SC H O O L A ND S O CIE T Y IVo tfl I, No .

jou rn al He says : ! Th e cond itions of war the institu tion for a period o f yea rs 1 Th is
‘

. . ,

h ave h indere d the appearance of the Septe m - o f cou rse imm ediately ra ised th e quest ion a s
,

h er nu mb er so th at i t comes w ith the O c

,
- to the ratio elsewhere and the an swer f o r six - ,

tober nu mber The next w ill appe ar o n the

. te en i nst itu tions together w i th other m atters
, ,

fi rst of November ” The Ho c h s chul Na c h .

‘
- i s presented in th is article .

r ic h t e n says : O ur j ou rnal has let itse lf b e

!
My cho ice of the institut ions wh ich I stu di ed
l ong awa ited an d yet i n a way n o o ne ha s
,
was determ ined by the collection o f general
been wa it ing f o r i t for it appears i n perilou s
,
coll ege catalogues i n the l ibra ry of Colu mb i a
” Un i ve rs ity Of these too I selected only
t imes . .
, ,

The qu otation s give so me idea o f the con t h ose tha t were publ i shed abou t the year 1 9 1 0
'

- ,

d it io ns u n der wh ich educat ional j ournal i sts an d w ith the gradu ates grouped together s e -

i n E u rope are work ing an d t h e fi gures give ,

cording to classes .

defin ite a ccou nt o f results so fa r a s the par - The period 1 8 8 5 to 1 9 04 I selected so a s t o

t ic ula r peri od icals are concerned They are .
allow si x years between the time o f gradu a -

dou btless a good i nd icat ion o f general cond i - tion of the last cl ass an d the publ ication o f
ti ons . Monroe s Cy c lozi edia of E d uc a t io n
’ the record s ince I h a d read somewhe re th a t
,

u nder E ducati on al J ou rnal i sm gives the

!
men are ou t of college o n the average ab ou t
total nu mb er o f educat ional jou rn al s in the s ix years b efore they obta in the doctor s ’

cou ntr ies i n question wh i ch m ay be compared degree 2 My o wn study ve r ifie d th i s statemen t

.

w ith those f rom the Teachers Coll ege l ibrary : i n p art s ince the ar ithmeti cal average of th e
,

n ames deal t wi th i s si x years al th ou gh ,

! erm an y Eng l i h s Frenc h the m odal average i s clearly th ree or fou r

Cyc l ope d ia 98 46 25
yea rs The nu mbers for twelve yea rs a re g iven
T eac h e r s C o ll ege
.

30 12 9
i n T able I The rema in in g d egrees were d i s
.

-
.

It i s ev i dent th at th e l ibr ary h as ne arly the t r ibute d i rregul a rly from 1 2 to 2 5 yea rs ou t
sam e proporti on of j ou rnal s from the three of college .

T AB L E I
cou ntries .

In the l ight o f these com parisons G ermany

h as reason to be proud of her standard T h e .

Cy c lo p e d ia of E d uc a t i o n ( Vol 2 page 2 5 6 ) .
,

says : S pec i al ized professi onal publ ications

!

develop only w i th the gro wth of a profession ” .

If th is b e true we i n the Un i ted States have Another m atte r tha t I h ad t o consider a t

mu ch to learn from Germany as h ave also , th e ou tset was the elim in ati on from each col -

her warr ing ne ighbors .

lege cl ass of those stu dents wh o h ad ob ta in ed
D R BRI M HA LL . .
a fi rst degree a t some other i nsti tu ti on Su ch .

stu dents were espe ci ally nu merou s a t Harvard

RE S E A R C H A N D S TATI STI C S and Yal e O nly i n th i s way coul d I look u pon
.

ST A T IS T IC A L S U Y o r D O CT O R T D OF 1 Si n ce so me o f t h e i n s t i t u t i on s w h i ch I st u d ie d

P H I LO S O P H Y M E N l ate r ar e co e d ucat i on a l a n d so me n ot I c on fi n e d ,

I my atte n tio n si mp l y to t h e men gr a d uates A ft e r .

I h a d se l ecte d t h e pe r io d use d i n t h is
.

IN the spring o f 1 9 1 2 I h ad occ as i o n to ed i t ,

stu d y I c al c ul ate d ag a i n t h e r a ti o f o r t h e men

a small coll ege publ ica ti on whi ch deal t w ith ,

gr a d u ates o f Ha ml i n e and f ou n d i t 1 i n 3 6 T h e
the gradu ates o f Hemline Un iversity wh o we re
.

d egr ees we r e o b t a i n e d at Ch icago C o l u mb i a J o h n s , ,

engaged i n h igh er educa tional work The .

Hop k in s an d Y al e .

number wh o h ad taken the P h D degree a t the . . 2 T h e n e ar est v e r i fi c ati o n f o r t h is state me n t t h at

la rgest u n ivers ities of the cou ntry led m e to I co ul d fi nd b e fo r e I co mp l ete d my ow n st u d y i s

c alculate th e ratio o f such stu dents to the in C a tte l l s T h e A me r i ca n Men o f S c ience ”
’ ! f

,
”
ent ire body o f m en who h a d gradu ated from 1 9 1 0 pa ge 5 8 2 t a
5
5;
,
.
,
 i

J A NU t 9, 1 9 1 5 ] S C HOO L A ND s o CIE T Y

the groups stu died as especi ally representative 1 in1 0 to 1 i n 44 Th i s d ive rgence too i s . , ,

of those i nstitut ions and a vo id dupl ications ,

n o t confined to insti tu tion s i n t h e e ast nor to

when the same studen t was l isted as a gradu - thos e i n the we st although th e wides t v a ri a ,
-

ate of Wesleyan we will say and o f Ha rva rd

, ,
tion i s ve ry ev idently i n th e ea st where the
o r Yale .
range is from 1 i n 1 3 to 1 i n 4 4 wh ile i n th e ,

western i nsti tu tions th e d ifierence i s from

'

1 i n 1 0 to 1 i n 1 9 .

W ithou t fu rther prel i m i nar ies then I w ill , ,

An expl an a ti on f o r th i s d i screpancy wh ich ,

begin t o p resent some of the more im portan t h as been suggested to m e i n va riou s con ve r -

resu lts of m y s t udy o f the gradu ates o f s ix -

ee ti on s and wh ich m ight readily occu r t o
teen colleges and u n ivers ities especi ally i n , almost any one is th at the gradu a tes of m any ,

t h is sec tion i n T able II th e rati o of th e P h D. . .

i nsti tu tions feel ra ther dissa tisfi ed w i th th e
me n to th e b ody of gradu ates a s a whol e in tra in i ng afi o rded th em by th e ir a lma ma t er
'

each case Wh ile in my stu dy I d iff erentiated

.
and consequ ently m atricul ate at the l arger 1

among the v ar iou s fi rst degrees as A B P h B ,

. .
,
. .
, institu tions to su pplement the work already
B L and so on I grou p them all here u nder
, , done wh ile th e gradu a te s of such i nsti tu tions
,

th e sin gle h ead o f a b achelor s de gree ’

E ven a casu al su rvey o f Table II ind ica tes
a ra the r w ide d ivergence among i nstitu tions
. a s Yale a nd Ha rvard feel th a t the ir bachel or
. degree represents the edu cati on al no p lus ult r a
for them an d a re enti rely sati sfi ed w i th i t
,
.

