Metode Defleksi – Sudut Kemiringan

(Slope-Deflection)

Seluruh struktur harus memenuhi:

• Kesetimbangan (equilibrium)
• Hubungan Gaya-Deformasi (load-displacement)
• Kompatibilitas (compatibility)

Metode gaya atau fleksibilitas

Metode analisis
Metode displacement (perpindahan) atau
stiffness (kekakuan) 1
Review Metode Gaya

Metode gaya dilakukan dengan mendefinisikan unknown

redundant force dan mendefinisikan persamaan
kompatibilitas struktur. Persamaan kompatibilitas struktur
dibuat dengan mengekspresikan displacement terhadap
beban, dengan menggunakan load-displacement relation.

Dari persamaan kompatibilitas dan load-displacement

relation, dapat diketahui redundant force.

Lalu, dengan persamaan kesetimbangan, reaksi-reaksi yang

lain dapat diketahui.
Review Metode Gaya
Identifying unknown redundant force

Defining compatibility equation by expressing the

dispacement in term of the loads by using the load
displacement relation

Calculating to obtain unknown redundant force

Using equilibrium equation, calculating remaining

reactions on the structure
Displacement method

It first requires equilibrium equations

The unknown displacement are written in term of the

loads by using the load-displacement relation

Displacements are obtained

Unknown loads are determined from the compatibility

equation using the load-displacement relation

In this section, the procedure will be generalized to

produce the slope-deflection equation
Displacement method

It first requires equilibrium equations

The unknown displacement are written in term of the

loads by using the load-displacement relation

Displacements are obtained

Unknown loads are determined from the compatibility

equation using the load-displacement relation

How to identify the unknown displacement ?

Displacement method

How to identify the unknown displacement ?

By specifying the kinematic indeterminacy

or
By specifying the number of unconstrained degrees of
freedom
Degrees of Freedom

 When a structure is loaded, specified points on it, called nodes,

will undergo unknown displacement.
 These displacements are referred to as the degrees of freedom
for the structure.
 In the displacement method of analysis, it is important to
specify these degrees of freedom since they become the
unknowns when the method is applied.
 The number of the unknowns is referred to as the degree in
which the structure is kinematically indeterminate.
Degrees of Freedom

 To determine the kinematic indeterminacy, we can imagine the

structure to consist of a series of members connected to nodes.
 Nodes are usually located at:
- joints
- supports
- the ends of a member
- where the members have a sudden change in cross
section
 In three dimensions, each node on a frame or beam can have
at most:
- three linear displacements
- three rotational displacements
 In two dimensions, each node can have at most:
- two linear displacements
- one rotational displacement
Degrees of Freedom

 Nodal displacements may be restricted:

- by the supports, or
- due to assumptions based on the behavior of the
structure
Example:
if the structure is a beam and only deformation due
to bending is considered. Then, there can be no
linear displacement along the axis of the beam
since this displacement is caused by axial-force
deformation.
Degrees of Freedom

Any load P applied to the beam will cause:

- node A only to rotate (neglecting axial deformation)
- Node B is completely restricted from moving.

Hence, the beam has only one unknown degree of freedom, A.
Therefore, the beam is kinematically inderteminate to the first
degree.
Degrees of Freedom

 The beam has nodes at A, B and C.

 The beam has four degrees of freedom, designated by:
- the rotational displacement A
- the rotational displacement B
- the rotational displacement C
- the vertical displacement C
 It is kinematically determinate to the four degrees
Degrees of Freedom

 If we neglect axial deformation

of the members, an arbitrary
loading P applied to the frame
can cause nodes B and C rotate,
and these nodes can be displaced
horizontally by an equal moment.
 The frame therefore has three
degrees of freedom:
- B
- C
- B
 Thus, it is kinematically
indeterminate to the third degrees.
Slope-Deflection Equations

• The method of consistent displacement studied previously is

called a force method of analysis.
• Unfortunately, its use is limited to structures which are not
highly indeterminate . This is because much work is required to
set up compatibility equation, and furthermore each equation
written involves all the unknowns, making it difficult to solve
the resulting set of equation unless a computer is available.
• We will study slope-deflection method. It requires less work
both to write the necessary equations for the solution problem
and to solve these equations for the unknown displacement
and associated internal loads. Also, the method can be
easily programmed on a computer and used to analyze a wide
range of indeterminate structures.
Slope-Deflection Equations

• The slope-deflection method was originally developed by

Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr for the purpose of studying
secondary stresses in trusses.
• Later, in 1915, G.A. Maney developed a refined version of this
technique and applied it to the analysis of indeterminate
beams and framed structures.
Slope-Deflection Equations – Angular Displacement at A, A
Slope-Deflection Equations – Angular Displacement at A, A
Slope-Deflection Equations – Angular Displacement at B, B
Slope-Deflection Equations – Relative Linear Displacement, 
Slope-Deflection Equations – Fixed-End Moments
Slope-Deflection Equations – Fixed-End Moments
Slope-Deflection Equations – Fixed-End Moments
Slope-Deflection Equations – Fixed-End Moments
Slope-Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Equations
Pocedure for Analysis
Pocedure for Analysis
Pocedure for Analysis