WCWST Gde 2019

FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT

AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
WATER UTILISATION DIVISION
STUDY MANUAL
CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT WCW 780/787
January 2019
Originally compiled by: Prof. CF Schutte

frik.schutte@gmail.com
Copyright reserved
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I. ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT
1.GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

2.LECTURERS, VENUES AND CONSULTING HOURS
3.STUDY MATERIALS AND PURCHASES
4.LEARNING ACTIVITIES
5.RULES OF ASSESSMENT
PART II. STUDY COMPONENT
1.MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

2.MODULE STRUCTURE
3.GUIDELINES TO THE USE OF THE STUDY THEME SECTIONS
4.STUDY THEMES
4.1 STUDY THEME 1: WATER CHEMISTRY and WATER QUALITY

4.1.1 Introduction and Background
4.1.2 General Water Chemistry
4.1.3 Equilibrium Water Chemistry
4.1.4 Chemistry of the Carbonate System
4.1.5 Drinking Water Quality
4.2 CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT

4.2.1 Process overview
4.2.2 Raw Water Abstraction and Pretreatment
4.2.3 Coagulation and Flocculation
4.2.4 Sedimentation and Flotation
4.2.5 Sand filtration
4.2.6 Chemical Stabilisation
4.2.7 Disinfection
4.2.8 Treatment plant Residuals Management
4.3 ADVANCED PHYSICAL-CHEMICALPROCESSES for WATER

RECLAMATION, DESALINATION and INDUSTRIAL WATER
TREATMENT
4.3.1 Water Reclamation and Reuse
4.3.2 Membrane Processes
4.3.3 Adsorption
4.3.4 Chemical Precipitation and Softening
4.3.5 Ion Exchange and Boiler Feedwater Treatment
2
PART III: CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
1. Block 1 Assignment (Study Themes 1-2)

2. Block 2 Assignment (Study Theme 3)
PART I. ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT
1. GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

The study programs in Water Utilisation aim to equip students with the knowledge and skills to
be effective in the different areas of water and wastewater management and treatment, i.e.
• water quality management

• design of water and wastewater treatment processes
• optimisation of treatment process operation
• management of water and wastewater treatment plants
• research to solve water quality related problems
The module Chemical Water Treatment WCW 780/787 deals with:
• basic water chemistry

• the fundamentals of physical-chemical treatment processes
• fundamentals of process and treatment plant design
• the functioning and operation of physical-chemical treatment processes
• application and optimisation of these processes in drinking and industrial water
treatment, desalination and water reclamation
The module is divided into the following three study themes:
(i) Basic water chemistry

(ii) Conventional drinking water treatment processes
(iii) Advanced treatment processes for water reclamation, desalination and industrial
water treatment
The study material must be mastered by means of self-study. The lectures during block weeks are
used to give a perspective of water chemistry and of physical-chemical treatment processes, to
explain advanced concepts and for discussion of main issues and problems. As a general guideline
it is expected that students should spend a minimum of 320 hours for studying and assignments for
this module. The actual time that is required to complete the module successfully depends on the
abilities and circumstances of each student.
3
2. LECTURER, VENUES AND CONSULTING HOURS
Lecturer:
Dr. Shepherd M Tichapondwa
Room 1-16. Water Utilisation Building 2
South Campus
Tel.: 012 420 3741 / 0796480655

E-mail: Shepherd.Tichapondwa@up.ac.za
Lecture room:
Room 2-4, Building 2, South Campus
Lecture schedule:
Semester Block Date Time

Week
29 January 2019 08:00 - 16:00

Block 1
30 January 2019 08:00 - 16:00
15 April 2019 08:00 - 16:00

Block 2
16 April 2019 08:00 - 16:00
Test 15 April 2019 08:00 - 10:00
Examination 3 June 2019 08:30 - 12:30