T A B LE II

F ir t D ecads e, con d D ec d
Se a e, Entir Perio !
e 1 885 - 1904

Bac h l or Ph D Bac h l or Ph D
D gr e
e
D gr e
ees e
. .

e s
R atio D gr e
e
D g r es
ee s e
.

e
.

R atio R atio

T o t al s

as to the n umber o f gradu ates wh o press o n o r Y al e o n t h e o t h e r wou l d b e w arr an ted T h e

, ,
.

f o r the h ighe r academ i c degree r an ging from ,

r a tio o f 1 in 1 3 is n ot a fi ect ed b y t h is It is t h e '

sa me fo r C o l u mb i a Co ll ege by itsel f or f or t h ese ,

. Ia co n nectio n wit h Co l u mb ia I i n cl u d e d ,
ot h e r sc h oo l s t aken by t h e mselves T h e d e gr ees .

amo n g t h e b a ch el or d eg r ees grante d to t h e g r ad

,
-
of C E. M E B E a n d so o n I d id n ot i n cl u d e
.
,
. .
, , , ,

uat es o f Co l u mb i a C o ll ege t h e d e grees o f P h B

,
. .
,
since t h ey seeme d to b e d isti n ct l y pro f essio n a l de -

A B a n d B S gra nte d to gr a d uate s o f t h e Sc h oo l

. . .
,
gr ees B ut eve n wit h t h ose d egrees i n c l u d e d t h e
.
,

o f Arc h i t ec t u re t h e S ch oo l o f P o l itica l Scie nc e,

,
r at io wou l d b e o nl y 1 in 1 6 I n co n n ecti o n wi t h .

t h e S c ho o l o f App l ie d S cien ce and T ea ch er s Co l o

t h e o th e r i n stit u tio n s a l s o I o mit t e d t h es e p ro , ,
-

l ege O nl y s o d id i t seem t h at t h e co mp aris on

.
f es s io nal d egr ees Th ey we r e es pec i all y n u me r
.
-

b etween Col u mb ia on t h e o ne h an d an d Harvar d

, ,
o u s at La fayette T u f ts and Ne br ask a ,
.
 .

S CHOOL A ND S O CIE T Y I, No . a

Bu t thi s expl an ation althou gh u ndoubte dly ,

‘

Another cau se o f thi s d ive rgence al thou gh ,

there i s some tru th in it h ardl y mee ts the , ,

I a m o f the opi n ion th at i t i s a m i nor one i s .

s i tu at ion presente d by t h is ta b le We coul d . the v ari a tion i n the care exerc ised by th e
hardly say that the gradu ates of Columb i a respective college offic ials i n the collection of
College a nd of Mich igan Un ive rs ity feel the such d ata Bu t su ch errors an d om issions
.
,

in adequ acy o f t h eir c ollege tra in ing to such -

appa ren t to o ne m ak ing th i s sor t o f study ,

an exten t th a t twice as m any o f them propor - could hardly b e responsible f o r su ch wide

t io n ally seek the h igher degree as at Harvard differences as are apparent i n Tab 0 II .

or Yale nor coul d we m a i nta in th at the col

,
-
Th is m uch at any ra te seem s clearly t o
, ,

lege tra in ing a t D artmou th a nd a t Bowdoi n be establ ished by Table II v iz th at the .

, .
,

i s so far su per ior to th a t a t Yale an d Ha rvard a rithmeti cal average ratio o f doctors o f ph i -

th a t bu t l i ttl e m ore th a n h alf of the same lo s o ph y who rece ived the ir ba chelo r degrees
,

proportion of gradu a tes seek and ga in the from these sixteen insti tuti on s from 1 8 8 5 to
doc tor s degree
’
S till further if i t were
.
, 1 904 to th e othe r gradu ates of these sam e
,

simply the Ha rvard A R th at was regarde d as . .

institu t ions du r ing the sam e pe riod i s 1 i n 22
sa ti sfy ing why shoul d not those students who
, If n o w i n v iew o f th e l arge n umb e r of gradu
, ,
-

go there a s gradu ates o f other in stitut ions and a tes involved the rather long per iod o f time
, .

a t the end of a year take that degree be satis ,

-
and the differen t parts of th e cou ntry i n wh i ch
fied wi th i t a s so m any Harva rd men seem to
th e insti tu tion s a re s ituated we m i gh t be pe r ,
-

be ? As a m atter o f fact however one m an , ,

mit t ed to general ize ; an d if we m igh t i n any
i n fi ve at Harvard and o n e m an i n e igh t a t
sense regard the resul ts of su ch a study a s
Yal e o f those already hold ing degree s wh o ,
th is as a te st of the schol ast ic effic iency o f an
ma tricula ted a t th ose insti tu ti ons during the
insti t u tion the n any college o f wh ich th e
period stud ied pe rs is te d u ntil the doctor s ’ ,

,
gradu a te s i n abou t th is proportion of 1 in 2 2
degree wa s ob ta ined Th e e xp lana tion f o r th i s .
.

phenomen on then i s no t upon th e su rface ga i n the doctor s degree i s a t the ave rage o f
’

, ,
tha t ki nd of effic iency
.

Possibly not u n ti l m any m ore su ch stud ies a s .

th is are m ade shall we be i n a posi tion to It m ay be urged o f cou rse th a t a colle ge

, ,

determ i ne the cause defi n itely .

does no t ex is t for the spec ifi c pu rpose of
At lea st one su ggestion can be m ade here .
gradua ting students who shal l spe nd several
There is a grea ter tendency fo r stu dents i n more yea rs in i ntens ive work t o ga i n the P h D . .

the east to take a full coll ege cou rse before degree None th e less a n in sti tution woul d
.
,

studying law or m ed ic ine th an there h as been h a rdly boast very lou dly of i ts efficiency i f
i n th e west Consequ ently t here i s a l a rge
.
,
none o f i ts gr adu ate s ever sough t and ga ined
body of gradu a tes w i th wh ich to compare th at degree Not a few institu tions take p ride
.

the P h D men a t su ch i nsti tu tion s a s Yale

. .
i n the la rge n umber of gradu a te s who h ave
a nd Harva rd an d th e ra ti o therefore runs
, , ,
gone into the l aw and i nto med ic ine They .

h igh In the west h oweve r not infreq uen tly

. , , ,
measure the i r effi c iency i n that way It woul d .

men h ave ended the i r st r ic tly academ ic work seem to b e perfectly prope r therefore to , ,

after one or two yea rs o r h ave gone to th e ,

apply th is other test Many h igh school o ili.
- -

east to complete the i r work and i n cou se - c ials cri tic ize colleges severely bu t are n ot ,
,

quenc e the alu mn i b ody rem a ins compara

- altogether d ispleased when t h ein rad ua tes
t iv ely sm all Th is m ay accoun t i n part for
.
, ,
matriculate f o r a college course They wou l d .

the exceptionally low ratio a t th e Un iversity ha rdly consider thei r school a s fully effic ient
of Ind ian a bu t the sou r c e stud ied does not
,
if n o student in a period o f twen ty o r th i rty
th ro w l igh t u pon th is poi nt S ti ll fu rth er . ,
yea rs eve r entered college .

th i s could h ardly be advan ced i n the cases of The a tta i nmen t o f the doctor s degree i s ’

Colu mb i a and Wesleya n w ith their very lo w not indeed th e only sch ol astic test th a t m ay
, ,

ra tios . be appl ied to a college All gradu ate work .

