UNIT Steam Power Plant and

Boilers 1.29
047. 40
A steam
bar topower
550°C,cycle
condan
uses the following cycle, steam at boiler outlet 150 bar, 550°C. With reheat at

turbine
turbine exhaust and
and rueat .1 bar. Assuming ideal processes, estimate the quality of steam at
cycle efficiency.
Answer
May/June-12, Set-1, Q1(b)
Given that,
Temperature, T = T,= 550°C
Pressure, P-P=
150 bar
P=P=40bar
Ps P4=0.1 bar
TA

S
Figure
From Mollier diagram,
At, P=150 bar, T, = 550°C

h= 3450 kJ/kg
At point 2,
h, = 3050 kJ/kg

At point 3.
h = 3565 kJ/kg

At point 4,
h, 2290 kJkg
x0.88 (quality of steam at turbine exhaust)
From steam tables,
At, P, = 150 bar

Specific volume, v,=v, 0.001658 m°'/kg

Work done by pump,
W-vaP, Y.- Ps"
vP-P)
=0.001658 (150-0.1) x 100
=0.2485x 100
W=24.85 kJ/kg
From steam table, at P = 0.1 bar
191.8 kJ/kg
Sf, = 0.649 kJ/kg K
S = Ss, =0.649 kJ/kg K

Pump work,'w, =h, -h,)

24.85 h,-191.8
h216.65 kJ/kg
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UNIT-1 Steam Power Plant

and Boile
1.30 Q49. In reheat cycle, steam
a 1.31
100 bar and 500° C. enters the H.P
The expansion is turbine at
Heat supplied. Q, - (h, -h,)+ (h, -h) Given that,? 216109m5,9J 4.528 * 4.568

h,
= 3200 kJ/kg to a pressure of 8.5
bar with continued 0.991
-
(3450 -216.65) + (3565 -

3050) Inlet enthalpy,

of 80%.
There lsisentropic
a efficiency : h = hf, + t h
3233.35 + 515
enthalpy, ,
= 2200 kJ/kg the reheater and. pressure drop of 1.5 bar in
Exhaust then
3748.35 kJ/kg 11350 kg/hr turbine at 7 bar and 500° steam enters the L.P
C in which
732.05+0.991 x
(2769.9 -732.05)
feed
expansion
=

Tdeal regenerative is continued to a back h , = 2751.59 kJ/kg

Work done by turbine.
Steam supply pressure,
P= 3.5 bar isentropic efficiency ofpressure of 0.04 bar with
85%. Determine, State 3
W (h-h)+(h,-h) 2600 kJ/kg () Thermal efficiency P=7 barand T, 500°C
h,
=

steam,
(3450-3050)+ (3565 -2290) Enthalpy of bled (i) Specific steam h 3481.6 kJ/kg
= 400+ 1275 = 134 kJ/kg consumption. s 7.931 kJ/kg-K
W = 1675 k/kg
Enthalpy offeed water, Answer :
Model Paper, 03 State 4

Net work done.

From steam lables, Given that,
AtP=0.04, h, 2400 kJ/kg
h 584.25 kJ/kg H.P turbine, P
Wnet-W-Wp At, P 3.5 bar, = =
100 bar State 5
= 1675-24.85
Consider, m =
Mass of Seed
water taken from I kg. 500° C A t P = P = 0.04 bar = 4 kPa

L.P turbine, Pj = 7 bar

nct 1650.15kJ/kg balance equation for feed
heater.
=1.004x 10- m'kg
From energy
T 500° C
Cycle efficiency (eycle) Wncl m+(1-m) h
=
l x
h Back pressure, P4 =0.04 bar
h=h 121.46ki/kg
(i) Thermal Efhciency of Cycle
1650.115 1 x 584. 25
m) 134
=

= 0.44 m x
2200+(1 -

The pump work is given by.

