IOT Based Smart Car Parking

Management System

Abstract

This project deals with an easy way of managing the car parking station by
using IOT application, managing the gate and finding spaces available for car parking
in parking station is difficult task, if it is large size then problem become more
difficult. By using IOT based smart car parking tech- knowledge can able to solve
this problem easily, gate permission (open) controlled by RFID tag. Each car owner
receives the RFID tag from car parking administration, near to the gate we will
place the RFID reader. If we place the RFID tag -it read by NodeMcu if the tag is
valid then NodeMcu gives open command for gate.

Finding free spaces (available for car parking) will achieve by using IR
sensor, if slot free then led in particular slot will glow. Each slot we will place IR
sensor, all sensor connected with NodeMcu. NodeMcu receives vehicle status in each
slot by receiving signal from IR sensor, then it will control the Led. NodeMcu has
inbuilt wifi module by providing local wifi detail (username and password)
NodeMcu receives the internet service from this it will send each slot status of the
car parking station to cloud. By using the mobile application, we will receive the
status of each slot.

Block Diagram
 Fig 1 smart car parking management system

problem statement

Important meeting might be ignored due to the fact unavailability of free parking
space or a few different unauthorized character parked his automobile in wrong region. Lot
of time and money were wasted to remedyit however until now didnt get the pleasant
solution. So, the superior parking gadget is an very essential and crucial method to this
problem. This solves many troubles like, it can reduce congest in of automobile on roads
which in return helps fast shifting traffic, reduces time waste on traffic, less burning of fuel
which once more results in god pleasant of air, disabled and antique humans can locate
parking vicinity without difficulty.

Introduction

With the rise of connected devices, IoT-based smart parking systems  are
becoming more and more popular. These parking systems empower drivers with
advanced information about available parking slots and other useful data like current
prices and availability rates.

The smart parking system also allows drivers to use the space remotely via their
smartphones, which is convenient if drivers prefer not to walk to find a space or avoid
potential traffic congestion.

An IoT based smart parking system, also known as a connected parking system, is a
centralized management system that allows drivers to use a smartphone app to search
for and reserve a parking spot.

The system’s hardware features sensors that detect available parking slots
and communicate this information to all drivers in the area. This data is updated in
real-time, which means drivers never have to worry about not finding an available
space.

In addition to helping drivers find a spot, the system also sends alerts about
 peak times and peak prices. The goal of these alerts is to help save drivers money
while also reducing congestion.

IoT

The Internet of Things (IOT) is a system of interconnected computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or humans, each with a unique identifier
(UID) and the ability to transmit data over a network without human intervention – Manual
connection is required, provided. Human-Computer Interaction or Human- Computer
Interaction. Things on the Internet of Things could be people implanted with heart
monitors, farm animals with biochip transponders, cars with built-in sensors that warn
drivers when tire pressure is too low, or any other natural or Man-made objects can be
assigned Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and can transmit data over a network.

The web of things helps individuals live and work more astute, as well as deal with
their lives. As well as offering savvy gadgets to robotize homes, IOT is fundamental for
business. IOT furnishes organizations with

a continuous investigate how their frameworks truly work, conveying bits of

knowledge into everything from the exhibition of machines to inventory network and
strategies tasks. A few advantages are industry-explicit, and some are relevant across
different enterprises. A portion of the normal advantages of IOT empower organized

 Screen their general business processes

 Further develop the client experience (CX)
 Set aside time and cash
 Improve representative usefulness

In a developing united states like India, where the populace and cars are developing
rapidly, the implementation of an advanced parking system is critical. despite the fact that
vehicle utilization is soaring, there are not enough parking spaces to accommodate them,
which means that they have to make do with seldom-determined spaces. which strain the
driving force to park a vehicle on the roads, it's the reason heavy,congestion the roads
sluggish movement of web page traffic. despite the fact that, lot of time is wasted in
searching for parking whilst looking by chance it outcomes environment via emission
dangerous vehicles. This emission adulterates the air with the resource of CO2 and other
gases thru combustion of fuel. additionally, even as looking parking slots, motion of traffic
turns into sluggish. to triumph over all the troubles stated above, we need an green parking
tool which would possibly help to lessen site travelers congestion and enhance air at crucial
places wherein website site visitors rush is more.

According to the definition of IOT, it's miles the manner to interconnection with the
help of the net gadgets that can be embedded to put in force the capability in normal
objects by permitting them to send and acquire data. Connectivity

 Intelligence and identity

 Scalability
 Protection

The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects)
with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange
data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.
Internet of things has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be
connected to the public internet, they only need to be connected to a network, and be
individually addressable.

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including
ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, increasingly powerful embedded systems, as
well as machine learning. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor
networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation),
independently and collectively enable the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT
technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart
home", including devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home
security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common
ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as
smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.

There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and
products, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently, industry and
governmental moves to address these concerns have begun, including the development of
international and local standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks.

