2 2 22

- cosny- nn2
Sleady Two-dimensiona Heat
o
Floo

-
L2
cos
at on
acas
2
Cos on-1)
D
LadaceS
heol e
Ft
toro n:0dd, An O
cleody flao, 0
to n,G,10 Ao -8
T 2 7O2+ Lotloces E)
For nf a0,10 An O is

Foro L
This
Cn30me
upe heot
egion R
prroblem
of e blane 4 ae
consicdere

on he boundoru Cue
A-fo d
R
looundaru
boundartA
c
Co
a prolem(BVP)

) his buncdaru yalue

1/2
zd dn Rrust BvD/Dicichlet Problemuis
f
prescrube

norcmal
on C
dercivone
and BvDNeumann
n is prescrobec on c
eVP Robin Poblem

(O
8ve/Mixed
uis prrescribed on a portfion of C

Gn on he rrest of c
Orreichle Problem in a Rectorge RR

By Sepattatng varcialdles 1
Suistitung
Fa) y) b u-
u-0 u-0
F u0
uy
 Fa Fao
d d42
K (cay)
y-An(e nryla
e -nnyla

OAsin h n
Frcom ett Right boundory Condtoo resha Ordting aAn A
FO) 0 Fa)-=0
O)F)Gu)
K:
unCn A an an sina

o
)PCcospa4 ain þr
FO)
C Asin Sinh nT

A
conc tion
Fo) Odld Uena boundor
Gsinpa O Bpa -sinnmn1, uC,b) = fo sin T sinhnb

F)in z,
b: 04,,3
an-1,3,

On
uC,b)

A sinh
snh
-1
Tb
b
a
a)sin n

Ay CeP ceP A
asinh
2Tb
FFuomDuert ede boun d eru Condtton uo
a(0)0
 Bu

uCa,1)
omogeneous

-A, ub,
heat eq

) =B
wa)-b6)
wb)pot
13
Now

3 30u
3
0-W htng e
need

u (o,€)-oC7,4)-o
to solve

uCa,9-P6) ta
sleb1
Lel, w) Solve uCa,t) =x@)TH
Bu'ey+pt) -0 wa) - A, wlb)-B
sleb2
Nod Lettna. 19u-w,eq Tor o becomes
r=3r'r
K sas)

a,t)
2
A,
f-
b,t)=0 7 = t in k
G,cask

G
Sle,
e
uCo. ) u C)OLaLT
=
uCa,0)= sinz,

ndnq o)
8 +,O<a<,
0, t?o
b>o
oEO-'AO)-0
T)=O

n-sina)
2 Gso KT=O INk-O
-1,,3,
1,2,3
-Sno7

8
Fort

w +
sol
=O wO)
is
0,T)=O X- sin1 C-)- sin)
Cieneral
) +Gt2
8 1CaP)= sin(m)
coo)o 2 12-0 nba + 1, -4
o, n11
CDa Ca-t)
 bn ()n d na

an(er
3 )sin

a)(-Cosz)
+6a.(Cos)G.
n3

COsn7
Bin n
n1
xd
(-)77
- )
sOT
3n
n3

aC1
3ns
2
3n3
2
3n3
6.even

n-odd

bn
1,n=1 3n3 neven
0 n71
3n3 od
 a-D ove

Sol
is
Supbose, sof of
uC, Xa) Y)TU) be Hhe o
of

Or Y Tx xYT"
YTxxTY xYT
On
Ovicg.yYT both sdes

Le
R -1
x o
a=

X= Ccoskasink Y=

dc E)T=
 tort the time tonc.

Rectonqulart Membrr ome; Double tourien terciees

Fort he omplitude Tunc. a PDE

Tuo-dimeoiona mve FO)
he -D Helmholtz equakton.
calle

Coundary Cond tb
the bouncany
Inka Condilon
gun, eborcating he Helmhollz equalo
P() R
(.)aC)E initiol velocity

Sleb1

()
l By

u.) F
seborcoting attiables

olt)
d -(H us)
S Fa Divicng sth sices H

da
a -o

) Subettuting inea

F C(Faaat
-1)2
Cco)
Sep2

u
Chenerta

Ru.
H=A
FA F-H
On the boundoruy
ao
cas ka Bsin

Ccosp+Dsin Py
(-)
k
 ,e,
H(0)= A=0 A enera l cf G) is
0Sn 4
Bmn 2t

,
m BrmnCOsmnt
HO)Bsinka
3nka=0 mi
mn yt) -(BmCo3mnt nAsn
m 1, 3,
Bmn
Sin Tb
imlar
CO p-, D1,3,
uy, mg2.444)