Exam Venue: To be announced.
Consulting hours:
Hours for consultation will be announced at the start of the semester. The lecturer is available
during office hours for face-to-face, telephonic or e-mail consultation. It is encouraged that the
students first book for an appointment via e-mail.
3. STUDY MATERIALS:
The study material is contained in the prescribed handbooks:
3.1 AWWA: James K Edwald Ed (2011) Water Quality and Treatment, AWWA, Sixth
Edition, McGraw-Hill
4
3.2 SCH: CF Schutte Ed (2006) Handbook for the Operation of Water Treatment Works:
Water Research Commission
3.3 SAW: CN Sawyer, PL McCarthy & GF Perkin (2003) Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Science, Fifth Ed, McGraw-Hill
3.4 Class notes
3.5 Journal articles
4. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
4.1 Contact time and learning hours
Lectures are presented during two block weeks during the semester with an equivalent of 16 lecture
hours being presented during each block week. This module carries a weight of 32 credits
indicating that on average a student should spend 320 hours to acquire the required knowledge and
master the required skills to successfully complete the module (including time for preparation for
tests and examination).
4.2 Lectures
Lectures focus on providing a perspective of the study area and of specific themes. Brief
explanations of the study material will be given but the main activity during lectures will be to
guide the student to acquire advanced knowledge and skills to evaluate water treatment
requirements, to evaluate the suitability of processes for specific applications, to evaluate process
designs, to do basic process calculations, and to evaluate performance of processes.
4.3 Assignments
Two written assignments constitute the main component of continuous assessment items for this
course. ALL ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE SUBMITTED AS BOTH HARDCOPY AND ON
clickUP. Assignments can be handed in at the Department with Mrs Elmarie Otto, Room 1-24
Building 2, South Campus. Arrangements for alternative means of submission such as postage can
be made with the lecturer.
RULES OF ASSESSMENT:
Pass requirements: In order to pass the module a student must:
1. Obtain a final mark of at least 50%.

2. Obtain a sub-minimum of 40% for the examination mark.
Calculation of the final mark: The final mark is calculated as follows:
Semester mark: 50%

Examination mark: 50% (Duration of the examination is 3 hours).
Calculation of the semester mark: The semester mark is calculated as follows:
5
Test: 60%
Assignment 1: 20%
Assignment 2: 20%
A sub-minimum of 40% for the semester mark is required for allowance to write the examination.
The test during the second block week is a 2-hour closed book test on all the work covered during
the first block week.
The final examination is comprehensive. It covers all the module materials. The examination is a
3 hour closed-book the examination. A reference sheet with required formulae, atomic masses, and
other information will be attached to the examination paper.
On post-graduate level no re-evaluation is allowed (tests or examination).
If a student cannot write a test or examination due to medical reasons, a doctor's certificate must
be submitted to the faculty administration together with an application for a special evaluation in
accordance with Faculty requirements.
No late submission of assignment will be allowed. Only assignments submitted on or before the
due date will be marked.
PART II. STUDY COMPONENT
1. MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING
OUTCOMES 1.1 General objectives
One of the major challenges facing South Africa is the protection and optimal use of its limited
water resources. Physical -chemical treatment processes play a key role both in the protection of
existing water sources as well as production of safe drinking water and industrial water of the
required quality.
The general objectives of this module are:

• to develop an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals of the chemical aspects relevant
to water treatment
• to develop an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals of the chemical treatment
processes
• to develop an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and operation of physical-
chemical treatment processes
• to develop the knowledge and skills required to evaluate treatment requirements and the
suitability of different processes for different situations
• to develop the knowledge and skills required to evaluate process designs
• to develop the knowledge and skills required to evaluate the operational performance of
processes
6
Critical learning outcomes
The following critical outcomes are addressed in this module, i.e. after studying this module
the student will be able to:
• explain the fundamentals of chemical concepts relevant to water treatment and do basic
calculations related to these concepts
• explain the fundamentals of chemical and physical treatment processes and do basic
calculations related to chemical and physical reactions and processes
• explain the mechanisms and operation of chemical and physical treatment processes and do
basic process calculations
• evaluate treatment requirements and evaluate the suitability of different processes for
different situations
• evaluate process designs for different processes and different situations
• do basic design calculations
• evaluate the operational performance of processes, identify potential problems and develop
possible solutions
Prerequisite learning
In all the modules of the honours and masters programmes in Water Utilisation, certain basic skills
are required to perform mass balances and basic problem solving to a greater or lesser extent. It is
assumed that these skills have been acquired by all learners during undergraduate studies. It is
therefore the responsibility of each learner to ensure he/she has the ability to do basic chemical
reaction, calculus, and mass balance calculations. These will be required for general problem
solving in this module. A fairly good summary of most aspects of chemistry and analysis can be
found in:
Himmelblau, D.M. Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. Fourth Edition.
Prentice Hall. Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering calculations, pp. 1 - 65.
1.2 Articulation with other modules in the programme
The course Water Quality Management (WQB 780) combines aspects formerly covered in Water
Quality Management (WQM 780) and Water Quality Assessment (WQA 780). It is recommended
for students unfamiliar with water utilisation engineering aspects to take WQB 780 before enrolling
into either Chemical Water Treatment (WCW) and/or Biological Water Treatment (WBW 780)
(Refer to Figure 1). The latter recommendation does not apply to students from engineering and
other aquatic sciences backgrounds.
7
WQM WQA
WCW 780/7 WQB 780 CEM 780/7
Secondary Treatment Regulatory Frameworks