‘
J A NUA RY 9 , 1 9 1 5 ] S CH O OL A ND S O CIE T Y

would need to b e cons idered su ch as the ,

T AB L E 111

maste r s degree the doctor o f sc ience an d

’
,
A v r g Num
e a e -

doctor of j u ri spru dence degrees yea rs o f , 1" i rs t D cad e e, h f Y ar

er o e s

stu dy a t leadin g insti t utions w i th ou t ga in ing p D grer e ee

a degree the work i n medicin e l aw theology Ph D 1

D gr
. .
, , ,
e ees
B C1
and engineer in g All th i s woul d need to b e ob i6
- O b- R atio Frt i s Secon d
D c de
.
0 ,

cons idered and properly weighted to re ach a ‘ gr

ees
t a i n ed
Up to
Dec a d e e a

1 90 0
c omplete sch ol astic test None the less if one .
,

u ses th i s one ph ase of a dvanced work devel -

oped h ere i t a t least i nd icates th e rela ti ve

,

pos it ion s o f these insti tution s an d to th at ,

exten t the i r sch olastic effic iency .

Another rather sign ifi can t m a tter readily ,

appa ren t from an in spection o f T able II i s .

,

th e considerably h ighe r ratios i n the secon d

decade when compare d wi th th e fi rst These .

a re h igh er in every case al thou gh i n a few ,

instances the d ifference i s bu t sl igh t .

The fi rst thou gh t tha t comes a s a n expl an a -

ti on of th i s d ifierenc e is t h e l onge r peri od of

'

tim e wh ich the gradu ates of th e fi rst decade 55 1

h ad to obta in the i r degree v iz from 1 8 8 5 ,
.
,

down to 1 9 1 0 wh ile those i n the second decade

,

h ave been restr icted n a tu rally to the period t ut io ns, sou gh t a nd ob ta ined th e doctor s ’

from 1 8 9 5 to 1 9 1 0 The d ifi erenee howeve r.

, , degree Th is m ay h ave been du e to insuffi c ien t
.
-

rem a ins wh en the two periods are m ade m ore fi nanc ial retu rn s as experienced by p redeces -

commensu rate wh ich I accompl ished by con

,
- sors change i n ideal or env i ronment o r othe r
, ,

s ider ing i n th e fi rst pe riod only those degrees causes not revealed by the sou rce s stu d ied ,

wh ich were ob ta ined do w n to and i ncludin g th e bu t the re ca n b e n o disgu i si ng th e f act 5 In .

year 1 900 These resul ts are presented i n

. the cases o f C olby D artmouth a nd T ufts ,

Table III togeth er w i th the average numbe r

, there i s an eviden t i ncrease i n the number of
of years requ ired to ob ta in the degree i n each ‘

studen ts wh o sough t the h ighe r degree wh ile ,

decade I obta ined the a ri thmeti cal average

. Columb i a Indi an a M ich igan Wesleyan and
, , ,

i n each case since the nu mber of degrees in

, W ill i am s rem a ined fa irly constan t al tho ugh ,

some cases was so sm all th at the m odal average a drop i s ev iden t i n each 6 .

could n o t be u sed . A fu rther i nspection o f these two tables

An inspection of the averages i n Table III .
4 T h ese tw o a v e ra ges ar e o bta i n e d i mme d i a te l y
would seem to i nd ica te th a t th e conditi on s for fr o m t h ese co l u mn s T h e d a t a fr o m wh ic h t h e
.

obta i n ing the doctor s degr ee v iz heal th ’

, .
, , av e r ages t h e mselv es w e r e ob ta i n e d yiel d a nd

financ i al resou rces stipul ated requ irements , , r espe c ti v el y It see me d b ette r h o wev e r to in
.
, ,
~

etc h ave rema ined fa irly con stan t th rough ou t

.
,
cl ud e i n t h e t abl e t h e obv i o u s av e r a ges .

5 O ne c au se o f t h is d e cr e a se is f ou n d i n t h e
the two peri ods and because these averages
,

are so m uch al ike d ifierent by a yea r i n only

'
l esse n e d n u mb e r o f men fr o m t h ese i n sti tu t i on s
w h o rec ei v e d a t h eol o gi cal t r ai n i n g an d a l so oh
,
-

fou r cases we can feel rather su re of o ur con -

t ained t h e P h D d e gr ee T h e tot al n u mb er o f
,

elu si ons when we compare the r atios wi th

. . .

s u c h men fo r b ot h d e c a d es is 8 2 o f wh om 7 1 be ,
-

th ose o f th e second decade i n T able 11 Such .

l o n g t o t h e fi r st d eca d e i y 4 7 o f t h at nu mb er
.
,
a compari son i ndicates at o nce a deci ded drop l
h oweve r receive d t h e d egr ee b y 1 9 00
,
.

in th e proportionate nu mber o f stu dents who ,

O H fu rth e r st u d ies s h o ul d i n d ic a te a si mi l ar
after gradu a tion from these p arti cula r in sti - p r o portio n ate d e crease in t h e nu mb er o f P h D . .
 SCH O O L A ND S O CIE T Y !V o n I, No 2 .

su g ests a real i nverse correl at ion betwee n

g sented i n T ables II and III clearly i ndicates
. .

t h e nu m b er o f s t u d ents g r a d u ate d and the
nu mber who obta ine d the doctor s degree At
Bowdoi n the nu mbe r of gradu a te s i ncreased
ab ou t 63 per cen t wh ile th e r ati o of th ose,
that the grea t i ncrease i n the student b ody at
’
. some o f the inst itu t ions studied h as no t meant
a proport ionate i ncrease i n the n umber of those
w h o seek the m ore advanced typ e o f i ntel -

who took the doctor s degree d r opped o ne h alf ;

’
lectu al tra i n ing and obta i n the doctor s degree ’
.

a t Neb rask a the nu mber o f gradu ates qua d ~

A n applicati on o f the more refined statist ical
r up led bu t th e nu mbe r wh o took the doctor s
,
’
m ethods to the dat a in hand confi rms wh at
degree only a l ittle more t h a n doubled ac ,
-
Tables II an d III suggest I worked ou t th e
. . .

cording to Table III wh ile at Ha rv a rd an d .