RFID Reader and Tag

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to

automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny
radio transponder, a radio receiver and transmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic
interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag transmits digital data,
usually an identifying inventory number, back to the reader. This number can be used to
track inventory goods.

Passive tags are powered by energy from the RFID reader's interrogating radio waves.
Active tags are powered by a battery and thus can be read at a greater range from the RFID
reader, up to hundreds of meters.

Unlike a barcode, the tag does not need to be within the line of sight of the reader, so it
may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of automatic identification
and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an
automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line,
RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses, and implanting RFID
microchips in livestock and pets enables positive identification of animals. Tags can also
be used in shops to expedite checkout, and to prevent theft by customers and employees.

Since RFID tags can be attached to physical money, clothing, and possessions, or
implanted in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information
without consent has raised serious privacy concerns. These concerns resulted in standard
specifications development addressing privacy and security issues.

In 2014, the world RFID market was worth US$8.89 billion, up from US$7.77 billion in
2013 and US$6.96 billion in 2012. This figure includes tags, readers, and software/services
for RFID cards, labels, fobs, and all other form factors. The market value is expected to
rise from US$12.08 billion in 2020 to US$16.23 billion by 2029.

An RFID or radio frequency identification system consists of two main components, a tag
attached to the object to be identified, and a reader that reads the tag.

A reader consists of a radio frequency module and an antenna that generates a high
frequency electromagnetic field. Whereas the tag is usually a passive device (it does not
have a battery). It consists of a microchip that stores and processes information, and an
antenna for receiving and transmitting a signal.

When the tag is brought close to the reader, the reader generates an electromagnetic field.
This causes electrons to move through the tag’s antenna and subsequently powers the chip.

The chip then responds by sending its stored information back to the reader in the form of
another radio signal. This is called a backscatter. The reader detects and interprets this
backscatter and sends the data to a computer or microcontroller.

RFID means radio-frequency identification. RFID uses electromagnetic fields to transfer

data over short distances. RFID is useful to identify people, to make transactions, etc…

You can use an RFID system to open a door. For example, only the person with the right
information on his card is allowed to enter. An RFID system uses:

 tags attached to the object to be identified, in this example we have a keychain and
an electromagnetic card. Each tag has his own identification (UID).
  two-way radio transmitter-receiver, the reader, that send a signal to the tag and
read its response.

Here are the specifications:

Frequency Range 13.56 MHz ISM Band

Host Interface SPI / I2C / UART
Operating Supply Voltage 2.5 V to 3.3 V
Max. Operating Current 13-26mA
Min. Current(Power down) 10µA
Logic Inputs 5V Tolerant
Read Range 5 cm

The RC522 RFID module uses the SPI protocol to communicate with the ESP8266. The
SPI communication uses specific boxes on this type of microcontroller.

The pinout is as follows (left side RC522, right side ESP8266):

 Vcc to 3V3 (or Vin(5V) depending on the module version)

 RST (Reset) to D0
 GND (Ground) to GND
 MISO (Master Input Slave Output) to D6
  MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) to D7
 SCK (Serial Clock) to D5
 SS/SDA (Slave select) to D8

Warning: Depending on the version of the RFID module, the power supply voltage may be
different (3.3V or 5V). Please check the power supply voltage of your module.
RFID (radio frequency identification) is a form of wireless communication that
incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person.

Every RFID system consists of three components: a scanning antenna, a transceiver and

a transponder. When the scanning antenna and transceiver are combined, they are referred
to as an RFID reader or interrogator. There are two types of RFID readers -- fixed readers
and mobile readers. The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable or
permanently attached. It uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once
activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data.

The transponder is in the RFID tag itself. The read range for RFID tags varies based on
factors including the type of tag, type of reader, RFID frequency and interference in the
surrounding environment or from other RFID tags and readers. Tags that have a stronger
power source also have a longer read range..

RFID tags are made up of an integrated circuit (IC), an antenna and a substrate. The part of
an RFID tag that encodes identifying information is called the RFID inlay.

There are two main types of RFID tags:

 Active RFID. An active RFID tag has its own power source, often a battery.
 Passive RFID. A passive RFID tag receives its power from the reading antenna,
whose electromagnetic wave induces a current in the RFID tag's antenna.

There are also semi-passive RFID tags, meaning a battery runs the circuitry while
communication is powered by the RFID reader.

Low-power, embedded non-volatile memory plays an important role in every RFID

system. RFID tags typically hold less than 2,000 KB of data, including a unique
identifier/serial number. Tags can be read-only or read-write, where data can be added by
the reader or existing data overwritten.