Biological Unit Processes Pollutant Mass Transport
Kinetics in Open Systems
Primary & Tertiary

Treatment WBW 780/7
Physical Chemical Unit
Operations
CVD 800/7 - CVD 900/7

Figure 1. Module interrelationships
The modules on Chemical Water Treatment (WCW) and Biological Water Treatment (WBW) are
prerequisites for the Master's degree dissertation research in Water Utilisation. Water Quality
Management (WQB) is intended to be a foundational module presenting the fundamental
knowledge for the specialised modules WCW and WBW in both the Water and Environmental
programmes (see Figure 1, above).
2. MODULE STRUCTURE
Note: The national hours include the contact time, as well as the estimated time required for
preparation and completion of all assignments.
Study theme and study units Main Resource Notional Contact

hours hours
1. Water chemistry and drinking water
quality
1.1 General water chemistry SMP Ch 2 20 2

AWWA Ch 3
SCH Ch A3,A4
1.2 Equilibrium water chemistry SMP Ch 4 25 2.5

AWWA Ch 3
SCH Ch
1.3 Drinking water quality AWWA Ch 2 15 1.5

SCH A2
SANS 241
8
2. Conventional drinking water treatment
2.1 Process overview, chemical oxidation and AWWA Ch 5, 7 20 2

pre-treatment
2.2 Coagulation and flocculation AWWA Ch 8

SCH Ch B1 20 2
2.3 Sedimentation and flotation AWWA Ch 9

SCH Ch B2 10 1
2.4 Sand (media) filtration AWWA Ch 10

SCH Ch B3 20 2
2.5 Disinfection AWWA Ch 16, 18

SCH Ch B4 30 3
2.6 Chemical stabilisation SCH Ch B5

15 1.5
2.7 Treatment plant residuals management AWWA Ch 22

SCH Ch 7 15 1.5
3. Advanced physical-chemical processes

for water reclamation, desalination and
industrial water treatment
3.1 Water reclamation overview AWWA Ch 16 10 1

Class notes
3.2 Membrane processes AWWA Ch 11 SCH 60 6

Ch B8
Class notes
3.3 Activated carbon adsorption AWWA Ch 14 20 2
3.4 Chemical precipitation and softening AWWA Ch 13 20 2
3.5 Ion exchange and boiler feedwater AWWA Ch 12 20 2

treatment
Total 320 32
9
3 GUIDELINES TO THE USE OF THE STUDY THEME SECTIONS
The information given in the next sections of this study manual under the various study theme
headings is intended to assist students in their learning, in order to attain the required skills and
learning outcomes in an effective manner. The following specific information items are included
under each of the study theme headings:
3.1 Learning outcomes of the study theme
The given learning outcomes for each study theme are essential to the attainment of the critical
learning outcomes as given in Section 1.4.
3.2 Study units
The title of the study unit and references to appropriate study material are given here. Coverage of
the referenced study material is regarded as the minimum requirement for satisfactory attainment
of the learning outcomes.
3.3 Self study activities
Information is given here on exercises and problems for the study themes, which should be
attempted and which are in accordance with the criteria of assessment of the study theme.
3.4 Assignments for assessment
Information is given here on assignments to be submitted for marking and assessment.
3.5 Criteria of assessment
The criteria of assessment are a list of specific skills that must be mastered by the student in order
to acquire the learning outcomes of the syllabus theme. During assessment (tests and the
examination) students will be evaluated in terms of these criteria.
THE STATEMENTS USED TO DEFINE THE CRITERIA OF ASSESSMENT ARE

CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF A SERIES OF LOWER TO HIGHER ORDER THINKING
SKILLS (COGNITIVE DOMAINS), IN ACCORDANCE WITH BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (BLOOM BS AND KRATHWOHL DR, TAXONOMY
OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES. HANDBOOK 1. COGNITIVE DOMAIN, ADDISON-
WESLEY, 1984):
The characterisation of the cognitive domains is given in the table below.
Cognitive Domain Definition Typical Action Verbs
1. Knowledge Remembering previously Arrange, define, describe, identify,

learned information. label, list, match, name, outline
10
2. Comprehension Understanding the Classify, discuss, estimate, explain,
meaning of information. give example(s), identify, predict,
report, review, select, summarise,
interpret, "in your own words"
3. Application Use the information Apply, calculate, demonstrate,
appropriately in illustrate, interpret, modify,
different situations predict, prepare, produce, solve,
use, manipulate, put into practice
4. Analysis Break the information into Analyse, appraise, calculate,

the component parts and compare, criticise, derive,
see the relationships. differentiate, choose,
distinguish, examine, subdivide,
organise, deduce
5. Synthesis Putting the component parts Assemble, compose, construct,

together to form new create, design, determine, develop,
products and ideas. devise, formulate, propose,
synthesise, plan, discuss, support
6. Evaluation Making judgments of an Appraise, assess, compare,

idea, theory, opinion, conclude, defend, determine,
etc., based on criteria. evaluate, judge, justify,
optimise, predict, criticise
4. STUDY THEMES
4.1 STUDY THEME 1: WATER CHEMISTRY and WATER QUALITY
4.1.1 GENERAL WATER CHEMISTRY
4.1.1.1 Study units

SMP Chapters 1 & 2
AWWA Chapter 3
SCH Chapters A1 - A4
4.1.1.2 Learning outcomes

Cognitive domain 2, 3
At the end of this study theme the student will be able to:
• compile balanced equations of chemical water and wastewater treatment reactions
• do basic calculations from chemical equations and simple mass balances
• explain the concepts of ionisation, complex ions, solubility product, common ion effect,
diverse ion effect and do basic calculations
11
• give and explain ways of shifting chemical equilibrium and how this is applied in treatment
processes
4.1.1.3 Self study activities
− Explain the different chemical concepts which form the basis of relevant water treatment
processes
− Explain how shifting of chemical equilibrium is used in separation and treatment processes
− Calculate dosages for chemical addition to treatment process
− Assess water quality analyses through cation-anion balances
4.1.1.4 Assignments for assessment
Assignment 1.
4.1.1.5 Criteria of assessment
At the end of this study theme the student will be evaluated on:
• the ability to explain different chemical concepts which form the basis of relevant water
treatment processes
• the ability to do calculations of dosages and quantities of chemicals in water treatment
• the ability to assess and evaluate water quality analyses
4.1.2 EQUILIBRIUM WATER CHEMISTRY
4.1.2.1 Study units

SMP Chapter 4
AWWA Chapter 3

Cognitive domain 2, 3, 4
• explain the basic concepts of equilibrium chemistry and discuss and evaluate the limitations
of equilibrium calculations
• explain the concepts of ion activity, activity coefficients and ionic strength and be able to
calculate activity coefficients and ionic strength
• solve equilibrium chemistry problems using spread sheet or similar programs
• evaluate acid-base systems and be able to solve acid-base problems;
• develop, interpret and evaluate pC-pH diagrams, and use them to solve equilibrium
problems
• explain and evaluate the chemical interactions of acid/base addition to a solution and be able
to solve problems involving acid/base additions
• explain and evaluate the concept and functioning of buffers and be able to do basic
calculations on buffers
12
• explain and evaluate the solubility of salts and do basic solubility calculations
• explain the nature and functioning of the carbonate system in water with respect to
stabilisation, softening, CO2 stripping
• explain and evaluate carbonate species equilibrium, alkalinity, acidity and CT , and the
interdependence between mass parameters
− Explain the concepts involved in equilibrium analysis of chemical reactions