H)sin mr M-1,,
a)2E(,cos
m1 1 2mnt n mt) Sin m C sin b
Sin

y
6,y)= to 1,3, =
lhitio Concdtto

ME Bnnin
N-1
m nnS -f(a)

Hence
4 PCaY) sin m Dy dady

-
ab sin

m-1,2,
Fo =3in sin
1,
m-1,,3,
a,3,
N= 1,2,

ore Hetba Helmheltt e

k CUa
thad one '0 on
the boundar
of the membrsnd.
4
abmn
b a
g9)sin indad
2CVpk2
b
n-1,2,
D 1, 2,
 0e, A enera ol G)is
H(0) "A=O
Cm BmnCSmnt4Bmn 2,mnt

,
Ha)Bsinka O
3inka =0 n my

a m 1,,3, Sino

8imilarlM
gng
M-1-n=1
(2.4)
C=0. 01,,
Sin
y,1)-E( ,sosAmnt Sin Amnt) sin
H)=Sin mrx
a 1m-1,2,
BH Ihitiol concto
1,a,
ms1 N=1
a
Hence
mn ob
ab PC)sin m sin
nTS dad

ma 8n mT sin
M-1,3,3,

1,a,3,
m
n
1,3.
1,2,.

Orce & Hebtelmoltt ea thal ore '0 on

b a
g)sinntgin 4aqy
-K2 CU the bounda
of the membren abmn

aCVpk2
K- p:b
0m-1,a,
1, 3
Hd the wbraions of a teclanoqulort embruonce
L6cos m
m3 3n3 a56
m-oc
ofsde a-4f
18 12.5
Ub/€t
b-2f
dena S
the lenson

2.5
alugs /t2
-cs7 0 m =eve

hemtal
s veboly s 0, he indial dehladem

=
O-1-Cux- CY)
1255 Pt/ser Cos

+6
a-4
mn
b=2
A
O.14-) )sin sn
nTSCoSnT
Sn O =even
-odd

dmdy
a56x12 0.y26050lLmen
)" )
boh
Brnn
n n6 mn od4)
sin
d sin
T9d Pmm&C 5
0
Uay.)== O.426050 a)
G-) sln 4
m,n oqa

Sin m sin 121

4)+)221 cos )-(4-a) 1

s mre
sin
O.426050/cos

Cas'5Vtsin snå
575 {sin sin T
osST A
mns
at n 3t
1
sin L cos 5S sin 3sinSR
 OuITieIT Cosine
Stne Trcanstorms Ea Ftnd the fourderr Cosine & sine treonstsrems
of the tunctton
Foutiert Cosine Trranstotm

Fort even funckon s f), the fourier COsine

Pa)[Ko(z(a
O a
tnlegrals
0
fa) A)Cos w dw )-(fe)conuor.4
coherre Ao) (f)caguoodu kCos d

el
eel A) T)rstng-2 aw

)
(sin

P = fa)cosuRd| laurder
Trransfore
Cosine
mo KSinwd
P) COS aw
(Invertse tourderT

fe- fw)cosudw Cosine Tconstorm

ERnd Fe
of )
Fouriert Sine Trranstorom:
F v
ecoswrdo
on Odd
tort
0
Punction ta),
Fourdet Sine
d e osDT 1 UOsinwn)

P (Pesi wz dr Trcansfocem

te)) va/T
1+w2

(Invercse taurderct 1-w

sinrdo
)sin trtonsfor
m df Lineartit

0)Faf ba) a F) bF9) F€)+

Fe)f E)
otte
A

nvertse of F & s
6FsCaftbq) a bFs
FE4E
 the toute

Fe) of Pa)ea, ao
E-Rnd
Cosine
wm & Sine rtans torm o deravatves

Lel te be coninuous & absolulely (nlegrable

on the z-axi3, lel f'e) be Heceoise con
P
ta)= e-a
- ae-a P -a
On every nile tnlerrual lel ta008a aPa)
hen P'a)-atea

a) Ft} w Ff-V Fo)

b) Fs'o
-
w FE{f)} &FECF)= -a FP)- (a)
Pran
P'e)coswda )F) -ay
0
sinwz fod
Pycos0R+

-fo) +wfo
w
rouriert Trranslore

torem ofFourtert Integal:

Complex
s
Simlorly
Efsinwada
Pa ostoxd,
The

= Acosut)snwdo
Crenl)
ourierc nleqra

f@sinu- Ceberre
A Fo)coso lo do

)
Conl,
picaise
- -w Ffe)
b)=
a-P) 8')f"
utng
(P)Sinuo0 d
-

s
EPe-ufF{P-V*) Complex

H
touroer
60
ntegrta
tCa-)
e dodw

ir -
 Ele te Fourdicrt ttandorcm FEa)
tourdert tonsHorem ot.P)
Pa)- e f a0 fe-o Pa0,hera ajo
f)= 2T Pe d F(E e ei
Inuertse tourie transtorm of P e-Cati)a
Catiw)
Te -f)edw VaT
at iw

F
Nole
FE) PFE) Lneartit of
a Catito)

tourierr
P
Iconstortm

Fnd he Fouriert tronsforem of Pe)=1 F(af+bo) a Ff) +b F)

k =0 otterose abarte any Consonts
1
e
1 Flo fba
0
2 feibgo
-iwiw
e
(e tb9e d
-i van a (Pye
vaT va
-t%

-isinw aFfo) bFgm)

e
teo)=
cosw

-
e isinw
6inw
Oio
NVYVm
lel fay
losorm
be cot.
o
on
e ulve
he Oxf3
o ) nt he Fourierr trrondorrm a
FRaelheremotre, le

F
be abaolulel tnleqtate on

it FfP
he -axio, hen

2
-(o-/4
Fro- a P'eye

Inlgrlogy orcls
Ff foe d

-
(-to

P)0 0 03

oto F P@?
FPo
Smilorcl

2 F")- -w'F(P)|
attiert Cosinercansocm able CAcier n Teble

fe) o)=Ff) f) Po)F.)

L o<a
O<<a
O oherusise 2 Sinaw 0 otherruwise
1-Cosaw

a-1

-ar

e
(o<a<1)

ao)
Oos
-/2
e
a

.
a.

.
3.
<a)
aw
Csin
sin ar
ea

.
5.
2a e

.
(o)o)

e 011
(o) toit ()
6. (o>o)

o<2<a
Refatio
ReRealart e ao) Tmortu
LmOC
(chu
CoeR
o otheruwise
Sina(14)Sin
ar aC1u) | e2 Im-Imogoy Poc

.
-w
Co (2
.Cosa*) ao aa e -wa
Sn a) o70) cos( Sin
ao)
o<aa
a
10.
O. Sina(1- SnaCua)
olhercuoise

16. sina (a7o) -uw-a 11

cosaa(oo) uCo-a)
1.eta aT Oclon
2. ton' ( o)an soaw -aw

12 3.a) (00) V 1-uC-)

 uation
Fourcier ransform Toble
P) aK(23) 45)45

)
fa) fo)=FE) cbe)- 9

-ba<b . ineor
1
otheruse V sin bo
b

a
bezgc ollhertwise
-ibo
tu 2
ic

K(a,5)¢E)4s Nonlinear

3 Classitication

4.
O<<b
22-b 22-b baz2b -11eb -2ibo VoLterera
Equalton
Sntegrcal
sa
upferGmit of
the tnleqraton
21w Here, He
Here Hhe
otheraise

.a;
5

e
e 20
otherwise

baKC
0) vaT (at t)

eCo-t)c C-b
$) f+2K(z3)
yariable
4E)ds

o C) 1s Kind
otherwise aT Ca-i Fort od0
7.

8 0a;
a.
e

e-ax

a(a
o.Sina
ba<c
-bacb
Ootheruoise

Ooterwise
eb)
211

2a
a-
Sinbloa)
co-a

Ca)

C
P fro
Ct) 2nc
K(2s)
Kine
a
1
4)45a-

and knd homogeneous

ds1 A
+2(K(2.s){5)
fa0
 Fredholm inegra Equation

ed
) fa)1AK(z-5) 43) ds Vlleta
Here he domain oPinleqtalion
b
is
EShouw har
CL

D)=(1+)is a d soluton

alaa) P aK(2.5)HS)ds ofhe ollenra

)ds
tnlegral esuation

st kind
142 o
a)-aK(2,5)
b

46)4s aer4
Sulbslttuhin e 14) in the PI

G2nd kin
a

Non homogeneus
11a2- 142
1
dE1 on
14a 14a2
Pe)- feya 2a KCas) ¢6)qB
1
112 (4Ý2 14n2
(u) ane kin homgoeneous

