CRITICAL THINKING

Mayyada Wazaify, PhD

Though often confused with intelligence, critical thinking is not intelligence. Critical thinking is a collection of cognitive skills that allow us to think rationally in a goal

Research Gate
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‫ﻧﺎﻗد‬
 CRITICAL THINKING -> to provide conclusion you Have
to Ask
Questions.
CRITICAL THINKING
• Criticus (Latin) • the process of considering or
reasoning about something
• Critikos (Greek)

‫ ﺗ ﻔ ﻌ ﻴ ﻞ ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻞ‬, ‫ ; < = > ? ء ﻣ ﺎ‬:. ‫ا ﻟ ﺘﻔ ﻜ‬

• criticus, a, um, adj., = κριτικός, fit
or suitable for deciding, ‫ﺎرات أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أو ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬F‫ﻣ‬
capable of judging
• ‫ﺎم‬5‫ أو اﺻﺪار اﻷﺣ‬/.‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋ)* اﻟﺘﻤﻴ‬

•
•
•
6-35-

Critical
thinking # I4
The simplest thinking skills are learning facts and recall, while higher order skills include analysis, synthesis, problem solving, and evaluation.

critical thinking Differs soi s

 WHY ARE YOU HERE?

“It is not so very important for a person to learn

facts. For that he does not really need a college. He
can learn them from books. The value of an
education in a liberal arts college is not the learning
of many facts, but the training of the mind to think
something that cannot be learned from textbooks.”
Albert Einstein

take for granted

Don't it
•
•
A B C D
A B C D
SO WHAT IS CRITICAL
THINKING?
 DEFINITION-1

the intellectually disciplined process of actively and

skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing,
synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from,
or generated by, observation, experience, reflection,
reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and
action.
‫ﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻀﺒﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ <= اﺳ?ﻴﻌﺎب وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬-‫ﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ذ‬- ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜ&' اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ أو ﻧ?ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋ]^ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬،‫ﺔ‬U‫ﻖ اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺠﺮ‬N‫اﳌﺄﺧﻮذة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮ‬
.‫واﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
 ‫‪DEFINITION-2‬‬

‫‪Essentially, critical thinking is learning to think‬‬

‫‪independently and to develop one's own opinions‬‬
‫‪supported by existing evidence.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺘﻔﻜ&' اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ ‪:‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌ‪5‬ﺎرات اﻟ‪ 98‬ﻳﻜ;ﺴ=>ﺎ اﻟﻔﺮد ﻟ;ﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻋ‪ CB‬إﻣ‪E‬ﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﳌﻮﺿﻮ‪ ML‬ﻟﻸﺧﺒﺎر‬
‫واﳌﻌﺎرف‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‪E‬ﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﮫ ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋ‪ CB‬اﻟﺘﻤﻴ&^ ﺑ&ن اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‪ ،‬و`&ن ا‪ba‬ﻘﺎﺋﻖ واﻵراء‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮ‪i‬ﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ووا‪bj‬ﺔ‬
 OVERALL…..

• critical thinking is a deeper kind of thinking

in which we do not take things foregranted
but question, analyze and evaluate what we
read, hear, say, or write.
• It is a general term used to identify essential
mindsets and skills that contribute to
effective decision making
STUDY EXAMPLES OF CRITICAL
THINKING

Monash University, 2022

 EXAMPLES OF CRITICAL THINKING

1. A triage nurse analyzes the cases at hand and decides the

order by which the patients should be treated.
2. A plumber evaluates the materials that would best suit a
particular job.
3. An attorney reviews evidence and devises a strategy to
win a case or to decide whether to settle out of court.
4. A manager analyzes customer feedback forms and uses
this information to develop a customer service training
session for employees.

The circumstances that demand critical thinking vary from industry to industry. Some examples include:
 WHY CRITICAL THINKING?

1. At university à learn how to be a creative and

critical scholar- ASK high order questions
2. Employers DEMAND critical thinkers ie- CV,

S interview, or covering letter

3. Someone with critical thinking skills can be trusted
to make decisions independently, and will not need
constant handholding.

At university you may be instructed to consider, justify, reason, argue, critically appraise, identify, analyse or evaluate. Such instructions provide you with the opportunity to engage your 'critical spirit' and practice your critical th

،‫ وﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج اﻷﻧﺳب واﻷﻛﺛر ﺻﺣﺔ ﻟﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬،‫ وﻣن ﺛم ﻋﻘد اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﺧﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة ﻋن طرﯾق دراﺳﺔ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧص اﻟﻘﺿﯾﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗوﺿﯾﺢ اﻟﺻورة اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬

Employers want job candidates who can evaluate a situation using logical thought and offer the best solution. Critical thinking abilities are among the most sought

2 You can demonstrate critical thinking by using related keywords in your resume and cover letter, and during your interview
 RESEARCH AND CRITICAL THINKING

I • At its very essence, scientific research is a problem-based

learning activity that sharpens critical thinking skills.

• Actively engage in scientific research and scholarly activity is a

valuable source of promoting higher-order critical thinking
skills.

I believe the emphasis on engaging undergraduate and graduate students in research and scholarly activity, is a valuable resource for promoting the higher

Arguably, an important component of critical thinking skills is the ability to critically examine and understand published research in one’s professional area of interest (7).