− Compile equations for the parameters required to solve equilibrium problems
− Evaluate the role of the carbonate system in water treatment reactions
− Solve equilibrium problems using spreadsheet or similar programs
Assignment 1.
• the ability to explain equilibrium concepts which form the basis of relevant water treatment
processes
• the ability to evaluate the characteristics and effects of the carbonate system in water systems
• the ability to assess the chemical interactions of acid/base addition to a solution
• the ability to explain and evaluate the solubility of salts and to do basic solubility calculations
• the ability to develop, interpret and evaluate pC-pH diagrams, and use them to solve
equilibrium problems
• the ability to explain and evaluate carbonate species equilibrium, alkalinity, acidity and CT ,
and the interdependence between mass parameters
• the ability to assess the solubility behaviour of salts in solution
4.1.3 DRINKING WATER QUALITY
4.1.3.1 Study units

AWWA Chapters 2 & 3 (3.21-3.71) (2.1-2.27)
SCH Chapters 1-4
SANS 241 Drinking water quality

• evaluate water quality parameters relevant to natural and treated water in terms of substance
measured and units of measurement
13
• evaluate natural water quality in terms of treatment requirements to produce water of
specific quality
• discuss and evaluate the factors that affect the quality of surface and underground water
sources
• discuss and evaluate health aspects relevant to drinking water quality
• evaluate the microbiological quality of water
• evaluate the use of indicator organisms in drinking water quality management
• evaluate the chemical health related quality of water
• evaluate measures to ensure drinking water of acceptable quality
• evaluate SA National Standard for Drinking Water SANS 241
− Evaluate different approaches to ensuring drinking water quality

− Evaluate health aspects relevant to drinking water quality
− Evaluate SANS 241 for drinking water quality
− Discuss and evaluate the use of indicator organisms in drinking water quality management
Assignment 1.
• the ability to evaluate drinking water quality in terms of biological and chemical quality
• the ability to evaluate drinking water quality in terms of health aspects
• the ability to evaluate factors that affect water quality in water sources
• the ability to assess natural water quality in terms of treatment requirements to produce water
of the required quality
4.2 STUDY THEME 2: CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
4.2.1 PROCESS OVERVIEW, CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND PRETREATMENT
4.2.1.1 Study units

AWWA Chapters 5, 7
Class notes

Cognitive domain 4-6
• evaluate different processes configurations for different treatment objectives
14
• explain the principles of chemical oxidation-reduction reactions
• give and evaluate different oxidants used in water treatment
• discuss and evaluate the application of oxidation in water treatment for Fe and Mn
removal
• discuss and evaluate the application of oxidation in water treatment for colour removal
and oxidation of organic material
− Evaluate different process configurations for different types of feed water

− Compare different oxidants for different applications in water treatment
− Explain the principles of chemical oxidation-reduction reactions
Assignment 1.
• the ability to explain the principles of chemical oxidation-reduction reactions

• the ability to compare and evaluate different oxidants used in water treatment
• the ability to evaluate different applications of oxidation processes in water treatment
• the ability to evaluate different process configurations for different types of feedwater
• the ability to do calculations of dosages and quantities of chemicals in water treatment
• the ability to assess water quality analyses
4.2.2 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
4.2.2.1 Study units

