeline :

The visualization process consists of the sequence of steps, or operations that manipulate
the data produced by the process under study and ultimately deliver the desired images.
‫ﺧﻂ أﻧﺎﺑ�ﺐ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر‬
‫ﺧﻂ أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات أو اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
Data visualization pipeline
Data 4
Perceiving
Encoding: designer
1 What is my data? What does it show?

Which data type? Where is big, medium, small?
Decoding: user
Ordinal / numerical / categorical? How do things compare?
What relationships exist?
Visual Mapping Interpreting

2 What is my visual representation? 5 What does it mean?
Which visual variables am I using? What does color mean?
How am I encoding my data? What does 'up 'mean?
What do these patterns show?
Rendering Comprehending
3 What is my medium? 4 What does it mean for me?
monoscopic/stereoscopic? What shall I do now?
Tangibility? Is this all true?
Print / digital? What do I learn?
‫ﺧﻂ أﻧﺎﺑ�ﺐ ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒ�ﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻹدراك‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺑ�ﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ؟‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﺑ�ﺎﻧﺎي؟‬
‫ي‬ ‫�‬‫ﻣﺎ ي‬
‫ﻓﻚ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫اﻟ� ي‬
‫ﺻﻐ�؟‬
‫ي‬ ‫ﻛﺒ� ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪،‬‬
‫أﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ي‬ ‫أي ﻧ�ع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒ�ﺎﻧﺎت؟‬
‫ت‬
‫ﻛ�ﻒ ﺗﻘﺎرن اﻷﺷ�ﺎء؟‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴي ‪ /‬ﻋﺪدي ‪ /‬ﻓﺌﻮي؟‬
‫بي‬
‫ﻣ� ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‬
‫� اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة؟‬‫ﻣﺎ ي‬
‫ت‬
‫اﻟ�ﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨ ئﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺋ�ﺔ‬
‫�‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫�ﻌي ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﻣﺎذا ي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐ�ات‬
‫ي‬ ‫�‬‫اﻟﻤﺮئ؟ ﻣﺎ ي‬
‫ي‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜ��‬
‫ي‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫�ﻌي اﻟﻠﻮن؟‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ��‬ ‫ﻛ�ﻒ أﻗﻮم ﺑ�ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﻣﺎذا ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اﻟئ أﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ؟‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺋ�ﺔ ي‬
‫ت‬
‫ﺗﻌي "‪"up‬؟‬ ‫ن‬
‫ﻣﺎذا ي‬ ‫ﺑ�ﺎﻧﺎي؟‬
‫ي‬
‫ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬە اﻷﻧﻤﺎط؟‬
‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬

‫ن‬
‫�ﻌي ذﻟﻚ بﺎﻟنﺴبﺔ ي�؟‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﻣﺎذا ي‬ ‫وﺳ�ﻄي؟ أﺣﺎدي ‪ /‬ﻣﺠﺴﻢ؟‬
‫ي‬ ‫�‬
‫ﻣﺎ ي‬
‫ﻋ� أن أﻓﻌﻞ اﻵن؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ي‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳ�ﺔ؟‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬا كﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ؟‬ ‫ﻃبﺎﻋﺔ ‪ /‬رﻗﻤ�ﺔ؟‬
‫ﻣﺎذا اﺗﻌﻠﻢ؟‬
Data
What is my data?
the data that is collected from a source, but in its initial state. It has not yet been processed
Which data type? (numerical / categorical)
‫ﺑ�ﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ؟‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ا��وﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫أي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت؟ )ﻋﺪدي ‪ /‬ﻓﺌﻮي(‬
Data
Numerical data
These data have meaning as a measurement, such as a person’s height, weight, IQ, or blood
pressure; or they’re a count, such as the number of stock shares a person owns, how many
teeth a dog has, or how many pages you can read of your favorite book before you fall
asleep. (Statisticians also call numerical data quantitative data.)
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎس ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺸﺨﺺ أو وزﻧﻪ أو ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺬﻛﺎء أو ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺪم ؛ أو أﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد ا��ﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﺪد ا��ﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﺐ ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﺪد اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻗﺮاءﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻚ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻐﻔﻮ‪) .‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ا��ﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﻮن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪(.‬‬
Data
Categorical
Categorical data is a collection of information that is divided into groups. I.e, if an
organization or agency is trying to get a biodata of its employees, the resulting data is
referred to as categorical. This data is called categorical because it may be grouped
according to the variables present in the biodata such as sex, state of residence, etc.
‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‪ .‬أي ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ أو‬
‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﺌﻮﻳﺔ ��ﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ وﻓ ًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﺲ وﺣﺎﻟﺔ ا��ﻗﺎﻣﺔ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
Data
Visual Mapping ‫رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺋ�ﺔ‬
What is my visual representation?