Eoo hat e)1-7 s o te

.
dE1 Te)=O

)-aK(2,5) 48)ds inteara

Subettutinq
e )1- e? 45)dS =T
oa &s

8niegrto Equation
Nonineo

ep fe a Ka5)46)ds
a
ed5- 3e ds

Covoludion 8nlego
k(23)K(a5)
Here,

4)- P 4 aK(a-5)PS)3->Fre|n
s $]-es(e)-1. e1
E ehow that e1- 8a o he
Agoin tolegrolng

rredwm inleartal eq
+(e e) 4S)ds e
ege
1(
Sbsltung &)-1
1)ds
in

14 3
1t2 -1-
4)ds-2(a-3)
Subeliluting these alues in
9ds -2
the dff.e

1e-7-1 -0
Prcovea
+ S(5-16s)4s
Form an
he fR.
ed5
integrta eq coresponding ts
ort

olution

(Lw-dE)4.
dt-CCa-5)

by Sucessive

E)ds. 4,@)-1

Hencef 14,A--1, k(a3) -1

O
approximofion
not K2, )
qa2
w.Tt.t.
The nth ortdert apprroxination is ven b
3nte
Snlegoling
(2)fatl K(2,3) oS)ds
4)4s
 Mus,
No
t-Guny- 454s

14
-1n) )
0)-(ua)-

-4 1 -
5)s

(44s 1L
+ 1
141ds
(a8)4s

S4-11
142
2
No

,
Hence,

)s -
NouD,
Unm

P-
a-(-0ds
1
-1,
)
-4&) he
4=o ds

K(2.5)-2
soluton

)m
Nao 4he

de-
Here,

NoLD

a-a)+
a
Sdlubon

+ -)IE)434)-1
f)- 11, -1 K(2, 7-3
).14 1ai22

)
de

)
Nou the

)
soludon

d im 6ina
+ -5)4S)ds
7Solve he tohegrra e
eq?

1+4)d3, )=0
Hexte, 9 2-4, Ks) 1
No he
)Gm
sslution

e
7 Form he volleruca intpqra equaton -2 0 A9a
Coruresondng to tollou IVP
Lel
(9 48 Cas 2 O)=0 )-1 Onlegrcatinq
).ra..
Lel.
d-
Sotegrtading w.tt.
7 1A-
$)ds +A Agoi tearara,

o-1 A-
inlegan
Agein

4E)ds 14s
4B
d8ds +2 Subsk
E)ds +7-() +e
he nea
tnlegra

C (
o4ss d|4

)
in
hese Values
Subslituhga

eyakon
2 22a4| dd
9w4r+
)-eCad) s)4Eds-o
an-n) )- 4ads
 )e
4halocok he
e
vollera n R,S:)K,
eas e
k.(,)

he

f)-e
tesolvent

R(,: A)
Mence nd the Sol

s)-K7,)- e
Knlo,
2-1
keenel

K,)Ka (79det
s

e e
Fnd 4he
Cnleara e
es e
ee'ds e te
e2
cesdvent kernel
hence
(Prncc)

sdve
E ds
oF
ds

he
e'11)

Folbuanga
Polouang

kC,5= e
C) e .e K(
KC2,2) k, C3, )dz

e*d-s)e eede a-Oe3

e
-

Ca9-a3%(a94de
C)= 32*-
ea-
6
R3:)-k(a.)+ 2 C,)
-+e
e .
e a a- 2CS)
 03

) the kerene
E tnd ttesolvent
equations
he
) 2 -)
4he followlng toleqral

ee e -e 46)45
'ee

S vollerrgas ntegralequako
Herte, K(,s) - k (2,1)
Ka,) kn )
3-%
dz
a,3, 4
ucessive pprtoximalfo9

-fe)+ a 3) d3)d3
s one &only one solutons

-f9 RCS;2) FE) ds

,
the recolvent -kerne an- 1
Cohere
-1
R(a.3 2) - 1kn(75 n-1

RC2,8 K(a3)
n-D!
Ko(3
n-1,3,3

n-2
Uoo, K, (,3) K (7,)
)-
a 3) k(, 2) k,(z1)das-13,
Sto (1-
Solukon, = 31

8im
aA 8 -).3ds
 d-Pe+7R5 :)P4s
-14-a)3)
Cleady

Here,
R,3
2-1,)1
)
ds

Sin(3-2)
1+
1tFe4
+e)
ed
-e
Soluton,
141
a) 14sinC-)ds P)eL
a-cos(s-
1-14Cos

1
-) Solve

f-1 2-1
he. follouog

)
egralquodtoo
ds

3
Cnd he
tnteqrcol
rresdvent kernels

ea
Here k(a,3)