The read range for RFID tags varies based on factors including type of tag, type of reader,
RFID frequency, and interference in the surrounding environment or from other RFID tags
and readers. Active RFID tags have a longer read range than passive RFID tags due to the
stronger power source.

smart labels are simple RFID tags. These labels have an RFID tag embedded into an
adhesive label and feature a barcode. They can also be used by both RFID and barcode
readers. Smart labels can be printed on-demand using desktop printers, where RFID tags
require more advanced equipment.

What are the types of RFID systems?

There are three main types of RFID systems: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and
ultra-high frequency (UHF). Microwave RFID is also available. Frequencies vary greatly
by country and region.

 Low-frequency RFID systems. These range from 30 KHzto 500 KHz, though the
typical frequency is 125 KHz. LF RFID has short transmission ranges, generally
anywhere from a few inches to less than six feet.
 High-frequency RFID system These range from 3 MHzto 30 MHz, with the
typical HF frequency being 13.56 MHz. The standard range is anywhere from a few
inches to several feet.
 UHF RFID systems. These range from 300 MHz to 960 MHz, with the typical
frequency of 433 MHz and can generally be read from 25-plus feet away.
 Microwave RFID systems. These run at 2.45 Ghzand can be read from 30-plus
feet away.

The frequency used will depend on the RFID application, with actual obtained distances
sometimes varying from what is expected. For example, when the U.S. State Department
announced it would issue electronic passports enabled with an RFID chip, it said the chips
would only be able to be read from approximately 4 inches away. However, the State
Department soon received evidence that RFID readers could skim the information from the
RFID tags from much farther than 4 inches -- sometimes upward of 33 feet away.

If longer read ranges are needed, using tags with additional power can boost read ranges to
300-plus feet.

RFID standards

There are several guidelines and specifications for RFID technology, but the main
standards organizations are:  
  International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 Electronics Product Code Global Incorporated (EPCglobal)
 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Each radio frequency has associated standards, including ISO 14223 and ISO/IEC 18000-2
for LF RFID, ISO 15693 and ISO/IEC 14443 for HF RFID, and ISO 18000-6C for UHF
RFID.

Node MCU

The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is an open-source software and

hardware development environment built around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC)
called the ESP8266. The ESP8266, designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems,
contains the crucial elements of a computer: CPU, RAM, networking (WiFi), and even a
modern operating system and SDK. That makes it an excellent choice for Internet of
Things (IoT) projects of all kinds.

However, as a chip, the ESP8266 is also hard to access and use. You must solder
wires, with the appropriate analog voltage, to its pins for the simplest tasks such as
powering it on or sending a keystroke to the “computer” on the chip. You also have to
program it in low-level machine instructions that can be interpreted by the chip hardware.
This level of integration is not a problem using the ESP8266 as an embedded controller
chip in mass-produced electronics. It is a huge burden for hobbyists, hackers, or students
who want to experiment with it in their own IoT projects.

But, what about Arduino? The Arduino project created an open-source hardware
design and software SDK for their versatile IoT controller. Similar to NodeMCU, the
Arduino hardware is a microcontroller board with a USB connector, LED lights, and
standard data pins. It also defines standard interfaces to interact with sensors or other
boards. But unlike NodeMCU, the Arduino board can have different types of CPU chips
(typically an ARM or Intel x86 chip) with memory chips, and a variety of programming
environments. There is an Arduino reference design for the ESP8266 chip as well.
However, the flexibility of Arduino also means significant variations across different
 vendors. For example, most Arduino boards do not have WiFi capabilities, and some even
have a serial data port instead of a USB port.

The NodeMCU is available in various package styles. Common to all the designs is
the base ESP8266 core. Designs based on the architecture have maintained the standard 30-
pin layout. Some designs use the more common narrow (0.9″) footprint, while others use a
wide (1.1″) footprint – an important consideration to be aware of.

The most common models of the NodeMCU are the Amica (based on the standard
narrow pin-spacing) and the LoLin which has the wider pin spacing and larger board. The
open-source design of the base ESP8266 enables the market to design new variants of the
NodeMCU continually.

NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

Programming NodeMCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE

The NodeMCU Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE since it
is easy to use.

Programming NodeMCU with the Arduino IDE will hardly take 5-10 minutes. All you
need is the Arduino IDE, a USB cable and the NodeMCU board itself. You can check
this Getting Started Tutorial for NodeMCU to prepare your Arduino IDE for NodeMCU.

Arduino IDE
The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to write and upload code to the
Arduino boards. The IDE application is suitable for different operating systems such as
Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the programming languages C and C++.
Here, IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment.

The program or code written in the Arduino IDE is often called as sketching. We need to
connect the Genuino and Arduino board with the IDE to upload the sketch written in the
Arduino IDE software. The sketch is saved with the extension '.ino.'

The Arduino IDE will appear as:

Toolbar Button

The icons displayed on the toolbar are New, Open, Save, Upload, and Verify.

It is shown below:
Upload

The Upload button compiles and runs our code written on the screen. It further uploads the
code to the connected board. Before uploading the sketch, we need to make sure that the
correct board and ports are selected.