Which visual variables am I using?
How am I encoding my data?
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ؟‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ؟‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ أﻗﻮم ﺑﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ؟‬
Visual Mapping
Visual elements have several properties that can be used to transmit information.
Depending on the case, some of them might more suitable than others. these properties
are known as visual variables and are applied to the geometric elements used to visualize
geographical information.
The use of position is rather restricted in the case of a map, since the real position of the
element to be rendered should be respected. It is seldom used.
The shape is defined by the perimeter of the object. This variable is mostly used in the case
of point data, using a symbol of a given shape located at the exact coordinates of the point
to be rendered. It is difficult to apply to linear symbols and in the case of areal symbols it
requires altering the shape of the symbol itself.
‫رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺋ�ﺔ‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬

‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎ�� اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣ��ءﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ا��ﺧﺮ‪ُ .‬ﺗﻌﺮف ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺒ��ﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎ�� اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ اﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻨ�� اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎدرا‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﻣﺰ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ا��ﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ا��ﻣﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
Visual Mapping
Size indicates the dimensions of the symbol. In the case of points, it can be applied by
changing the size of the symbol itself. In the case of lines, changing their thicknesses is the
most usual way of applying this visual variable on them. It is not used in areal symbols,
except in the case of using a texture fill, in which the size variable is applied to the texture
and not to the symbol itself.
Texture refers to the pattern used to fill the body of the symbol. It can be applied to lines,
using dash patterns, but it is mostly applied to areal symbols.
Color is the most important of all visual variables. Two of its components can be used as
individual visual variables themselves: hue and value. Hue is what we usually call color. That
is, the name of the color (blue, red, green, etc.)
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ �� .‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ا��ﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬إ�� ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻤﺲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﻞء ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟ��ﻃﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن ﻫﻮ ا��ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻨ��ﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺪرج اﻟﻠﻮن واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺪرج ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﻋﺎدة اﻟﻠﻮن‪ .‬أي اﺳﻢ اﻟﻠﻮن )أزرق ‪ ،‬أﺣﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬أﺧ�� ‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ‪(.‬‬
Visual Mapping
Value defines the darkness of the color. For

instance, light blue and dark blue have the
same hue, but they have different value.
Orientation is applied to point symbols,
unless they have some sort of symmetry that
makes it difficult to identify the orientation of
the symbol. For areal symbols, it is applied to
their texture. It's not applied in the case of
linear symbols.
‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻐﻤﻴﻖ اﻟﻠﻮن‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬اﻟﻠﻮن ا��زرق‬

