Md.

Rafiqul Islam
Lecturer
Department of MME
BUET, Dhaka.

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  Introduction of properties
 Case studies showing selection of the right
material for the job
 Deformation of material under the action of a
mechanical force
 Concept of stress and strain
 Elastic behaviour of materials

Reference:
1. MF Ashby & DRH Jones, Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to their
Properties and Applications, 1st Ed., Ch. 1, pp.1-9.
2. WD Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction, 5th Ed.,
Ch. 6, pp.112-124.
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  Modulus
 Yield strength, tensile strength, ductility
 Hardness
 Impact strength
 Fracture toughness
 Fatigue strength
 Creep strength
 Thermal fatigue resistance

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Roll-Royce RB211 Turbofan Aero-engine

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Roll-Royce RB211 Turbofan Aero-engine

 Air is compressed into the engine by Turbofan, which also

provides the aerodynamic thrust around the outside of the
casing.

 Air is further compressed by the compressor blades, then

mixed with fuel and burnt in the combustion chamber.

 The expanding gases drives the engine blades, which provide

power to the turbofan and the compressor blade, and finally
pass out of the rear of the engine, contributing to the thrust.

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Roll-Royce RB211 Turbofan Aero-engine
Turbofan blade
Titanium alloy (metal)
 Requires good modulus, yield strength, fracture toughness.
 Must also resist fatigue (due to rapid fluctuating loads), surface
wear (from striking water droplets at high speed), and corrosion
(important when taking off over the sea)
 Finally, it must have low density.

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 Roll-Royce RB211 Turbofan Aero-engine
Engine blade
Complex nickel-base super alloys (metal)

 Requirements in addition to those used for turbofan

blade must be used.

 For economy, fuel must be burnt at as high temperature as possible.

 The first row of engine blades nowadays runs at about 950 C.

 This adds high creep and oxidation resistance to the

requirement.
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 What happens to material when it is loaded with
a mechanical force?

Material deforms, either elastically

or plastically, depending on the
magnitude of the force applied.

X-sectional area
reduced due to
tensile deformation

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Initial state Small load applied Load removed

bond
stretch

return to
initial
d
F Linear
F elastic

Elastic means reversible!!

d
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 At lower temperatures, T < Tm/3
Initial state
1. Initial Large load applied
2. Large load Load removed
3. Unload

bond
stretch
and planes
planes still
sheared stretched

dp
de+p
F
de
F
linear Plastic means permanent!!
elastic dp de
9/16/2016 d 10
The mechanical behaviour of
material under applied force
may be ascertained by a simple
stress – strain diagram or,
load – deformation diagram

One of the most commonly

performed mechanical stress-
strain test is known as the
tensile test.

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The machine
Two categories of machines are available:
Screw-driven: allows selection and
control of the strain rate (de/dt)
Hydraulically driven: allows selection
and control of the loading rate (ds/dt)

The sample
“505 bar” — Nickname for the ASTM
standard specimen most commonly used
in tensile testing; a cylindrical specimen,
0.505" dia. along 2" gauge length (i.e.,
the length of the straight section between
threaded ends). This diameter gives a
convenient 0.20 in2 cross-sectional area.
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Stress: force per unit area
F F = load or force
Engineering stress, s= A0 = original x-sectional area
A0
Unit: Pascal (N/m2) or psi (lbf/in2)
1 MPa = 106 Pa = 145 psi ; 100 ksi (=105 psi) = 700 MPa

Strain: change in length per unit length

DL DL = change in length
Engineering strain, e= L0 = original length
L0
Unit: dimensionless
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 suts sp – proportional limit
max. stress in linear region
sy
sy – yield strength / proof stress
stress that results in a specific amount
sp of permanent strain ( 0.1 or 0.2%)
stress, s

suts – ultimate tensile strength

max. engineering stress on curve
E ef – elongation or strain to failure
total strain at break
ef
E – modulus of elasticity
slope of curve in linear region
0.01 0.02
0.2 % strain, e
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 In the Elastic Region
 In tensile test, if the deformation is elastic, the
stress-strain relationship follows the Hooke’s law:

s = Ee
E is known as the Young’s modulus,
or the modulus of elasticity

 E has the same unit as those of

stress, MPa or psi, although GPa
(109 Pa) is commonly used.

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 In the Elastic Region
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
 E is a measure of :  Hooke’s law applied for
 intrinsic stiffness of material only a small value of e
 bond strength (on the atomic level) (typically < ~0.1-0.2 %)
 E is decreased with increasing T  ceramic materials follow
Hooke’s law up to fracture

 In the elastic region, E

does not vary with the
applied stress, i.e.
E ≠ E(s)

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 Example
Design of a Suspension Rod
An aluminum rod is to withstand an applied force of 45,000
pounds. To assure a sufficient safety, the maximum allowable stress
on the rod is limited to 25,000 psi. The rod must be at least 150 in.
long but must deform elastically no more than 0.25 in. when the
force is applied. Design an appropriate rod. Consider E = 10x106 psi.

SOLUTION

Using the definition of engineering stress, the required cross-sectional area

of the rod
F
A0 = s = (45000 lbs) / (25000 psi) = 1.8 in2
p d2
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A0 = = 1.8 in 2 or d = 1.51 in 17
4
However, the minimum length or rod is specified as 150 in. To produce a longer
rod, we might make the cross-sectional area of the rod larger.

The minimum strain allowed for the 150 in rod is

Dl 0.25 in
e = = = 0.001667 in/in
l0 150 in

Now, using the Hook’s law

s = E e = (10x106 psi) (0.001667 in/in) = 16670 psi

Then, the area required to withstand this stress

F 45000 lbs
A0 = = = 2.70 in2
s 16670 psi
Thus, in order to satisfy both the maximum stress and the minimum elongation
requirements, cross-sectional area of the rod must be at least 2.7 in2 , or a minimum
diameter
9/16/2016of 1.85 in. 18
 Materials subject to tension shrink laterally. Those
subject to compression, bulge. The ratio of lateral
and axial strains is called the Poisson's ratio, n.

ex ey d0
n = - e = -
ez di
z

 n is dimensionless, sign shows that lateral strain is

in the opposite sense to longitudinal strain.
Theoretical value for isotropic material: 0.25 z
Maximum value: 0.50, Typical value: 0.24 - 0.30
x
 Many materials are elastically anisotropic.
y
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Problem
A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical
brass rod that has a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the magnitude of
the load required to produce a 2.5x10-3 mm change in diameter if the
deformation is entirely elastic.
Dd -2.5x10-3 mm
ex = - d0
=
10 mm
= -2.5x10-4

ex
d0 = 10 mm ez = - n = -
-2.5x10-4
= 7.35x10-4
Dd = 2.5x10-3 mm 0.34
s = ez E
For brass,
n = 0.34 = (7.35x10-4) (97x103 MPa)
E = 97 GPa = 71.3 Mpa
p d2
F= s A0 = s
4
9/16/2016 = 5600 N 20
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