AWWA Chapter 8
SCH Chapter B1

• describe, explain and evaluate the role of coagulation-flocculation processes in water
treatment
• explain, analyse and evaluate the factors that affect the stability of colloidal suspensions in
water
• describe and evaluate the nature and properties of different coagulants and relevant
destabilisation mechanisms
• discuss and explain the characteristics and functioning of hydrolysing metal salt coagulants
15
• conduct coagulation tests and interpret and evaluate coagulation results and calculate
coagulant dosage rates
• discuss and explain the characteristics and functioning of polyelectrolyte coagulants,
including activated silica
• describe, explain and evaluate the transport mechanisms in the flocculation process,
including the G and Gt values concept
• describe, explain and evaluate the kinetics and functioning of plug-flow flocculation
reactors
− Discuss and explain the nature of colloidal suspensions in water and the role of coagulation to
destabilise such suspensions
− Compare and explain the functioning of different chemical coagulants for different types of
feedwater
− Evaluate the factors that affect the efficiency of different types of coagulants
− Explain and evaluate the transport mechanisms in the flocculation process
Assignment 1.
• the ability to explain, analyse and evaluate the factors that affect the stability of colloidal
suspensions in water
• the ability to describe the nature and properties of different coagulants and explain relevant
destabilisation mechanisms
• the ability to evaluate the functioning and efficiency of different chemical coagulants for
different types of feedwater
• the ability to describe coagulation tests and interpret and evaluate coagulation results and
calculate coagulant dosage rates
• the ability to explain and evaluate the transport mechanisms in the flocculation process,
including the G value concept
• the ability to explain and evaluate the kinetics and functioning of plug-flow flocculation
reactors
4.2.3 SEDIMENTATION AND FLOTATION
4.2.3.1 Study units

AWWA Chapter 9
SCH Chapter B2
16
• discuss and explain sedimentation theory, including discrete particle settling, hindered
settling, fluidisation, inclined settling, floc blanket clarification, and residence time distribution
• describe types and functioning of sedimentation tanks and discuss and evaluate factors
affecting efficiency
• do basic calculations of settling velocity and upflow rates
• discuss and explain the theory of flotation, including mechanisms and different systems
• describe types and functioning of flotation tanks, air saturation systems, and discuss and
evaluate factors affecting performance and efficiency
• discuss and evaluate application of flotation and factors affecting application
• compare and evaluate the application of sedimentation against flotation for different types
of feedwater
− Discuss and explain sedimentation theory and the functioning and efficiency of different
sedimentation configurations
− Discuss and explain flotation theory and the functioning and efficiency of different flotation
configurations
− Discuss and compare the efficiency of sedimentation compared ro flitation for different types
of feedwate
Assignment 1.
• the ability to describe the design and functioning of different sedimentation and flotation
systems
• the ability to explain, analise and evaluate the factors that affect the efficiency of
sedimentation systems
• the ability to explain, analise and evaluate the factors that affect the efficiency of flotation
systems
• the ability to compare and evaluate the application of sedimentation against flotation for
different types of feedwater
4.2.4 SAND (MEDIA) FILTRATION
4.2.4.1 Study units

AWWA Chapter 10
17
SCH Chapter B3

• describe the different types of filters used in water treatment, explain and evaluate
mechanisms, performance, applications and removal of micro-organisms by sand filtration
• describe filter media and discuss properties and perform and evaluate sieve analysis
• explain the theory of flow through porous media
• describe and evaluate rapid granular bed filtration, including filter configurations,
multimedia filters, use of activated carbon in filters, run length, filter construction
• calculate head loss through media, filtration rates, and filter loading rates
• describe and explain the mechanisms of filtration, filter performance, backwashing of filters,
and factors affecting filter performance
• describe the process of direct filtration, including functioning of process and application
• explain the functioning of different flow control systems in filters and their application
• evaluate problems that might occur in filters and rectification thereof
• describe the design and evaluate the functioning of pressure filters and their application
• describe the design and evaluate the functioning of slow sand filters and their application
− Compare the design, functioning and application of different types of media filters
− Describe the operation and control of different designs of sand and multi-media filters
− Describe the functioning of slow sand filters and evaluate their potential application in rural
areas
− Discuss potential operational problems of sand filters and corrective action
Assignment 1.
• the ability to describe, analise and evaluate the functioning and efficiency of sand filters for
turbidity removal
• the ability to explain and evaluate mechanisms, performance, applications and removal of
micro-organisms by sand filtration
• the ability to describe and explain the mechanisms of filtration, filter performance,
backwashing of filters, and factors affecting filter performance
• the ability to describe flow control systems and evaluate performance of systems
• the ability to assess filter media, evaluate media characteristics and describe corrective action
18
• the ability to calculate head loss through media, filtration rates, and filter loading rates
• the ability to identify and evaluate problems that could occur in sand filters and rectification
thereof
4.2.5 DISINFECTION
4.2.5.1 Study units