We also need a USB connection to connect the board and the computer. Once all the above
measures are done, click on the Upload button present on the toolbar.

The latest Arduino boards can be reset automatically before beginning with Upload. In the
older boards, we need to press the Reset button present on it. As soon as the uploading is
done successfully, we can notice the blink of the Tx and Rx LED.

If the uploading is failed, it will display the message in the error window.

We do not require any additional hardware to upload our sketch using the Arduino
Bootloader. A Bootloader is defined as a small program, which is loaded in the
microcontroller present on the board. The LED will blink on PIN 13.

Open

The Open button is used to open the already created file. The selected file will be opened in
the current window.

Save

The save button is used to save the current sketch or code.

New

It is used to create a new sketch or opens a new window.

Verify

The Verify button is used to check the compilation error of the sketch or the written code.

Serial Monitor
The serial monitor button is present on the right corner of the toolbar. It opens the serial
monitor.

It is shown below:

When we connect the serial monitor, the board will reset on the operating system
Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. If we want to process the control characters in our
sketch, we need to use an external terminal program. The terminal program should be
connected to the COM port, which will be assigned when we connect the board to the
computer.

Menu Bar

 File

When we click on the File button on the Menu bar, a drop-down list will appear. It is
shown below:

Let's discuss each option in detail.

New

The New button opens the new window. It does not remove the sketch which is already
present.

Open

It allows opening the sketch, which can be browsed from the folders and computer drivers.

Open Recent

The Open Recent button contains the list of the recent sketches.

Sketchbook

It stores the current sketches created in the Arduino IDE software. It opens the selected
sketch or code in a new editor at an instance.

Examples

It shows the different examples of small projects for a better understanding of the IDE and
the board. The IDE provides examples of self-practice.

Close

The Close button closes the window from which the button is clicked.

Save

The save button is used to save the current sketch. It also saves the changes made to the
current sketch. If we have not specified the name of the file, it will open the 'Save As...'
window.

Save As...

We can save the sketch with a different name using the 'Save As...' button. We can also
change the name accordingly.
Page Setup

It allows setting the page margins, orientation, and size for printing. The 'Page Setup'
window will appear as:

Print

According to the settings specified in the 'Page Setup', it prepares the current sketch for
printing.

Preferences

It allows the customization settings of the Arduino IDE.

Quit

The Quit button is used to close all the IDE windows. The same closed sketch will be
reopened when we will open the Arduino IDE.
  Edit

When we click on the Edit button on the Menu bar, a drop-down list appears. It is shown
below:

Let's discuss each option in detail.

Undo

The Undo button is used to reverse the last modification done to the sketch while editing.

Redo

The Redo button is used to repeat the last modification done to the sketch while editing.

Cut
It allows us to remove the selected text from the written code. The text is further placed to
the clipboard. We can also paste that text anywhere in our sketch.

Copy

It creates a duplicate copy of the selected text. The text is further placed on the clipboard.

Copy for Forum

The 'Copy for Forum' button is used to copy the selected text to the clipboard, which is also
suitable for posting to the forum.

Copy as HTML

The 'Copy for Forum' button is used to copy the selected text as HTML to the clipboard. It
is desirable for embedding in web pages.

Paste

The Paste button is used to paste the selected text of the clipboard to the specified position
of the cursor.

Select All

It selects all the text of the sketch.

Go to line...

It moves the cursor to the specified line number.

The window will appear as:

Comment/Decomment

The Comment/ Decomment button is used to put or remove the comment mark (//) at the
beginning of the specified line.

Increase Indent

It is used to add the space at the starting of the specified line. The spacing moves the text
towards the right.

Decrease Indent

It is used to subtract or remove the space at the starting of the specified line. The spacing
moves the text towards the left.

Increase Font Size

It increases the font size of the written text.

Decrease Font Size

It decreases the font size of the written text.

Find...

It is used to find the specified text. We can also replace the text. It highlights the text in the
sketch.

The window will appear as:

Find Next

It highlights the next word, which has specified in the 'Find...' window. If there is no such
word, it will not show any highlighted text.

Find Previous

It highlights the previous word, which has specified in the 'Find...' window. If there is no
such word, it will not show any highlighted text.

 Sketch

When we click on the Sketch button on the Menu bar, a drop-down list appears. It is shown
below:

Let's discuss each option in detail.

Verify/Compile
It will check for the errors in the code while compiling. The memory in the console area is
also reported by the IDE.

Upload

The Upload button is used to configure the code to the specified board through the port.

Upload Using Programmer

It is used to override the Bootloader that is present on the board. We can utilize the full
capacity of the Flash memory using the 'Upload Using Programmer' option. To
implement this, we need to restore the Bootloader using the Tools-> Burn Bootloader
option to upload it to the USB serial port.