3748.35
2200 m + 134 1 3 4 m = 584.25
- 0.44 x 100 Wp=,P-P)
2066 m - 4S0.25
=
1.004x 10x (100x 10-4) (. 1 bar =10' Pa)
eycle 44%
= 10.036 kJ/kg
Q48. A turbine with one bleeding for regenerative m=0.218 kg/kg of steam
heating of feed water is admitted with steam
'
The work done by pump is also given by,
Steam supplied to the turbine per hour is given by, P-0.04 bar
having enthalpy of 3200 kJkg and the exhausted W h,-hs
steam has an enthalpy of 2200 kJ/kg. The ideal ldeal Regenerative Feed 10.036 h,- 121.46
regenerative feed water is fed with 11350 kg/hr Mass
h - 10.036 + 121.46 = 131.496 kJ/kg
of bled steam at 3.5 bar of enthalpy 2600 kJ
kg. The feed water with an enthalpy of 134 kJ 11350
Total heat supplied per kg of steam,
0.218
kg is pumped to the heater. It leaves the heater
dry saturated at 3.5 bar. Deternmine the power -h-h)+ (h, -h,)
developed by the turbine.
52064.220 kg/hr
Figure: h-s Diagram (3374.6-131.496) +(3481.6-2751.59)
May/June-12, set-3, Q1(6)
Net workdone per kg of steam is given by.
Answer Properties of Steam 3243.104+730.041
Turbine W
h,-h) +(1 -m) (h,-h) From mollier chart, 3973.145 kJ/kg
I kg
State 1 The work done by rurbine per kg of steam,
=

(3200- 2600)+ (1 -0.218) (2600-2200)

Output 100 bar and T, 500°C,
W-(-h)+h,-h)
=

power
=
(600)+(0.782) (400) x P
Boier
h 3374.6 kJ/kg and (3374.6-2751.559) + (3481.6-2400)
:912.8 kJ/kg
, 6.599 kJ/kg-K = 1704.641 kJ/kg
- m)
Power developed by the turbine is State 2
given by, The net work done is given by.
The quality o f steam, 8, = s, = 6.599 kJ/kg-K
P Net workdone x
Steam
m kg supplied to
the turbine AtP, = 8.5 bar,
= 1704.641 - 10.0366

912.8 52064.220 kJ/hr h 732.05 kJ/kg = 1694.605 kJ/kg

( - m) kg
hg, =2769.9 k/kg
47524220.02 Thermal eficiency is given by,
W/s S 2.071 kJ/kg-K
3600
Sg 6.639 kJ/kg-K WNet 1694.6 = 0.427
Pump 13201.172 kW 3973.145
s, = Sf, +r, x S :
Figure: Regenerative Rankine Cycle Power th42.1%
developed by the turbines 13201.172 kWN 6.599 2.071 +x, x (6.639-2.071)

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38 bar
 UNIT-1 Steam Power Plant and Bolers
THERMAL ENGINEERING-II UNTU-HYDERABADI

1.34
in high pressure
to 25 bar 70 bar,
Q52. Steam at 70 bar and 450°C is After expanding pressure 450°C: h 3285
supplied to a stean turbine. in
intermediate
kJ/kg
stages, it is reheated to 420°C at the constant p r e s s u r e . Next; itis expandedat this pressure heats the 25 bar
stages to an appropriate minimum e that part of the
steam bled h, -
2980 ki/kg
pressure
e such thatpa
ands from this 25 bar,
feed water to a
0.0 temperature
7erature
of C.T
of 180C The remaining steam expand pre78.5%,
while that 420°C; h,3280 kJ/kg
pressure of 0.07 bar in the low pressure stage. The isentropic efficiency
pressure o
which bleeding is at 10 bar

OT the intermediate and LP stage is 83% each. Determine theminimun the efciency
of the cycle. h3030 kJ/kg
necessary, the quantity of steam bled per kg at the turbine inlet 0.07 bar
offlow an h, 2210 kJ/kg
Answer: From the figure,
Given that.
Pressures, P, = 70 bar Isentropic eticiency ofLP stage. hh
n
P P 25 bar h -h
ar 3280 h
0.83
Ps 0.07 bar 3280 3030
Steam temperatures. T, =450°C h= 32800.83 (3280-3030)
T420°C
Feed water temperature = 180°C
h 3072.5 kJ/kg
And,
Isentropic efficiency of high pressure stage, nHP=0.785
Isentropic efficiency of intermediate and low pressure stages, nnLP=0.83 Isentropic efficiency of L.P stage, nLP h-hs
(a) The Minimum Pressure
h hs
For feed water at
temperature 180°C, the saturation pressure is
a
10 bar (from steam
tables)
Therefore, the mininmum pressure at which bleeding is 83 72.5hs
From mollier chart,
necessary is 10 bar.
0.833072.5-2210
h 3072.5 - 0.83(3072.5 - 2210)
Reheater
Boiler
hs =
2356.625 kJ/kg
1 kg