, coeffi cients of correlat ion for each coll ege ac -

Yale alth ou gh the nu mbe r o f gradu ates almost

, cording to the Pea r son method tak ing fi rst , , ,

doubled i n e ach institu tion the p roport ion ate , the total nu mbe r o f gradu ates e ach year as
i ncrease i n the doctors of ph ilosophy was b ut the sub j ec t and the numb er o f P h D m en . .

per cent an d 30 pe r cen t respectively

.
, . e ach year less those i n the fi rst dec ade wi th
,

The rea son fo r s uc h a n i n verse relat ion coul d degrees after 1 900 as the relati ve and sec
, ,
-

T A BL E IV

S u bj ec ts a n d
r elat ives d e ,
-

g rees r +2 6 +0 4 + 3 l + 4l
. . +2 2 + 2 4
S u bj e c t s d e ,
-

g rees ; r e l a -

t iv es pe r c e n t
,
r s
+ l3 — l2
. .

b e determ ined only by a mu ch m ore el abor ate o n dly , the same subj ect an d the per cen t .

study than the present o ne bu t there can be ,

wh ich the P h D men were of the ir respective
. .

n o ga insayin g the facts We m igh t assu me . classes as the rel ative Th e entire m ateri al i s
.

a n i nverse rel a tion b etween the s ize of a c ol -

h ardly o f suffi cient interest to be p r esented
lege cla ss and a hospi table a tti tu de toward here bu t th e coeffi cients are given i n Table IV
, .

th ings of the m ind The l arger the cl ass the

.
, A n inspection of th e fi rst r o w o f th is table
gre ate r t h e m o b sp i ri t and the less incl ina tion
.
i nd icate s that i n all bu t two cases v i z Colby , .
,

toward things scholasti c bu t wh atever e x , ,

-
and Lafayette the correlati on i s posi tive a nd
, ,

plana tion m igh t b e o ffered the m ateri al pre ,

-
wh ile the coeffi c ients i n most c ases a re low ,

men at a ll t h e i n stit u ti on s i n t h e co u n tr y, i t wo uld

-
too low t o i nfer a cau sal relation i n a stri ct
me an a n u l ti m at e d e cr ease in t h e p r op o r tio n o f sense we may assum e tha t the incre ase i n
,

s u c h men o n co ll ege fa cu lt ies F o r exa mp l e i f .

,
the s ize o f the classes d id h ave a re al b earin g
H ar v ard h a d d epe n d e d u po n h er ow n g r a d u at es t o u pon the i ncrease i n the actu al n umb er wh o
t a ke t h e a dv a n ce d t ra i n i n g a n d h a d sough t to re -
took the doctor s degree Th i s i s b orne o ut
’
.

c r uit h e r f ac ul ty fr o m t h e m t h e situatio n i n t h e , by the fac t that i n all these cases where the
sec on d d eca d e w o ul d h a ve been as fo ll ows : An in -
coeffici ent i s posi tive more of the Ph D de . .
-

c r ease o f a b o u t in t h e n u mber o f gradu ates ,

grees were from cl asses ab ove the average in
b ut o f o nl y 9 in t h e n um b e r w h o took t h e P h D the
nu mber th an from those bel ow In two
. .
‘

d eg r ee It is t ru e o f c ou r se t h at t h e fit n ess of
.

, ,
negative cases mo r e P h D degree s were from
.

t he P h D men to i n st r u ct t h e o r d i n a r y co ll ege
. .
,
. .

u n d e r g r a du ate ha s o ft e n b ee n c all e d in questio n ,

classe s below th e average an d consequ ently
b u t t h a t i s a n o th e r ma tte r .
the suggestion of an i nverse correl ati on i s
J A N UA RY 9 , 1 9 1 5 ] SCH O O L A ND S O C IET Y

su sta ined Th i s i s stil l more apparent from t ained by th e gradu ates of western inst it u
'

-
.

the secon d row i n Table IV since all bu t fou r .

,
tions i s rather si gn ifi can t Indi a n a M ich igan .
,

of the coeffi c ients are negative and those fou r and Neb rask a gradu ates obta ined m ore o f
are sm aller th a n the corresponding coeffi cients these fore i gn degrees th an th e gradu ates of
i n the fi rst row Consequ ently the suggest ion .
,
Harvard did v iz 58 as aga inst 53 alth ough
, ,

i n T able s II and I II of a n i nverse correl a Ha rva rd gradu ated nearly twi ce a s m any men
'

-
. .

ti on between th e s ize o f th e cl ass an d the i n th i s period as those three insti tu tion s d i d

nu mber wh o ob ta ined th e docto r s degree espe ’
,
- comb ined wh ile the gradu ates of Amherst
, ,

c i ally i n the percentage o f P h D me n t o the . . Columb i a Wesleyan W ill i am s an d Yale oh

, ,
-

total number i n e ach class i s fa irly well estab t ained 1 9 1 4 1 1 1 0 and 2 1 respectively I
'

- .
, , , , ,

lis h ed . m igh t also add th at Le ipsi c was by far the

preferred institu ti on wh ile Berl in an d Mu n ich ,

e ach conferred ab ou t h alf as m any of th ese

An oth er in teresting ph ase o f thi s whole
degrees and G ottingen j u st h alf The nu m -

m atter i s th e inst i tut ion s a t wh ich these de- , .

bers are 4 8 2 3 2 2 an d 24 respectively

grees were ob ta ined In all s ixt y fiv e i nsti
.
, , ,
- -

Of the en ti re nu mber o f degrees the

.
,

t ut io n s conferred these degrees assu m ,

-
,
Ge rma n u n iversities Harvard Yale an d
ing th a t fou r no t n amed were different insti -
, ,

C olu mb i a conferred toge the r ab ou t two th i rds

t ut io ns bu t only s ix teen conferred ,
,
Yal e sl igh tly i n t h e lead of Harvard and
These six teen a re a s follows : Boston Un iver -
,

Colu mb i a n o t far beh ind These numbers i n

s it y Ch icago Cl ark Columb i a Cor nell G er
.

-
, , , , ,
order a r e 2 02 2 2 9 2 32 an d 1 7 9 The n earest
m a n Un iversi ties Harvard J ohn s Hopk ins , .
,
, , ,
competi tors o f these were J ohn s Hopk in s an d
Lafayette Mich i gan Nebraska New York
Mich igan wi th 62 ap iece S till fu rther 58 per
, , ,

Un iversity Pennsylvan i a Pr in ceton W iscon

.
,
-
, , ,
cen t of the P h D degr ee s obta ined b y the
si n an d Yale The rem ain ing 1 00 degrees
. . .

Harvard men in th is per iod studied were

.

were scattered among 4 9 insti tution s no insti -

,
ga ined a t Harvard an d 8 0 per cen t of the
t ut io n h avin g as many a s eigh t to its credit
, .

degree s secu red by Yale m en were from Yale

Of the degre es ob tained a t th e G erm an u n i -
.

v ers it ies there was a m arked decrease i n the

,
GR E! OR Y D WA L C O TT .

secon d decade In all 1 52 degr ees were con .

- HA M L I NE U nm as rr v , '

S r P AUL, M mu
ferre d u pon members of the fi rst ten cl asses ,
. .

and only 50 u pon memb er s of the sec ond To be c on t i n ued )

group If we el i min ate from th e first period
.

su ch degrees as were ob ta ined after the ye ar S O C I E TI E S A N D M E E TI N ! S

1 9 00 as was done i n connection w ith Tabl e
,
T HE A S S O C I A T I O N O F A M E R I C A N U N I V E R S I T Y
III the contrast be tween the two decade s i s
.
, P R O FESSO R S
almost as strik ing There were 1 8 degrees o f .
T HE RE m et in New York C ity on J an u ary
th is sort Consequ ently there was a d rop from
.
1 an d 2 a group of abou t two hundred college
,

1 34 to 5 0 Only 37 per cen t as m any were

. .
and un ivers ity professors who formed an o r ,
-

taken i n th e second decade as i n th e fi rst .

gan iz at io n i ntended to accompl ish for teachers

Th i s tendency o f cou rse corresponds w i th , , i n ou r h igher i nstitut ions o f learn ing the o b -

th e increase in th e facil i tie s for advan ced j ec t s attaine d i n k i ndr ed professi on s by the
-

work a t American u n iversities an d i s all the , A merica n Medi c al Associ ation an d the Am er -

more si gnifi can t when we consider the in -

ic an B ar Ass o c i ati on P rofessor J ohn D ewey .
,

crease ia the actu al nu mber of degrees from o f C olumbia U n iv ers it y who ha d been cha i r
v
,
-

5 51 i n the fi rs t decade t o 632 i n the second , ma n o f the comm i ttee on organ i zat ion pre -
,

as given i n T ables II and III The fact . .