Export compiled Binary

It allows saving a .hex file and can be kept archived. Using other tools, .hex file can also be
sent to the board.

Show Sketch Folder

It opens the folder of the current code written or sketch.

Include Library

Include Library includes various Arduino libraries. The libraries are inserted into our code
at the beginning of the code starting with the #. We can also import the libraries from .zip
file.

Add File...

The Add File... button is used to add the created file in a new tab on the existing file.

For example, let's add 'Blink' file to the 'Javatpoint' file. The tab will now appear as:
We can also delete the corresponding file from the tab by clicking on the small triangle ->
Delete option.

Tools

When we click on the Tools button on the Menu bar, a drop-down list appears. It is shown
below:

Let's discuss each option in detail.

Auto Format
The Auto Format button is used to format the written code. For example, lining the open
and closed curly brackets in the code.

Archive Sketch

The copy of the current sketch or code is archived in the .zip format. The directory of the
archived is same as the sketch.

Fix Encoding and Reload

This button is used to fix the inconsistency between the operating system char maps and
editor char map encoding.

Manage Libraries...

It shows the updated list of all the installed libraries. We can also use this option to install a
new library into the Arduino IDE.

Serial Monitor

It allows the exchange of data with the connected board on the port.

Serial Plotter

The Serial Plotter button is used to display the serial data in a plot. It comes preinstalled in
the Arduino IDE.

WiFi101/WiFiNINA Firmware Updater

It is used to check and update the Wi-Fi Firmware of the connected board.

Board

We are required to select the board from the list of boards. The selected board must be
similar to the board connected to the computer.

Processor
It displays the processor according to the selected board. It refreshes every time during the
selection of the board.

Port

It consists of the virtual and real serial devices present on our machine.

Get Board Info

It gives the information about the selected board. We need to select the appropriate port
before getting information about the board.

Programmer

We need to select the hardware programmer while programming the board. It is required
when we are not using the onboard USB serial connection. It is also required during the
burning of the Bootloader.

Burn Bootloader

The Bootloader is present on the board onto the microcontroller. The option is useful when
we have purchased the microcontroller without the bootloader. Before burning the
bootloader, we need to make sure about the correct selected board and port.

Help

When we click on the Help button on the Menu bar, a drop-down list will appear. It is
shown below:
The Help section includes several documents that are easy to access, which comes along
with the Arduino IDE. It consists of the number of options such as Getting Started,
Environment, Troubleshooting, Reference, etc. We can also consider the image shown
above, which includes all the options under the Help section.

Some documents like Getting started, Reference, etc., can be accessed without the internet
connection as well. It will directly link us to the official website of Arduino.

IR Module

The IR Sensor Module or infrared (IR) sensor is a basic and most popular sensor in
electronics. It is used in wireless technology like remote controlling functions and
detection of surrounding objects/ obstacles. IR sensors mainly consist of an Infrared(IR)
LED and a Photodiode, this pair is generally called IR pair. An IR LED is a special
purpose LED, it is can emitting infrared rays ranging from 700 nm to 1 mm wavelength.
These types of rays are invisible to our eyes. In contrast, a photodiode or IR Receiver LED
detects the infrared rays.
 The IR sensor module consists mainly of the 1. IR Transmitter, 2. Photodiode
Receiver, 3. LM393 Comparators IC, 4. Variable Resistor (Trim pot), 5. Power LED, 6.
output LED.

An IR LED is a specially designed light-emitting diode (LED), it’s emitting

infrared rays. Infrared rays wavelength ranging is from 700 nm to 1 mm. Normally an IR
LED looks like a normal LED. It has two terminals, the longer one is Positive and the
smaller one is negative. When IR LED operated at a power supply, it starts emitting
infrared rays.

Normally IR receivers are photodiode. It is a semiconductor which has a P-N

junction. A photodiode is capable to detect infrared rays. It’s operated in Reverse Bias. The
photodiode has very High resistance in the absence of infrared rays and becomes low when
infrared rays fall on it. Also, It has two terminals, the longer one is Positive and the smaller
one is negative.

IR sensor has an onboard variable resistor(potentiometer). This variable resistor is a

10k preset. It is used to set the range of operation. Rotate the preset knob to adjust the
detection distance, the effective operation range 2-10 cm. If the preset knob rotated
clockwise, the detection range will be increased. If it rotated counterclockwise, the
detection range will be decreased.

This onboard LED indicates the IR Sensor power supply is ON or OFF. When we
turn on the IR Sensor power supply this RED LED is also turn on. 

When infrared reflected back to the IR receiver and the sensor detects an obstacle,
the green LED lights up. So, the Green LED use to indicate the sensor senses an obstacle.

When we connect the IR sensor module to 5v power supply. At the same time,
Infrared LED (IR-TX) starts emitting infrared rays. Then set the threshold voltage at the
Non-Inverting input (3) of the IC by rotating the potentiometer knob for setting the sensor
sensitivity.
 If infrared rays reach to object’s surface and some of the radiation reflected back to
the IR receiver (IR-RX). The Photodiode or IR receiver (IR-RX) detects the infrared light.