Requiring students to critique published research is one way of addressing the goal of teaching students to critically evaluate research while gaining experience doing it (3).

An even greater challenge, and one that provides a framework for differentiating between different levels of learning and thought by incorporating reasoning and critical thinking skills to a greater degree, is to actually engage st
 THE CRITICAL THINKER AS
A RESEARCHER -> in each Step

1. Formulation of a research question

2. Data Collection
3. Statistical analysis
4. Writing a manuscript
5. Submission of a manuscript
6. Peer-review/ Critically reading a research paper

• questions everything, including existing social norms and traditions

• thinks systematically, considering all aspects of a problem and looking at each element in its wider context
• carefully examines ideas and information
• looks beyond what may appear as obvious
• uses evidence to support claims
• uses logic and reason in their arguments
• avoids making assumptions
• can recognize (and avoid) logical fallacies
• strives to be aware of their own cognitive biases
• considers different perspectives
• uses the above critical thinking skills to make judgements.
An important component of critical thinking skills
is the ability to critically examine and understand
published research in one’s professional area of
interest
 WHAT IS CRITICAL READING?

• Reading for the purpose of discovering information within

the text
• Evaluative and analytical
• Goal oriented purposeful
• Unbiased
·
Active

Active reading -> notes - 5 I

-> Take Notes

->

pay attention for figures

• Read the paper with greater care
• Take notes
• Look carefully to figures, diagrams and illustrations

à Ignore details, acronyms, proofs, unfamiliar terminology

 CRITICALLY READING A PAPER

jis!
5161s. Dist
• Don’t judge a book by its cover

• Don’t assume that the science of the

paper is correct

• Identify what else is to be done-

unanswered↳ whatgaps Does
paper filled in and what
this
japs need to be filled.
 WHAT IS CRITICAL
APPRAISAL?

• This is the term given to describe the skills used when

reading a paper to enable one to assess the validity (i.e.
how close to truth) and usefulness (i.e. can the results be
applied to your practice) of the results.

• Forms an integral part of evidence based medicine (EBM).

for eg. Reading AboutfrostBite Conducted in

Africa!!! B
As you read the Introduction, ask: what big
question is being asked here?
• Why should we
care?
• How prevalent is
doping in Jordan?
How does it affect
health?
• What work has
already been
done? Limitations
of previous work?
What’s new in
this?
 - 8.868
· 0

Methods section - 1610 818--8 a

• What was done to Data(1,09C scid. $1

answer this question? ·
661
Were methods
appropriate?
• Setting
·19.1, -i-
• Subjects
1955- • Sampling
-

• Timeframe
• Procedures
Reflection and Criticism
• Very Important
• E.g. why authors used a questionnaire at the end of the month to find
out about premenstrual tension? Wouldn’t they forget or have trouble
recalling?
 Reflection and Criticism
• E.g. Representative of Jordan?

You must be kidding…

I sufsellection Bius: J..

Data as 201
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100vissSurvey
S

Sample
& (1 - s1. -

!! sample, is is
.

855- 9 8 I; -Gi;
 Reflection and Criticism
i
• E.g. How did they measure “neglect” or “verbal abuse”
among child-delivering women ?

Abuse .
. " 11141*
Abuse as s
Abuse (1"si;3:
%j
Results section
• Try to summarize
findings
• Focus on tables and
figures
• Statistics?
Significance?
• Any meaning of these
numbers?
 interpretation ofthe Data.

~>
Discussion section
e

• Do the authors refer to their

questions/hypotheses?
• How do they interpret the
results?
• Can you think of any alternative
explanations?
• Do the authors identify their
weaknesses or limitations? What
do you see as a limitation?
• What do the authors suggest to
do next?
• What would you do next?

In Discussion 8

1. How is itcompared in Results ofsimilar papers.

2. and when ss
you see comparison you have to
 References Section
• Directs you to more relevant literature

↳ critical Appraisal 8

How updater your Reference is

-> when can we use old references?

1. ifNo plenty of Data on topic
2.if your topic is rare
3. Ifyou want
5comparison.
4. Iyou wantto isthatthis problem
is old,
 -5
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 REFERENCES:

• 1. Critical thinking - Research & Learning Online (monash.edu)

• 2. WALLMANN1 HW and HOOVER DL. Research and Critical Thinking : An
Important Link for Exercise Science Students Transitioning to Physical Therapy.
Int J Exerc Sci 5(2) : 93-96, 2012
• 3. Zablotsky D. Why do I have to learn this if I’m not going to graduate school?
Teaching research methods in a social psychology of aging course. Educ
Gerontol 27: 609-622, 2001.
• 4. de Sanchez MA. Using critical-thinking principles as a guide to college-level
instruction. Teach Psychol 22: 72-74, 1995.
 AS FREE AS A BIRD….

Mindset of a critical thinker:

• inquisitive and curious, always seeking the truth
• fair in their evaluation of evidence and others’ views
• skeptical of information
• perceptive and able to make connections between ideas
• reflective and aware of their own thought processes
• open minded and willing to have their beliefs challenged
• using evidence and reason to formulate decisions
• able to formulate judgements with evidence and reason.