, si ded at the meeting and after the assoc iation
howeve r th at nearly one s ix th of these ‘ h a d been formed was elected i ts fi rst presi den t
, .

degrees were obta ined a t German u n ivers ities Professor H A O verstreet o f the College of
. .
,

i s in itself n ot w ithou t interest .

the C ity o f New York w as secretary o f the ,

The nu mber o f Germ an degrees t oo Oh , ,

-
 SCH O O L A ND S O C IE T Y !V o n I No , . 3

sub tracting o ne from th e m inu end ; ( 5) sk ill p rocedure inductively der ive d from properly ,

i n on e ar i thmet ic al operat ion does n o t seem condu cted spec ial s tudies wh i ch m ay be trans - ,

to transfe r to another operat ion a pup il s ferred i nto h ab i ts generall y appl icable ) ; and
,
’
,

ab il ity i n adding not being a m easure o f h i s no t less importan t f o r you ng pup ils general ,

ab il i ty i n sub tract ing o r multiplying ; ( 6) attitudes toward the ir school work wh ich sh al l
there are no idea tional typ es in th at a pup il dete rm i ne whether they sh all be p arrot re
,
-

th inks i n a v isu al an aud itory or a motor pe eters o r seekers after un derstand ing ”
, , .

way in all subje cts a s for exampl e i n lan

, The discu ssion ( p 1 47 ) o f the questi on as t o
-
.

guage an d a rithmeti c ( Lay s l aw ) ; ( 7 ) the b est W hether ar ithmet i c has a place i n the fi rst two
’

results i n arithmet ic are generally show n by o r three grades is also wel l worth th e attention
th e v isu al ( E ckhardt ) o r v is ual mo t o r type o f teachers It is i n h arm ony w ith the pres
-
.
-

( Spr inger ) al though ch ildren s statements ent re act ion aga i nst the postpon ing o f a sub
’ -
,

a s t o the ch aracter Of the ir i mage r y are n u j ec t wh ich appeal s to ch ildren s in terests a nd

-
’

tru stworthy ( Spri nger ) ; ( 8 ) i mprovement i n needs even i n Grade I a postponement wh ich . ,

accu racy of compu tation seems to produ ce no h ad a much l arger number Of advoca te s a few
improveme n t i n accuracy of a r ithme tical re a yea rs age th an i t ha s a t present -
.

son ing alth ough there is a h igh positive c o r

,
On th e whole th erefore D r Howell s study -
, ,
.
’

rel at ion b etween th e two ; ( 9 ) effi ciency in m ay b e co mmended to the atten tion o f b oth
a rithmetic i s n ot a function of the t ime de the ph i losoph ically m inded teacher and the -

voted to the sub j ect a statemen t wh i ch is psychological e xper imenter as the b est work
,

l iable to be m isunderstood howeve r and wh ich wh ich h as appeared in its l ine indee d as th e
, , ,

should very likely be interpreted by Fech ner s only general su rvey o f th is particular fiel d of ’

l a w ; ( 1 0 ) ce rta i n nu mber p ictu res appa r ently p sychological exper iment i n number work that
,

Of equ al m erit are in real ity of d iffe r e n t valu e i s worthy of ser ious s t udy
i n the fi rst grade—a di scuss ion wel l worth th e
.
,

D A VID E U! E NE S M ITH
a ttention o f teachers ; ( 1 1 ) obl ique l i nes a s TE A C HE RS C OLL E! E , ,

opposed to ve rt i cal l ines i n th e fi rst study of C OL U M B I A U NIVE RS ITY

n umbers double the number Of m istakes ; ( 1 2 )
,

th e ch il d enters sch ool w ith the cou nting p sy E D U C A TI O N A L -

c h o s is well e stabl ished a nd i t i s the pa rt of

, R E S E A R C H A N D STATI STI C S
w isdom t o take advan tage of it ; ( 1 3 ) hygiene A S T A T I S T I C A L ST U D Y O F D O C T O R O F
counsels aga i nst ce rta i n dull forms Of dr ill P H I L O S O P H Y M E N II , .

aga inst th e t o o ea rly u se o f problems and , N

against t o o great expendi ture o f ti m e o n Wh en I h ad reached the pr esen t p o in t i n
.

ar i thmetic .
my study o f these men u pon whom the P h D . .

I t is n ot to be su pposed th at these a re all degree h a d bee n conferred by some o f the

of the posi tive conclu sions reached by the leading i nstitu ti on s i n Americ a and E u rope ,

au thor ; b u t they are fa i rly typ ical The book the qu esti on arose as to h o w m any of the m
.
, ,

h oweve r shoul d be read f o r much else th an thu s equ ipped h ad engaged in academ ic work
, ,
.

for such spec ifi c theses F o r ex ample th e dis — The meagerness Of the data i n th e sou rce b ook s
.
,

c uss io n ( p 1 30 ) o f the doctr ine o f spec ifi c

.
u pon wh ich I had depended thu s fa r the di ff e r ,
-

di sc ipl i ne i s well worth the teacher s c areful ence in len gth of serv ice an d the di ffe ren ce i n
’
,

a ttent ion and as ingle sentence may p roperly the importance of a position a s between east
,

b e quoted a t th i s t ime : All b u t the most ex!

and west l arge insti tution an d small one -
, ,

treme adherents o f th is v iew however accept h ave m ade an exact determ i nation o f th i s
, ,

the m od ifi cation th at certa i n general results question practically impossible I h ave h o w .

,
-

from specifi c tra in in g very important to edu — eve r u sed my best j ud gmen t O n each case
, , ,

ca tion a re n oticeable v iz gene ral concepts of a ided somewh a t by Wh o s Wh o i n A mer ica

’
.
, , ,
”
m ethod ( general ized idea s o f attenti on attack and Ca ttell s Amer ican Men of Sc ience an d
, ,
’
,
J A N UA RY 1 6 , 1 9 1 5 ]
.
S CHOOL A ND S O CIE T Y

TA B L E V

Th o se o l d in g a C o l l g or U n iv r it y Po i tion f a T r m f Y ar
H e e e s s or e o e s

P C nt W it h D gr fro m t h 1 6 I n ti tu e ee e s o

T tx l ? tion M ntion d i n S ction I I I

er e .

gi l
l ‘ s e e e .

0 l’ i
De recs
T ta P0 r Co n t F ir t D S con d Des e- e -

d ! rou p ca d ! rou p P e C nt
0 0
18 1 90 4
w it h De
.

Cen t
ce e e r e
D g
-
r D gr Tota
. . .