When reflected infrared light Falls on the Photodiode, the resistance of the
photodiode falls down from a huge value and the voltage across the photodiode drops. So,
a High amount of voltage from the photodiode is given to the Inverting input (2) of the
IC. Then the LM393/LM358 IC compares this voltage with the threshold voltage. In this
condition, the Inverting input voltage is greater than the Non-Inverting input voltage so
the IC output is Low (0). So, the sensor output is Low (0).

When the Photodiode or IR receiver (IR-RX) does not detect the infrared light,
then the resistance of the photodiode will very high. So, a Low amount of voltage from the
photodiode is given to the Inverting input (2) of the IC. Then the LM393/LM358 IC
compares this voltage with the threshold voltage. In this condition, the Inverting input
voltage is less than the Non-Inverting input voltage so the IC output is High (1). So, the
sensor output is High (1).

BACKGROUND
Due to the large amount of time people spend on parking their car, there is a need
for a better system which reduces the time taken to park vehicles, the current system which
exists involves the client(user) to wait in a queue where each car has to wait for a token to
be generated, this token is kept by the client till he is done with his work and on the time of
exit has to return the token, which then calculates the time spent and the bill is generated.
But the problem with this current system is the queue, each person is unique in their own
way, so it depends from person to person, some people might quickly take the token and
park their car, while some might take a longer time, leading to delay. The other problem
with the current system is that there is no automatic way in which the user knows where
there is parking space; he relies on another person (security guard) for the parking. To
overcome these problems, we use RFID and IR sensors. RFID is used instead of generating
a token again and again, each user goes through a onetime registration process where a
RFID tag is attached to his vehicle, This RFID tag has information about him, which is
unique to him so there is no queue as such, users just pass through the gate seamlessly and
park their vehicle. Once they pass through the entry gate they can see a huge display which
has the live parking slots available, once a car is parked the IR sensor updates the database.
On exiting the tag is detected again and the amount is calculated and automatically
deducted from the users account. A similar approach has been taken by Somfy RFID based
parking solution, who provide their service to residential areas, societies, factories and
industrial areas. Another solution is provided by FASTag which uses RFID tags for
automatic deduction of toll charges and lets you pass the toll gate without having to stop.

Literature survey

Clever Parking machine for monitoring automobiles and incorrect Parking, The
parking issues are so many in this time due to the fact many people personal cars are
increasing and shortage of space, there are many solutions for a few problems, but some of
those solutions nevertheless have troubles, together with fee it's far a huge problem and the
numbers of sensors in a single park.

This project proposes a easy approach of clever parking gadget that tracking
vehicles and incorrect parking. we're sing abilities to deal with some small portions such as
Arduino, Ultrasonic sensor, PIR motion sensor and Nexium show to display the effects.
The number one goal of this project to resolve one of the issues that a number of humans
suffered the wrong parking, with the aid of making the parking smart and with it we are
able to reach the correct
 performance without the excessive value or many sensors in one park.

The smart parking machine takes a signal from 3 Ultrasonic sensors in a shifting
Arduino, the moving Arduino evaluation the sign and Convert the sign to code, then send
the code by way of the usage of a wireless radio frequency to the fixed Arduino. The fixed
Arduino will show it the usage of Nextion display touch display telling us the
consequences. If any hassle at the parking automobile like incorrect park the show will
display us a green vehicle and red line, a vacant park can be a black car and efficaciously
park could be a inexperienced car.

After making the prototype and trying out the version we discover that the result is
95% effectively with 5% mistake due to the fact the version and the goals was small in our
factor of view.

IoT based economic smart automobile Parking machine, in the modern decade we
are going through parking trouble with the advancement inside the generation. The
populace in urban cities is dense due to which lots of cars are strolling on road leads to
parking hassle, traffic hassle. international is dealing with new project of car parking. it's
far found that one thousands and thousands of motors devour oil on every day foundation.
on this project, an automated real-time system for automated car parking is proposed. This
gadget is implemented with the help of internet of things (IOTs).

IOT generally exchanges facts or information between the 2 bodily gadgets.

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller utilized in proposed machine. the main use of Arduino
within the proposed gadget is to offer platform to talk digital devices and interactive items
that can experience and control bodily gadgets. Now a day's clever cities were proposed
with smart parking machine for preserving the traffic of motors. recently advancement has
been taken location in the subject of internet of factors and Cloud technology. inside the
proposed gadget parking hassle can be triumph over with the assist of IOT based Cloud
included smart parking system. actual time information of parking is shared with the user
the use of website. It in the end leads to decorate the excellent of existence of users.