K,(23)
k,3) = Ka.
torth

-K()=-
ot
kercnelK(,3)
1

K,(z3)dz --
he vdlorq

-1

,3 =KCa,) K,(2,94e
Kaa-
a n
-D n-4 R(,3) :2) - k Ca,+ n-1 nC3.
Kol2,59
RCa,S:)-
K(D -
1

a 3 142(a-+ -3) -3)

e-5 eCa
4)Fnd
the
e rresolven

tollouolng
kercnels

ketnels(14
the cottly ( 9 a--8--954 E
COK S)2 4-a(7--a0-a)E91
CoKCS) 2-(2-
u)k(a )=-2t 3(a-9 A-12 -2t 1)dz
+nz -12-7+
) KC )-22 -K(s)
Cs) (a3)K,(3 942
42)+25(2-9 -2«(a-9 +-
82.zdz xz] sC9 ( *1(-
2-as)
(-s) taAS +22s-23-2223+2-2
de
zs)
Sa9.22.a(A.
2a 4a-
4 4a45 1Anj -25-

Ar(e1-2a'sist
22a9
n, 22. (-D!
-)
n(a,5)
P,S2) a27
a 2a, e A
 abbrroximafion
wm
fon tradholm inlegrokon by eLuceaaiv
K,(a9-- 2 -zs-)da
b

Il's solulion is

p Fe)4 aR(2,S:2) FG)de

a eFEnd the ereled kernel sf
ohere
RC2.sa) n70
Kd(2 K, a
K(,)eos3
3) = 48ing a--7,b-T
a-0,b-T
=Ak(a9
07/1 = 246in3
of he K.(a) -k(,
cndcod the inlegrraled kernels
k2.as)= a Sn2) sin)d
%, aE)a
Follouing

KCa
kernes)

S) =
K(a
a=0, b-2
2 2sing z6inzsngsin
z)dz_

KC)k,(zOdz
a zsinzde
5) de

d
aaTasins
0 snS a
2TasinS
2T (1 2en)
42 L
casz) -1-fsih
+o +o -6

z-a-z+52)
s é)*átasins)
agz-5 á4Sns)
Ksa)= (aasn)
( Kas)- eas3 K ( olve 4he toloing
12

as43
3)-es E.e 3d2
e eos dz
s

z
cos

COs+SIna)
to-
HereHere, K

a9-a.da
-1
1L1.d

)
=11-k,(z9

2
ecosS
ko (7.9
ews- -1) hus
RCS:)-
the

tor -1, R2S) 2

resolvent

)
- 22
kerne (S

ind t eneled kerunes

l2
343=a 2+ ConsA

)
the 1st
of
a-s a--l,b4)
9Herte kaS)=a5 f
K2 -K(a,) -a- K,3) KC3) =a
a,-a3-dz 2 =z.zgdz = as2
e214as12 C 22.sdt-
R,3 2) a
-1
32
R(Sa) as
ic. - I-
ME so is EulerdsEquation

Ftnd he extremum
of the funchiom o
F ]da
he integral quadon. suhject H)-4, 8)-8
e-
Sslve tolbuwig to

e )A Con be sown that on the extremízig

ere kCa,3) k() 1 Curtve,

RCS
a)=Ka,
9- C2)
- 1-

n-1
k,(,)-1-

Ea
This

)
alled Euer's Equotion.
is

Test ort cen-e- an etremum of

Funckoral

0) 1
UH] )du
he

)ds
=2

e)-Pa)+
2.f)ds
e
-)
Eulert equations
becomeS

Bul his olufton doe st satisty the

Bouncary Cotons.hus. etrcemum

can not be achievec.
n he extrremals of the Functiona

So 2
F 14

he

)-
Eler Equation
i
-O
becomes

O
Fnd
ge-a
F-22
the exrema

) 4
Furchoa

= 2

)
Fy
6

7 - Eler

a 0+C
Poisson E becomes
Test forr an exlremum 1he tunctom uclionals dependent on m igot ocert

apil-/ -a)
)2
da
of
dou volrves
Lel's
he
o ok forc 4he extrremum of a toctiom

So
fortm

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ay
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