P
g r A ft r O bt in d O btain d
ee e
e
a
ee
e
l No
o f su m
e fC l 3
ee
fro m T h e
e
.
er .
o o .

es
1 9 00

T o tal s . 899 AV . 68 8 30 Av . 45 Av . 54 8 57 Av . 70 Av . 95

feel th a t shoul d any one else study these same b een o r are engaged i n college o r u n i vers i ty
n ames from the same sou rces h i s resul ts ,
work .

would no t va ry m ateri ally from my own . Th is resul t aga in with reference to an

, ,

Table V g ives these m atters somewh a t i n

. academ ic appointment is even m ore strik in g ,

deta il . when we consi der column 1 0 o f Table V

The fi rst i nte restin g poin t p resen ted by th is Colu mn 4 gives the percentage of those en -

table i s th a t 68 per cent of all who gradu ated . gaged i n h igher edu ca tional work to the en -

from these s ixteen insti tu t ions wh ich I h ave ti re numb er O f those who Obta ined the doctor s ’

stu d ied and then ob ta ined t h e d o c t o r s deg r ee o

’
,
degree wh ile column 9 i nd icates the per
,
-

h ave b een o r are engaged in college or u n i -

centage o f those engaged in su ch h igher edu -

versi ty work Pra ctically th en 7 ou t of 1 0

.
,
c at io n al work to th e enti re nu mber who o h -

o f the men who a tta i ned thi s degree engaged t a in ed th is advan ced degree at the sixteen

f o r a season a t least i n th e work of the h ighe r

, ,
institutions menti oned i n Section III In .

educat ion If we look a t col um n 9 of th is

. every case bu t o ne th e percentage here i s e ithe r
same table we fin d that th is i s the exact pro
,
-
the same or h igher th an i n column 4 The .

portion in the case Of those wh o took the i r exception Tu fts i s du e to the nu mb er o f

, ,

doctorate at the s ix teen institutions mentioned degrees obta ined a t Tufts although not suffi ,
-

i n Section III wh ich furn i shed abou t 1 2 ou t

.
,
cient to incl ude th a t institution am ong th ose
o f every 1 3 Of these degrees Th is means . . mentioned i n Section III When no w we .
, ,

then th at th ere was a bette r ch ance f o r a man

,
exam ine column 1 0 i t is apparent th at almost ,

to Ob tai n an academ i c appointmen t p rov ided the entire numb er i n colum n 3 as i nd icated
'

.
, ,

he wanted o ne if h e Ob ta ined h i s advanced

,
by these percentages Ob ta ined the i r degree s ,

trai n ing at one o f these presum ably better in - a t the sixtee n institu tions men ti oned i n S ec -

s t it ut io n s Th is b ecomes all the m ore appar

.
- tion III E vidence could h ardly b e stro n ger
.

ent if we con side r simply th ose who took th e

,
that if a ma n wants a n academi c appoint
,
-

! erman degrees Of these 7 3 per cent hav e

.
,
. ment so fa r as a P h D degree may f ac il itate
,
. .
 S CH OOL A ND S O C IE T Y !V OL I, NO 3 . .

tha t end he should u se discri m ination inthe

, over colu mn 6 in T able V i s a re al i ncrease .

ch o ice o f a n instituti on for advan ced work . i n a c adem ic appoin tments fro m a mong th e
Not th at these 1 6 insti tu tion s a re the best p ar P h D men wh o obta ined the ir fi rst degree fro m
. .

ex c elle n ce I am n ot attempt ing to settle

. the s ixt een institution s studied .

tha t po i nt There is however a selection at

.
, , A fu rther inspection of columns 6 and 7 i n
work here In st itutions wh i ch m ake appoint
.
-
Table V i ndicates th at the increase i n ap
.
-

ments selec t The prospective appo intee would

.
p o int men t s h as n o t been true Of the gradu ates
also if w ise selec t h i s insti tut ion for ad
, ,
- Of all the insti t uti ons In the case of five o f .

v enced work w ith c are . these there h as been a sh rink age Th e very .

Of cou rse o t her in fluences have b een a t,

great increase in the case o f Tufts i s du e t o
work Not all wh o took the docto r s degree
.
’
the fact th at there were b u t two gra du ates o f
cared to teach i n colle ge o r u n ive rsity No t . tha t insti t ution with the doctor s degree be ’
-

a few h ave engaged i n spec i al research work , longing to the fi rst decade and engaged i n
and i n commerci al enterprises The large . college work .

nu mb er o f chem ists not connecte d apparen tly V

w ith educat ion al i nsti tu tions would seem to
In T able VI are the results of a compar i -

po in t in th is d irection I t i s doub tful how

.

-
,
son o f these P h D men wi th Wh o s Wh o i n ! ’
.

ever if 9 5 per cen t o f the 8 9 9 engaged i n

. .

”
,
Americ a an d Ca ttell s Amer ican Men o f ’ !
.

h igher educat ion al work wou ld b e from the

S cience ” I supplemented the l atest edition
sixteen insti tu tions ment ioned i n Section III
.

”
Wh o s Who i n Ame rica by
.
, ! ’
of
u nless a real selective princ iple were at work ,

the earl ier edit ions an d also u sed the 1 90 6 edi

.

If we tu rn n ow to col umns 5 to 7 i t is ev i
,

, , ,
-

tion o f the Men o f S cience

”
alth ough t h e
!

dent th at there h as been a tendency toward a n

,

additional information was sl ight These t wo

i ncrease i n academ ic a ppointments from
.

works are Of course no t entirely independent ,

amon g P h D m en when we compare the two
,

. .
,
tests o f prom inence sin ce Professor C attell ,
decades Th is i s al l the more sign ifi can t when
,
.

a s he ind icates i n h is preface m ade u se o f

we remember the dec ided d r op i n ratio as
,

Who s Wh o i n America ” n or are they abso

’
,
-

b etween the fi rst and secon d decades i nd icated lu te tests wh ich we prob ably coul d n ot obta in .

i n Table II We m igh t h owever th ink th a t

,
. , ,
When the same tests however are appl ied to ,
the percen tage o f increase i s bu t the n atu ral
,

all these P h D men al ike the resul ts a re no t

. .

resul t Of a constan t dem and u pon a decreas i n g wi thou t sign ifi cance .

su pply since the total nu mber o f P h D de

,
. .
-

The fi rst rather strik ing resul t presented i n

grees i n the second decade is less by 51 th an th i s last table i s th at a l i ttle less th an o ne
i n the fi rst dec ade When however we elimi .
, ,
-

th ird Of the entire nu mber Of doctors from

n a te f rom the fi rst decade all degrees ob ta ined these sixt een insti tu tions are m entioned i n
late r th an the year 1 9 00 as i ndicated i n ,
!
Who s Wh o i n America
’ ”
an d ju st o n e ,

colu mn 5 we h ave 8 3 0 engaged i n college and

, th ird ar e ment ioned i n the Men o S c ience
f ”
,

u n iversi ty work i ns te a d of 8 9 9 a d ifference , wh il e 51 per cent are m entione d by b oth . ,

o f 69 Th is nu mber 8 30 i s d iv ided i nto 377

. , , om itting du pl icates The percentages ru n .

for the fi rst decade an d 4 53 f o r the second , rather evenly althou gh the v ery h igh fi gu res,

consequ ently there was an i ncrease i n th e for Indi an a Wesleyan an d e speci ally Ne
, ,
-

second decade o f 7 6 su ch academ i c appoint -

brask a i n column 5 are rather sign ifican t .