· The proposed gadget is implemented with the assist of Arduino Uno board for car
parking and Node MCU to attach parking vicinity with web or net. The proposed machine
integrated with an infrared sensor in each slot for gettingfacts about emptiness function of
parking slot. The user ebook parking slot properly in advance, all of the vital data is to be
had on server. every person has one-of-a-kind username and password. In case any misuse
happened then the machine will alert the accountable person.

Automated Parking machine with charge control using Arduino To nowadays

human beings are nonetheless using guide parking systems which consists of many issues
for example, looking for free space in a car parking zone with none prior understanding if
the automobile parking space is complete or not, which leads to wastage of time and
gasoline.

protection of automobile is also an addressable problem. retaining those in thoughts

we are presenting an car parking device. thru this device, drivers can be capable of
understand if there are vacant parking slots or no longer, at the side of the vacant parking
slot wide variety(s) prior to coming into the parking zone thru screen display screen(s) on
the access gate(s). additionally, only legal personals shall be given access get right of entry
to to the parking plenty thru an RFID tag relying on the availability of parking space.
moreover, we also introduced a parking charge management device which is likewise
payable the use of the equal RFID tag which acts as a chargeable parking credit score card.
Mary Lou prepare dinner quoted Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking
dangers, breaking rules, making mistakes and having a laugh.

It recommended us to paintings on such a subject which could help thousands and

thousands of human beings to conquer from a common problem. the main advantages of
the use of a smart parking gadget are saving time and gasoline, reducing visitors
congestion, the protection of vehicles and many others. it can also offer sustainable parking
control. The renovation costs for the proposed gadget is very low. for this reason the
property developers/proprietors can shop money.

It also facilitates the authorities through growing tax sales. It promotes automation
engineering, which might also result in extra powerful and efficient use of technology
inside the future. although no machine is perfect. And the proposed device additionally has
obstacles. We used IR sensors for detecting automobiles which can be blocked if a person
or an item is placed earlier than it in place of a automobile, which may offer fake alerts. to
overcome this, multiple IR sensors perhaps used from different angles. every other trouble
might be that the gadget shown here's a prototype but, in real existence implementations
longer ranged IR sensor might be needed. also, another point to be stated is that IR sensors
have a life time and then it needs to be replaced with new ones time to time. .

The advantage of the arduino sensing system on parking guidance facts structures
Parking is a big hassle in town. while human beings go to mall, department shops or
hospitals, they often waste a whole lot time to locate an unoccupied parking area. The look
at pursuits to provide humans with actual-time facts about the parking spaces the usage of
an app which is transmitted through Arduino structures, WIFI verbal exchange modules,
and the parking route making plans mechanism. on this manner, humans will have a great
command of parking data when they get into the parking zone.

With the growth of the financial system and the rapid growth in quantity of personal cars,
people have a growing need for parking spaces. when humans go to mall, department shops
or hospitals, they frequently should force across the whole parking lot to find an
unoccupied parking area because greater frequently than not, an oversized parking is
focused on too many vehicles, which wastes time,

· spoils the purchasing mood, and worsens the air high- quality.

· In popular, the traditional parking control device most effective presentations the wide
variety of unoccupied parking spaces on the doorway display screen. The machine suggests
parking information like the ultimate parking spaces via license plate identification or
automated sensing devices. In this example, while humans go to paintings or buy groceries,
they frequently need to pressure around the entire parking lot to discover an unoccupied
parking area due to the size of the parking lot. Worse nonetheless, a few multi- level
parking masses even draw out the process of seeking out an unoccupied area for client.

· The system no longer best spoils a very good mood but also pollutes the environment
greater because of exhaust emissions occurred when they search for parking spaces.
therefore, how to guide drivers to find unoccupied parking spaces in a big car parking zone
is a trouble to be solved. In latest years, the development of net of factors (IoT) connects
clever items in actual lifestyles, which creates a ubiquitous computing surroundings. The
software inside the sensible transportation frequently provides the records that ATIS
requires via combining all kinds of packages developed. This look at adopts IoT and ATIS
as its framework.

superior vehicle Parking system using Arduino, This project explains the
architecture and layout of Arduino based car parking device. Authorization of motive force
or person is the fundamental rule used to park a vehicle in a parking location.
Authorization card could be given to each consumer, which contains the vehicle number or
other info. If the person is allowed and space is to be had in the parking, then the parking
gate will open and the consumer is allowed to park the car in parking region else the
consumer is not allowed even the consumer is allowed character.

If automobile is permitted to park, then cellular notification could be send to person about
parking. It solves the parking problem in city regions, also presents security to a vehicle
and an unauthorized person is not allowed to enter right into a parking area. It enables to
park vehicle in multiflora parking additionally as it will display which ground has
unfastened area. h legitimate card punch on RFID reader, if a slot is available and he is
authorized then gate could be opened and he'll park his automobile in the available slot. If
he's authorized however loose slot isn't available, then the gate will no longer be opened
and he isn't allowed to park. If the consumer is not legal, then gate will not open and doesnt
allow him to park. The task is working nice, but, as IR sensor is of low price, it
occasionally receives heated and now not working nicely.