H.P h -h
Isentropic efficiency of HP stage. nHP.h
9 4 E
(1-m) kg
3285-h2
mkg Pump-I
0. 785
3285 -2980
m) kg
Pump-2 Feed water
h, =32850.785(3285-2980)
heaer
h 3045.575 kJ/kg
Condenser (b) The Quantity of Steam Entered in Turbine

Using relation.
Figure: Plant Arrangement
hA mxh+(1- m )hr, = 1x hg
70 bar
From steam table.
25 b
At 0.07 bar. h = 163.4 = h,

10 bar

10bar. h= 762.6
163.4 =l 762.6
-m)
x

, 0.07 bar / m
x
3072.5 +(1 x

3072.5 m + 163.4- 163.4 m = 762.6

2909.I m = 599.2
h
599.2
2909.1
m 0.206 kg ofsteam
Figure: hs Diagram
bled per kg of flow at the turbine inlet.
0.206 kg of steam
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1.36 UNIT-1 Steam Power planl'aka Bolers .37
(c) Emciency of the Cycle 8. According to position of drum,
(a) Vertical boilers
gce Workdone
Heat supplied (b) Horizontal boilers
h -h2)+(hs -

ha)+(1 -m ha hs) (c)Inclinedboilers.

According to number of drums,
-

h hs)+(h - h)
(a) Single drum boilers
(b) Multi-drum boilers
S285- 3045.575)+(3280 -3072.5)+(1-0.206)(3072.5-2356.625 10. According to the fuel used,
(3285 762.6) +(3280 -3045.575) (a) Solid fuel boilers
(b) Liquid fuel boilers
239.425+207.5 +0.794( 715.875)
(c) Gaseous fuel boilers.
2522.4+234.425
Q54. What are the essential features of
= 0.3675 =36.75 %
a good boilern
Answer
The essential characteristics of a good boiler
Eiciency of cycle. ngcle= 36.75
are as
follows
(1) The steam generation capacity should be high with minimum amount of fucl consumption.
1.2 BOILERS (ii) Rate of heat transfer and combustion
efficiency should be high.
1.2.1 Classification Working Principles with Sketches Inluding H.P Boilers
(ii) It should be operated with load
varying capacities.
(iv) Starting and stopping of boiler should be quick.
Q53. How are the steam boilers classified? (v) Erection time should be less.
Answer: (vi) It should have reliable controls with safety equipments.
Boilers are broadly class ified as, (vii) The parts of the boiler should be easily available.
I. According to method of firing. (vii) The boiler should take less floor area.
(ix) It should require less attention and maintenance.
(a) Intemally fired boilers
(x) It should be trouble free.
(b) Externmally fired boilers. (xi) There should not be any manufacturing defects.
2. According to pressure of steam, (xii) Mud, sooth or scale should not get deposited on the walls, tubes, etc.
(a) Low pressure boilers (xii) It should be according to IBR Act.
(xiv) All the components should be easily accessible for easy maintenance, cleaning and inspection.
(b) High pressure boilers.
(xv) The capital, operatingand maintenancecosts should be low.
3. According to tube contents
Q55. Enumerate the differences between fire tube and water tube boilers.
(a) Water tube boilers
Answer
(b) Fire tube boilers.
Fire Tube Boilers Water Tube Boilers
4. According to nature of service,
(a) Stationary boilers
1. In fire tube boilers the water flows outside the 1.In water tube boilers, the water flows inside the
(b) Portable boilers tubes, whereas hot gases flows inside the tubes. tubes, whereas hot gases flows outsidethe tubes.
(c) Mobile boilers. 2. It is suitablefor small power plants 2. It is suitable for large power plants.

5. According to method of circulation of waler, It can be operated at a pressure limil of l6 bar. It can be operated at moderate pressure (100 bar).
(a) Natural circulation boilers It requires more loor area. 4. It requires less floor area.
(b) Forced circulation boilers. It possess low rate of steam production. Itpossess more rate of steam production.
6. According to nature of draught, The chances of cxplosion is more.
6. The chances of explosion is less.
(a) Natural draught boilers
. The construction and transportation offire tube It is simple and easy in construction and
(b) Forced draught boilers.
boiler is dificult. transportation.
1. According to gas passage,
8. Less operating cost. 8. |High operating cost.
(a) Single pass boilers
9. Feed water treatment is not required. 9.Feed water treatment is required.
(b) Multi-pass boilers
10. Less skill is needed. 10. More skill is necded.

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