ments o r 2 0 p er cen t No w T able III ind i

,
.
,
.
-
The h igh percentage for Colby i n col umn 3
cates th a t the n u mbe r o f deg r ees i n t h e fi rst i s strik ing al though probably du e to the
,

decade when those secu red l ater than 1 9 00 are

,
small nu mber involved Colum n 9 ind icates .

el im in ated wa s 5 5 1 and th a t co n seque n tly

, ,
tha t 1 4 per cent Of the entire are men .
-

the re was a n increase of 7 9 o r 1 4 per cent in ,

.
, t io ned by both these tests and presum ably , ,

the second decade over the fi rst Consequen tly . , they constitute a rather select grou p The .

the apparent percentage i ncrease i n colum n 7 most str ik ing resul t i s the 3 1 per cent f o r .
J A N UA RY 1 6, 1 9 1 5 ] S CHOOL A ND S O CIET Y

T AB LE VI

T h o M ntion ed in T h o e A mon g t h F i r t
s e s
S ci nti t
se e
e s s

Wh o ’
Wh o in A me rican M B ot h O mittin g B et h
A me
s
r ca f S c nc
en
D u p l cat,

th e D u p l cat
,
P er C en t to P er C e nt to
Wh o l e No Th o
i o ie e i es i es
. .

No of se in
D gr
. .

CO L 4
N0 P er C e nt . No . Per C e nt . N0 . P er C e nt . No . P er C nt e .
e ees

2 3 4 6 ! 7 8 9

T o tal s 4 14 Av . 31 4 36 Av . 33 666 Av . 51 184 Av . 14 136 Av . 10 Av . 31

Nebrask a Colum n 1 1 i nd ic ates that 1 0 per

. th at abou t one third o r to b e exact 31 per , , ,

cent o f th e entire number a r e among the fi rst

. cent of the l iv ing gradu ates of these sixteen
.
,

thou san d sc ientists i n th e cou ntry according ,

i nstitution s of T able II were m enti oned i n .

to P rofessor Cattell s ca refu l selection an d

’
,
th is l atest e dition o f Wh o s Who i n Amer ! ’ -

”
colu mn 1 2 i ndi ca tes th at a l i ttl e l ess than i ca they woul d constitute abou t the entire
,

o ne th ird of those menti oned i n Men o f !

nu mber of college gradu ates w h o recei ved
”
Sc i enc e are i n tha t select grou p o f one mention wh ich i s h ighly improb abl e in v iew
,

thousand The m ost strik i ng r es ul ts i n col o f th e m any gradu ates from these same ia
- -
.

umn 1 1 are the 1 8 an d 2 1 per cent for Wes .

-
s t it ut io ns i n earl ier an d l ater periods an d ,

ley an and Nebrask a respectively and i n col

, ,
-
the l arge numb er o f gradu ates from oth er
um n 1 2 th e 4 6 and 4 4 per cents for these . inst i tu tions t o say n oth ing o f the P h D men
,
. .

same i nst itut ions . from these a nd m any other colleges an d u n i -

F rom th is p art o f the study we c an readily , ver sit ies .

see th at those w h o take the P h D degree are . . E a r l ier i n the paper i t was suggested th at ,

more l ikely to atta in promin ence as meas ,

-
t h e propo r tion o f o n e gradu ate i n twenty -

”
ured by Wh o s Who i n Am er ica th an the
! ’
,
two pressi ng o n to the doctor s degree m i ght
,
’
,

ordin a ry college gradu ates The . be taken as a rou gh test o f the efficiency o f
ed it ion o f th i s work states th at o ut of t h e the u ndergradu ate work and valu e of the en -

b iographical sketches presented , v ir o n m en t a t any college o r u n iversity w ith

are o f college gradu ates o r abou t 50 per , a n u ndergradu ate department Th e results .

cent S i nce the percentages f o r th e earl ier

. presented i n Tables V and VI apparently . .
-

edi tion s were abou t the sam e we m ay a s ,

-
contradi ct su ch a v iew The percentages ru n .

sum e th at about 50 per cent o f those men .

-
rather evenly i n th e matter of an ac adem i c
t io ned i n t h e ed iti on are al so col si n ce a bo u t o f t h e s ub j ects o f sketch es d i d
~

lege gradu ates ’ Now if we shoul d assu me

.
, n ot furn i s h t h e n e c ess ar y e du catio n al da t a T h e .

7 Th e percen t age me n tio n e d in t h is wo r k is pe r c en tages f o r t h e e arl ie r e d itio n s r a n ge d fr om

a b o u t 5 4 bu t t h is is b as e d on on l y n ames ,
5 2 t o 54 p er ce n t .

,
 S CHO OL A ND S O CIE T Y !V on I, No . 3

appoi ntment an d m ent ion i n Who s Who i n ! ’

B ut my study does not show thi s It sh ows
Ameri ca an d i n Men o f Sc ience ” no m at
”
.
!
,
-
rather th at they grade fa i r ly evenly with are ,
te r whe r e t h e bachelor s d egre e was taken ’
. c apti ons here and there Consequently we .

are justified i n ma inta in ing th at if t h e P h D

,

Som e of th e spec ial v ari ation s h ave b een

, . .

noted Now th is fac t wou ld seem to point

.
,
group he at all des irable an d it would seem ,

t o rather u n iform requ i rements so that any , to be i n v iew of the i ncreased demand i n the
,

m an wh o ga i ns the doctor s degree no m atter ’

, second decade so far as these s ix teen inst it u -

where h is early tra in ing was secured h as , ti ons are concerned then the institu tion th at ,

abou t seven ch ances i n ten o f getting a col -

sends o ut a compar atively large number Of
lege o r u n ivers ity appointment o r one ch an ce , young men wh o obta i n the doctor s degree is ’

i n three o f b eing mentioned i n Who s Who ’

t o that extent the more effic ient
i n Am eri ca ” or i n the Men Of Sci ence ”
.

!
.
We m ust o f course always tak e nat ive
,
‘

Th is too apparently whether the rat io o f

, , , ab il i ty into considerat ion It i s not simply .

doctors o f ph ilosophy t o gradu ates be 1 i n 1 0 -

th e i nstitu tion Bu t the institution from .

o r 1 i n 44 a s d iscussed i n connecti on with

, wh ich a comparatively l arge nu mber go o n to
T able II B u t we m ay i t woul d seem prop
, .
, ,
- the h igher degree woul d seem to b e furnish -

erly pu t the m atter as follows : If a n i nst i - ing the proper i ntellectu al stim ul u s an d en -

t ut io n with the ra ti o O f 1 i n 44 ha d a ve r y v ir o n m en t s o that the n ative ab il i ty i s not al

,
-

h igh percentage of i ts doctors getting men - lowed to rem a i n fallow o r to stult ify itself ,

t i on i n these two works used a s tests and h ad bu t is encou raged t o develop t o the fullest ex :
an excepti onal ly l arge nu mber i ncluded i n tent either there o r elsewhere .

th e fi rst thousand scientists and a n i nst it u ,

-

ti on wi th a lo w r at io as 1 i n 1 0 o r 1 i n 1 3 , , VI

were ju st the oppos i te then we m ight conclude
tha t th e i nsti tuti on wh i ch sent o ut but a few
m en who a tta i ned th e doctor s degree was the
, O ne further matter Of special i nterest i n
connection w ith th i s stu dy is the mortal ity
’
rat io T able VII presents th is for the total
. .

m ore efficient and th e mere n umbers who , n umber o f graduates at each Of the sixteen
went ou t from other i nst itu ti ons and ga i ned institution s of T able II f o r the gr adu ate s .
,

the degree bu t seldom attracted a ttention , , less those who ga ined th e doctor s degree and ’
,

woul d be a reproach t o those i nsti tu t ions . f o r the doctors themselves .

