CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Integration = Inverse of Differentiation, Integration of axn and

integration of the Functions of the Sum/Difference of
Algebraic Terms

𝒅𝒚
Differentiation, 𝒅𝒙

Y = axn (n)axn-1

Integration, ∫ 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚
Differentiation, 𝒅𝒙 of Y = axn Integration, ∫ 𝒅𝒙 of = (n)(axn-1)
𝒅𝒙

Step 1 : Move power/Indice to front Step 1 : Add power/indice with 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (n)(axn) 𝑑𝑥
= (n)(axn-1+1)
𝑑𝑥

Step 2 : Minus power with 1 Step 1 : Divide equation with new

𝑑𝑦
power/indice
= (n)(axn-1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (𝑛)(𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1+1 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑛−1+1
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Eg 1.
𝒅𝒚
Given a curve with gradient of 𝒅𝒙 = 6x + 9 and pass through a coordinate (3,7). Please find the equation of
curve.
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 6x + 9
𝑑𝑦
Y = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

Y = ∫ 6𝑥 + 9
6𝑥 1+1
Y = (1+1) + 9x + c

6𝑥 2
Y= 2
+ 9x + c

Y = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 9x + c

If this curve pass through point (3,7) then mean “X” and “Y” for this point must match equation Y = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 9x + c

So when x=3, y will be 7

Y = 3𝑥 2 + 9x + c

7 = 3(3)2 + 9(3) + c

7 = 27 + 27 + c

C = -47

So Y = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 9x -27
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION
Method of Integration :
1. Integration of a Constant (Any numbers)

Y = Constant

∫ 𝒂 = aX + C

Eg.

∫ 𝟐𝟎 = 20x + C
**Dun forget to add “ + C ”

2. Integration of equation contain “X, X2, X3 …….Xn “

𝒂𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒂𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟏
+C

Eg.
𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟒+𝟏
∫ 𝟐𝟎 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟒+𝟏
+C

𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟓
= 𝟓
+C

= 4x2 + C

𝒂𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒂𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟏
+C

Eg.
𝟓
𝟓 +𝟏
𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟕
∫ 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟕 = 𝟓 +C
+𝟏
𝟕

𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝒙 𝟕
= 𝟏𝟐 +C
𝟕

𝟑𝟓 2
= x +C
𝟑
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Eg.
𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟒+𝟏 𝟓𝒙𝟏+𝟏
∫ 𝟐𝟎 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟒+𝟏
+
𝟏+𝟏
+ 3x

𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟓 𝟓𝒙𝟐
= 𝟓
+ 𝟐
+ 3x

𝟓𝒙𝟐
= 4x2 + 𝟐
+ 3x

3. Integration by substitution

∫(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 dx
Step 1 : Let ax + b = U …….(Part 1)
𝒅𝒖
Step 2 : Find 𝒅𝒙 = a
𝒅𝒖
Step 3 : Rearrange Dx = 𝒂
…….(Part 2)

Step 4 : Sub Part 1 & Part 2 into Initial equation

∫(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 dx
𝒅𝒖
∫(𝑼)𝒏 𝒂

Step 5 : Take out the fraction part

𝟏
𝒂
∫(𝑼)𝒏 dx

𝟏 𝑼𝒏+𝟏
𝒂
( 𝒏+𝟏
)+C

Eg.
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
∫(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝑼)𝟑 𝟑
[ Let u = 3x +5 & find 𝒅𝒙
= 3 , rearrange dx = 𝟑
]
𝟏
=
𝟑
∫ 𝑼𝟑 du
𝟏
= 𝟑
∫ 𝑼𝟑 du

𝟏 𝑼𝟑+𝟏
= 𝟑
( 𝟑+𝟏
)+C

𝟏 𝑼𝟒
= 𝟑
( 𝟒
)+C [ Replace U with 3x+ 5 ]

𝟏 (𝟑𝒙+𝟓)𝟒 (𝟑𝒙+𝟓)𝟒
= ( )+C = +C
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

(𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏+𝟏
∫(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 dx = (𝒏+𝟏)(𝒂)
+c

Eg.
(𝟑𝒙+𝟓)𝟑+𝟏
∫(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = (𝟑+𝟏)(𝟑)
+c

(𝟑𝒙+𝟓)𝟒
= +C
𝟏𝟐

Define integral for a range “a” to “b” at X

𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) dx = F(b) – F(a)

Eg.
𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟐 0
∫−𝟏(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙 = [ 𝟑
+ 𝟐
+ 𝟓𝒙 ] -1

= [𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 ] 0
-1

= [(𝟎)𝟑 + (𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟓(𝟎) ] - [(−𝟏)𝟑 + (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟓(−𝟏) ]

= 0 – (-1-1-5)

= 7
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Eg.
𝟎 (𝟐𝒙+𝟏)𝟒 2
∫−𝟏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = [ 𝟒(𝟐)
]0

(𝟐𝒙+𝟏)𝟒 2
= [ 𝟖
]0

(𝟐(𝟐)+𝟏)𝟒 (𝟐(𝟎)+𝟏)𝟒
= [ 𝟖
]- [ 𝟖
]
𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟏
= –
𝟖 𝟖

