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Mod2 - L1 - Limits of Functions (Definition)
Mod2 - L1 - Limits of Functions (Definition)
Mod2 - L1 - Limits of Functions (Definition)
LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
f(x)
y = x2 − x + 1
f(x)
x
O
2
x 1.9 1.95 1.99 1.995 1.999 2 2.001 2.005 2.01 2.05 2.1
F(x) 2.71 2.852 2.97 2.985 2.997 3.003 3.015 3.031 3.152 3.31
Example 2.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 f 𝑥 = x, if x 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟oaches a then it must also be true that f 𝑥
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 a .
For example,
lim 𝑥 = 0 lim 𝑥 = −2 lim 𝑥 = 𝜋
𝑥→0 𝑥→−2 𝑥→𝜋
Differential and integral Calculus
The following theorem will be our basic tool for finding limits
algebraically.
= 2 lim x + lim 5 = 6( 3 ) − 12
x →4 x →4
= 18 - 12
= 2( 4 ) + 5
=6
=8+5
= 13
3. lim (4 − x )( 5 x − 2 ) = lim (4 − x ) lim (5 x − 2 )
( )( )
x →3 x →3 x →3
x →3 x →3 x →3 x →3
= (4 − 3)(5( 3 ) − 2 )
= (1)(13)
= 13
Differential and integral Calculus
2x lim 2 x 2 lim x
4. lim = x →5
= x →5
x →5 5 x − 4 lim(5 x ) − lim(4 ) 5 lim(x ) − lim(4 )
x →5 x →5 x →5 x →5
2(5 )
= 8x + 1 8x + 1
25 − 4 6. lim = lim
10 x →1 x+3 x →1 x + 3
=
21 9 3
(
5. lim(3 x + 6 ) = lim(3 x + 6 )
3
)3
= =
4 2
( )
x →3 x →3
= lim 3 x + lim 6
3
= (3 lim x + lim 6 )
x →3 x →3
3
x →3 x →3
= ((3 3) + 6 ) = (15)
3 3
= 3375
Differential and integral Calculus
OR
x →3
( 2
)
lim 3 x + 4 x − 1 = 3 ( 3 ) + 4 ( 3 ) − 1
2
= 27 + 12 − 1
= 38
Solution:
x 3 + 8 (− 2 ) + 8 − 8 + 8 0
3
lim = = = (indeterminate)
x → −2 x + 2 −2+2 0 0
Equivalent function: ( x + 2) ( x 2 − 2x + 4 )
= lim
x →−2 x+2
(
= lim x 2 − 2 x + 4
x →−2
)
= ( −2 ) − 2 ( −2 ) + 4
2
= 4+4+4
= 12
x3 + 8
lim = 12
x →−2 x + 2
x+2 − 2 2
lim =
x →0 x 4
Differential and integral Calculus
8x 3 − 27
3. lim3
x→ 4x 2 − 9
2
Solution:
3
3
8 − 27
8 x 3 − 27 2 27 − 27 0 (indeterminate)
lim3 = = =
x→2 4x − 9
2
3
2
9−9 0
4 − 9
2
Factoring the numerator and the denominator of the radicand:
lim3
8 x − 27
3
= lim3
( 2 x − 3 (
) 4 x 2
+ 6x + 9 )
x→2 4x − 9
2 x→2 ( 2x + 3 )( 2 x − 3 )
4x 2 + 6x + 9 9+9+9
= lim3 =
x→ 2 2x + 3 3+3
27 9 3 3 2
= = = =
6 and 2integral Calculus
Differential 2 2
x3 + 2x + 3
4. lim
x→2 x2 + 5
Solution:
( 2) + 2 ( 2) + 3
3
x + 2x + 3
3
lim =
x +5 ( 2) + 5
x →2 2 2
8+4+3
=
4+5
15
=
9
15
=
3
2x + 1 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 2x − 3
2. lim 2 7. lim
x → −1 x − 3 x + 4 x →1 x2 − 1
x 2 + 3x + 4 ( y − 1)( y 2 + 2 y − 3)
3. lim 8. lim
x → −1 x3 + 1 y →1 y2 − 2y + 1
1
4 y3 + 8 y
( )
3 1
−
4. lim 9. lim 2 x 4 − 9 x 3 + 19 2
y →2
y+4 x →5
x3 − 8 w2 + 7 w + 7
5. lim 10. lim 2
x→2 x − 2 w→ −1 w − 4 w − 5