5 O a 0!

la
C s s es o 2 5 k
d S as
no
as

Mort l it y R cor d
.
a it :
a
a e s Up E E a a
p e: h a

to 19 1 0 a h
I: !s
E H
3 p
E
‘

o a: 0 5
‘
S o
0 Ct Cl

bac h elor d egr ees

T o t al . 7 53 8 00 8 68
N o d eath s
T o t al . . 137 1 15 5 5 4 58 54 6 3 1 0 7 55
P ercen t
B ach lor s l ess P h D m en
e . . . 7 14 9 33 7 63 8 17
D eath s l ess tho se of Ph D . .

m en 1 29 1 14 54 4 48 51 61 1 00 53
P er c en t .
8
To tal P h D men . . . 1 19 39 39 273 99 37 1 59 51
T o tal N o d e ath s of . Ph D . .

men 8 1 1 10 3 2 7 2
P er 3

8 T h e r e wer e 5 7 g r a d ua tes w h ose a dd r esses w er e F rom th i s table i t i s i mmedi ately apparent

no t gi v e n I f a ny o f t h ese we r e d e ad t h e p er
. ,
- tha t the death ra te among men w h o have taken
c e n t a ges wo ul d h a v e b ee n c h a n ge d so mew h a t bu t ,
the doctor s degree is st r ik ingly less th an that
’

no t ve r y m a te r i all y . f o r college gradu ates as a whole so fa r as ,

J A NU A RY 1 6, 1 9 1 5 ] SCH O O L A ND S O CIE T Y

these institu tions are concerned In f act i t .

,
l igh t I bel ieve would be th rown u pon th e
, ,

i s ab ou t o ne half Th is is h ardly wh at o ne at
. probl e m of the effi ciency o f a coll ege A fa i rly .

fi rst th ought would infer It i s t ru e th at su ch . sure test coul d b e developed i n th is way wh i ch

men consti tute a selecte d grou p bu t th e con ,
-
could ve ry readily b e appl ied to any inst it u -

fi ned seden tary l ife th at a l arge proportion of

, tion . E spec ially would th i s be so if as ,

them lead i nd icated i n p art by thei r college

, al ready suggested all gradu ate work in clu d , ,
-

an d un i versity appointments would on e mi gh t , , ing professi onal work were scru tin i zed an d ,

th ink o ff set th at T able VII however indi

,
.
, ,
-
properly weigh te d so as to contribu te to the
cates clearly that the hard iness correlated w ith , fi nal result .

th e ob ta in ing of the degree persi sts in after ,

None the less wh ile I fully appreci ate the ,

l ife when th ese P h D men are compared wi th . . tentative ch aracter o f my conclusions I feel ,

the ord ina ry gradu ate s . th at futu re studies w il l not change som e o f
There seems also t o b e no great d ifference
, ,
- them to any great extent They are to rec ap i .
,
-

be tween the two decades although there are ,

tul ate as follows : th e modal and ar i thmeti cal
,

sligh t i nd ividu al v ari ations amon g the in sti -

ave rages o f the ti me requ ired to ta ke th e P h D . .

t ut io ns stud ied The fi gu res are so small th at

. degree w ill stand I th ink an d coul d be u sed
, , ,

l i ttle dependence can be pl aced u pon them . at once in connection wi th any i nstitution i n ,

Th is m uch h owever m ay b e sa i d There were

, , . so fa r a s i t m ight h ave a bearing u pon edu ca -

twelve o f the fi rst decade wh o took th eir degree , t io n al d iscussions Th e r a t i o t o o o f 1 i n 2 2 .

, ,

prior to 1 9 00 who d ied before or at th at d ate

, . a s the average n umber o f college gradu ates
There were al so twenty four of th e fi rst decade -
wh o obtai n the Ph D degree w ill n o t I th i nk . .
, ,

who h ave d ied since 1 900 Th at leaves te n of . h e very seri ou sly m odifi ed I feel th at i t i s .

the secon d decade wh o h ave d ied b etween 1 8 9 5 more l ikely to be lowered th an ra ised if th e ,

and 1 9 1 0 The si tu a tion therefore i s p rac

.
, ,
-
sam e period h e stud ied at other ,

tically th e same u p to the date reached by th e institu tion s s ince the l argest gradu a tin g ,

records u sed . cl asses those o f Harvard an d Yale h ave al

, ,
-

ready b een deal t w ith The i nverse rel ati on .

between th e size o f the cl ass and the number

In closing th i s stu dy I do not wish to be ,
of P h D degrees ob tained l a te r I bel ieve w ill
u nderstood a s regarding the concl usions ad , ,
. .

be found t rue i n not a few other institution s

v an c ed here as other th an tentative al th ou gh
.

S o too the tendency toward fewer G erman

,

some seem to b e fairly well establ ished The .

, ,

de grees i n th e secon d decade will ve ry l ikely

facts as sta ted espec i all y i n th e tables w ill ,

show i tself a t oth er institutions wh ich i s a

,

stand a rathe r severe ac id test By th is I do .

,

not me an th at there are n o errors One coul d .

m atter th at has already been noted i n other
h ardly deal w ith so m any n ames from such s tu dies The rat i o 7 i n 1 0 for college an d
.

v arious sou rces and escape error altogethe r .

u n iversity appointments 1 i n 3 for men tion ,

Such errors h owever I feel are n ear a m in i ,

- i n Wh o s Wh o i n Am eri ca and Ameri can
’ !

mu m and if dete cted would n ot ch ange m ate - Men of Science ” an d 1 i n 2 for b oth b ooks ,
, ,

r ia lly the conclu sions as presen ted Bu t m any .

comb ined will I th ink h e m ainta ined al
, , , ,
-

more such studies would need to b e m ade though predi ction in su ch matters i s very pre -

before on e could feel a very h igh degree of car iou s The mortal ity fi gu res t o o I bel ieve
,
, , ,

subje ctive assu rance i n regard to some of the woul d be m atched if other institu tions were ,

posi tion s here advanced O r to pu t i t more .

,
stud ied i n the same way Bu t whether any .
,

generally one coul d n ot apply th ese conclu - o r all or none of these conclu si on s shoul d be
, ,
,

sions to colleges i n general w i thou t m any addi

'

- su sta ined I am of the op in ion th a t sim il ar

,

t io n al s tu d ies If such stu dies should b e

.
studies i n conn ect ion w ith practically all the
m ade by others as I h ave m ade th i s o r by th e
, ,
other institu tions i n the country are eminently
vari ou s in sti tu tions themselves an d ul timately ,
desirable ! RE! ORY D W A L C OTT
. .

all the resu lts he collected and compared mu ch ,

HA M LIN E U N IVE RS ITY