= 78

Eg.
𝟕
Given ∫𝟑 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 5 , Find

𝟕
a. ∫𝟑 𝟔𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 6 (5) = 30

𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
b. ∫𝟑 [𝟑 − 𝑭(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟑 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 - ∫𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
7
= [3x] - 5
3

= [ 3(7) – 3(3) ] – 5

=7
𝟑 𝟕
c. ∫𝟕 𝟐𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫𝟑 𝟐𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = - 2(5) = -10

𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟕
d. ∫𝟑 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟒 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝟓 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟑 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 =5

𝟕 𝑭(𝒙)+𝟕 𝟕 𝑭(𝒙) 𝟕𝟕
e. ∫𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟑 dx + ∫𝟑 dx
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 7 𝟕𝒙 7
= 𝟐 ∫3 𝐹(𝑥) + [ ]
𝟐 3

𝟏 𝟕(𝟕) 𝟕(𝟑)
= 𝟐 [𝟓] + [ 𝟐
- 𝟐
]

= 16.5
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION
Integration as the Inverse of Differentiation

Part 1 : To Prove

Proved

Part 2 : To Integrate
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION
Integration as Summation of Areas

Y = f(x)

x
a b

𝒃
Area of Shaded Region, A = ∫𝒂 𝒀 𝒅𝒙

x = f(x)

𝒃
Area of Shaded Region, A = ∫𝒂 𝑿 𝒅𝒙
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

y = g(x)
y = f(x)

x
a b

𝒃 𝒃
Area of Shaded Region, A = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 - ∫𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Eg 1. Y
y = -x2 + 6x

x
4

Find the area of shaded region :

𝟒 𝟒
∫𝟎 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 (−𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−𝒙𝟑 𝟔𝒙𝟐 4
= [ + ]
𝟑 𝟐 0

−(𝟒)𝟑 𝟔(𝟒)𝟐 −(𝟎)𝟑 𝟔(𝟎)𝟐

= [ 𝟑
+ 𝟐
] - [ 𝟑
+ 𝟐
]

= 26.67 Unit2
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Eg 2. Y

Y=x

x = -y2 + 8y

Find the area of shaded region :

Step 1 : Identify where is the intercept point btw curve and straight line .

Y = X ------(Eq1)

X= -Y2 + 8Y ------(Eq2)

Step 2 : Sub (Eq1) into (Eq2)

Y = -Y2 + 8Y

0 = -Y2 + 7Y

Y=0 ;Y=7

So, intercept coordinate is (0, 0) & (7, 7)

Step 3 : Identify intercept point of Y axis.

X= -Y2 + 8Y

When x = 0, y = 0 ,8
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Y
(0,8)

Y=x
(7,7)
(0,7)

x = -y2 + 8y

x
(0,0)

Label all intercept Point into graph.

Try to split the shaded area into 2 parts :

Part 1

Part 2

Part 1 : Part 2 :
𝟖 𝟏
Area = ∫𝟕 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 Area = 𝟐 x base x height
𝟖 𝟏
= ∫𝟕 (−𝒚𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 =𝟐x7x7

−𝒚𝟑 𝟖𝒚𝟐 8 = 24.5 units2

=[ 𝟑
+ 𝟐
]7

−(𝟖)𝟑 𝟖(𝟖)𝟐 −(𝟕)𝟑 𝟖(𝟕)𝟐

=[ 𝟑
+ 𝟐
] - [ 𝟑
+ 𝟐
]

= 3.67 units2
Total Area = Part 1 + Part 2

= 3.67 + 24.5

= 28.17 Units2
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION
Integration as Summation of Volumes

𝒃
Volume of Shaded Region, Vx = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒀𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒃
Volume of Shaded Region, Vy = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝑿𝟐 𝒅𝒙
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Eg 1.
Y
𝟖
y = 3x - 𝒙

x
2 4
Find the volume of shaded region :
𝒃
Volume, Vx = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒃 𝟖 𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝟑𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

𝒃 𝟖 𝟖
= 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙
) (𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝒃 𝟔𝟒
= 𝝅 ∫𝒂 (𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖 + 𝒙𝟐
) 𝒅𝒙

𝟗𝒙𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝒙−𝟏 4
= π[ 𝟑
− 𝟒𝟖𝒙 + −𝟏 2
]
𝟔𝟒 4
= π [𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝟖𝒙 + ]
𝒙 2

𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒
= π [ ( 𝟑(𝟒)𝟑 − 𝟒𝟖(𝟒) + ) – (𝟑(𝟐)𝟑 − 𝟒𝟖(𝟐) + ) ]
𝟒 (𝟐)

= π ( -16 +104)

= 88 π Unit3
 CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION

Eg 2.
Y

(0,2) (1,2)

𝟐
y= 𝒙

(0,1) (2,1)

Find the volume of shaded region :

𝒃
Volume, Vy = 𝝅 ∫𝒂 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫𝟏 (𝒚 )𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫𝟏 (𝒚 ) (𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝟒
= 𝝅 ∫𝟏 ( 𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝟒𝒚−𝟏 2
= π[ ]
−𝟏 1
𝟒 𝟒
= π [ (𝟐 ) – (𝟏) ]

= π ( 2)

= 2 π Unit3