‫اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ وا��زرق اﻟﺪاﻛﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻠﻮن ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ رﻣﻮز اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫�� ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
Visual Mapping
Characteristics of Visual Variables
• An associative variable allows grouping across changes in the variable; in other words, a
variable is associative if we can perceive symbols as a group despite differences in this
variable. Note that this does not mean the variable is not selective. For example, hue is both:
we can easily select symbols of the same color, but a group of differently colored symbols is
itself also perceptible as a group.
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺒ��ﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐ� ﺗﺮ �‬ ‫ف‬
‫ابﻄ�ﺎ إذا اﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ إدراك اﻟﺮﻣﻮز كﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋ�‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐ� ؛ بﻤﻌىف آﺧﺮ ‪� ،‬ﻜﻮن‬
‫ي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴ�ات ي�‬
‫ي‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻄﻲ �ﺴﻤﺢ بﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ب‬
‫ﻋ�‬
‫�‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐ�‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ أن ﻫﺬا ﻻ ن‬ ‫ف‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋ�ﺎ‪ .‬ﻋ� ﺳب�ﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺪرج ﻫﻮ كﻼﻫﻤﺎ‪� :‬ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐ� ﻟ�ﺲ‬
‫ي‬ ‫�ﻌئ أن‬
‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫�‬‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ي‬
‫�‬
‫�ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺪ�ﺪ رﻣﻮز ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻠﻮن ‪ ،‬وﻟ�ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ذات اﻷﻟﻮان اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ �ﻤﻜﻦ إدرا�ﻬﺎ أ�ﻀﺎ كﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
Visual Mapping

• A selective variable allows us to immediately isolate a group of signs based on a change
in the variable.

‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ا��ﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺰل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌ��ﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر‬
Visual Mapping

• Ordered variables have an immediately recognizable sequence. In other words, if you can
order the symbols by their difference in a variable without having to consult a legend, the
variable is ordered. Size and value, for example, have an immediately perceptible order.
‫• اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر‪ .‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﺣﺴﺐ اﺧﺘ��ﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻰ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ا��ﻳﻀﺎح ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﻤﺎ أﻣﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر‪.‬‬
Visual Mapping
• Quantitative variables allow an estimation of the actual numerical difference between
symbols. Besides position, where we can guess the measurable distance between symbols,
it is considered only size variation to be quantitative. For example, we can easily see that
one symbol is twice the size of another
‫• ﺗﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﻌﺪدي اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز‪ .‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺧﺘ��ف اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﻴًﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫أن ﻧﺮى ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ أن أﺣﺪ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ رﻣﺰ آﺧﺮ‬
Visual Mapping
Property Position Size Shape Value Hue Texture Orientation
Associative ◊ — ◊ — ◊ ◊ ◊
Selective ◊ ◊ — ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
Ordered ◊ ◊ — ◊ — — —
Quantitative ◊ ◊ — — — — —
‫َ‬
‫ﻣﻠ��ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫بﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺷكﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ�ﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺤﺔ‬ ‫� ِﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟ�ﻪ‬
‫اب�‬
‫ﺗﺮ ي‬ ‫◊‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫◊‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬
‫ئ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎئ‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬
‫ي‬
‫أﻣﺮ‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫◊‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ك�‬
‫ي‬ ‫◊‬ ‫◊‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪Visual Mapping‬‬ ‫رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺋ�ﺔ‬
Rendering ‫اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬
What is my medium? ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ وﺳﻴﻄﺘﻲ؟‬

monoscopic/stereoscopic?
‫ ﻣﺠﺴﻢ؟‬/ ‫أﺣﺎدي‬
Tangibility? Print / digital?

‫ رﻗﻤﻴﺔ؟‬/ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﻴﺔ؟ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬
Rendering ‫اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬
Perceiving ‫اﻹدراك‬
Interpretation ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
Comprehending ‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬
That’s all
for this chapter

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The Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Information Technology 02

By: Ibrahim S. Alfayoumi, Ameer M. Telbani

‫ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

• For Abstract data

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• ﺗﻤﺜﻴ��ت ﺑ��ﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ وﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

Interactivity is the ideal solution for large amounts

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻊ‬

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

• computer supported Data visualizations help us see data, ideally in

• For Abstract data

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﺼﻮرات اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫• ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

• computer supported Infographics are design products or ways to

• For Abstract data

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم‬ ‫‪ Infographics‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ أو ﻃﺮق ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ‬

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

• computer supported trends are identified by trendlines or price

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,

• and carry out tasks

• Through amplifying cognition

‫• ا��ﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ وا��ﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ‬

‫• ﻣﻦ ﺧ��ل ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ ا��دراك‬

• computer supported A pattern is a series of data that repeats in a

• For Abstract data

• to see and understand

• trends, outliers, and patterns in data,