· So, we need to offer a while to cool as IR sensors feel each warmness and movement.
The sensors which might be used also feel sunlight, so we need to carry out the demo in
darkish room. If the person is authorized and space is available in the parking, then the
parking gate will open and the user is authorized to park the vehicle in parking place else
the consumer isn't allowed even the person is allowed

· person. If vehicle is authorized to park, then mobile notification will be ship to person
approximately parking.
· It solves the parking issue in urban areas, also presents protection to a automobile and an
unauthorized consumer isn't allowed to go into into a parking region. enables to park car in
multiflora parking also as it will show which ground has unfastened space. The valid card
punch on RFID reader, if a slot is to be had and he's authorized then gate can be opened
and he'll park his car in the available slot. If he's legal however loose slot is not available,
then the gate will not be opened and he isn't allowed to park. The prototype of our concept
is prepared and may be launched everywhere for the betterment of society. This model can
lessen congestion on the street, time of customers, human electricity, pollutants, protection
for cars.

OBJECTIVE
Now days in many public places such as malls, multiplex systems, hospitals,
offices, market areas there is a crucial problem of car parking. The car-parking area has
many
lanes/slots for car parking. So to park a car one has to look for all the lanes. Moreover,
this involves a lot of manual labor and investment. So, there is a need to develop an
automated parking system that indicates directly the availability of vacant parking slots in
any lane right at the entrance. It involves a system including infrared transmitter- receiver
pair in each lane and a display outside the car parking gate. So the person desirous to park
his vehicle is well informed about the status of availability of parking slot. Conventional
parking systems do not have any intelligent monitoring system and the parking lots are
monitored by security guards. A lot of time is wasted in searching vacant slot for parking
and many a times it creates jams. Conditions become worse when there are multiple
parking lanes and each lane with multiple parking slots. Use of parking management
system would reduce the human efforts and time with additional comfort. In the proposed
system, the display unit displays a visual representation of the parking and it shows the
empty and occupied slots which help the user to decide where to park their car. The
system would not only save time but the software and hardware would also manage the
Check-in and check-outs of the cars under the control of RFID readers/ tags with
additional features of automatic billing, Entry exit data logging

Description
 As a car enters the parking lot, the RFID reader reads an RFID tag connected to the
automobile and sends the information to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then
determines if the automobile is owned by a registered user. If the rfids match, the parking
gates will open. If it does not match, the gates will not open. After entry, the user examines
the availability of parking places as shown by the leds. The IR sensor detects parked cars
and delivers the information to the microcontroller. If the place is available, the green light
will turn on. If it is not available, the red light is activated.

STRENGTH

 We propose a system that can easily find vacant space for parking.
 It also maintain the count of vacant space in the parking facility and broadcast it to the
user by indicating through LED. So the user can easily take decision based on the
nearest parking available.
 Therefore the parking waiting time is reduced efficiently.

Motivation
The main motivation for making Car Parking System is because of the huge amount
of time people have to take in order to park their cars in malls, multiplex systems,
hospitals, offices and super markets. In the existing system, one has to spend ample time
before they find out an empty parking spot and also the conventional payment method
requires the user to spend a lot of time to complete their transaction. Creating an automated
system which not only helps users to make parking much more efficient and faster but also
automates the
payment gateway using RFID thus saving the user a lot of time.

Flow Chart

Start

Wait until reading RFID

CONCLUSION
The main aim is to design an integrated system which involves two components namely
Parking Allocation and Seamless Parking. The Parking Allocation component consists of
sensors in front each slot and when a vehicle enters into the slot. The Seamless parking
component consists of a RFID Tag attached to the windshield of vehicle. When the car is
passed through the entrance the RFID Scanner scans the tag stores the timestamp of the
entry and at the exit the tag is read again and the total time is calculated and reflected in the
users account, thus saving the hassle of human intervention and saving an ample amount of
time. We have interfaced IR Sensors and an RFID Reader module using a Node MCU. The
IR senses the presence of a vehicle in the parking slot and updates the LED. The RFID is
used for identification and transaction.

FUTURE SCOPE
The future of smart parking system is expected to be significantly influenced by the
arrival of automated vehicles (AVs). Several cities around the world are already beginning
to trial self-parking vehicles, specialized AV parking lots, and robotic parking valets. The
automated parking fee system would allow people to travel without cash. Also, as it would
reduce the waiting time, long queues, tension, stress and increase the efficiency of the
parking system. The smart parking management system can be applied for plane, ship and
fleet management. For residential and domestic parking system the device can be
interfaced with Home Automation which can control the various home appliances by
sensing whether the user is arriving or departing from the parking space.

REFERENCES
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