AWWA Chapters 17, 18, 19
SCH Chapter B4

• describe the characteristics of chlorine and explain its reactions with ammonia, organic
matter, and inorganic compounds
• discuss and explain the characteristics of chlorine dioxide, ozone and ultra violet (UV) as
disinfectants
• explain and evaluate disinfection kinetics, including the CT concept, and calculate survival
rates and kinetic parameters
• describe and evaluate application technologies for the different disinfectants
• discuss and explain the formation of disinfection by-products, evaluate factors affecting
formation, and evaluate measures to control the formation thereof
• compare and and evaluate the application of chlorine, ozone and UV as disinfectants in
drinking water treatment
• compare and evaluate different disinfectants for the protection of distribution systems
against micro-organism growth and contamination
− Discuss and compare the application and effectiveness of chlorine, ozone and UV as
disinfectants in drinking water treatment
− Discuss the formation of disinfection by-products and evaluate measures to control formation
− Explain disinfection kinetics and calculate survival rates and kinetic parameters
Assignment 1.
19
• the ability to describe the chemical characteristics of chlorine and explain its reactions with
ammonia, organic matter, and inorganic sustances in water and assess its effectiveness as
disinfectant
• the ability to describe the characteristics of chlorine dioxide, ozone and ultra violet (UV) and
assess their functioning and effectiveness as disinfectants
• the ability to explain and evaluate disinfection kinetics, including the CT concept, and
calculate survival rates and kinetic parameters
• the ability to explain the formation of disinfection by-products, evaluate factors affecting by-
product formation, and evaluate measures to control the formation thereof
• the ability to describe and evaluate application technologies for the different disinfectants
• the ability to compare and evaluate different disinfectants for the protection of distribution
systems against micro-organism growth and contamination
4.2.6 CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
4.2.6.1 Study units

SCH Chapter B5
Class notes

Cognitive domain 4
Class notes
• explain the quality criteria for chemical stabilization of water
• explain the basic chemistry of stabilization
• explain the control of stabilization in practice
• use the Stasoft program to calculate CCPP levels and chemical additions to stabilize
municipal water
− Discuss and explain the chemical aspects relevant to stabilization

− Evaluate the quality criteria for water of different chemical composition
Assignment 2.
• the ability to give and evaluate the quality criteria for chemical stabilisation of water
20
• the ability to interpret and evaluate results from the Stasoft program to assess the chemical
stability characteristics of water
4.2.7 WATER TREATMENT PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
4.2.7.1 Study units

AWWA Chapter 22
SCH Chapter B7

Cognitive domain 3
• describe the characteristics of residues generated in water treatment
• calculate the quantities of residues generated in water treatment
• describe and evaluate processes for thickening of residues
• describe and evaluate processes for dewatering residues
• describe and evaluate methods for the ultimate disposal of residues
Self study activities
− Classify different types of treatment plant residues

− Compare and contrast management options for handling treatment plant residuals
− Formulate a plausible programme to handle residues from water treatment plant
4.2.4 Assignments for assessment
Assignment 2.
4.2.5 Criteria of assessment
• the ability to explain available residue handling and treatment approaches and processes
• the ability to develop a management and treatment protocol for residues from a water
treatment plant
• the ability to calculate quantities of residues generated and treated in different processes
4.3 STUDY THEME 3: ADVANCED PHYSICAL- CHEMICAL PROCESSES for

WATER RECLAMATION, DESALINATION and INDUSTRIAL WATER
PRODUCTION
4.3.1 WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE
21
4.3.1.1 Study units
AWWA Chapter 16
Class notes

• discuss and explain the factors that play a role in water reclamation and reuse
• discuss and evaluate differences between direct and indirect reuse for drinking water
• evaluate health risks, safety barriers and system reliability
• evaluate process design considerations for reclamation
− Explain the need and discuss the rationale for water reclamation and reuse
− Evaluate health risks associated with reclamation and direct reuse
− Evaluate safety considerations and safety barriers to protect health in direct reuse
Assignment 2.
• the ability to explain health considerations and safety barriers in direct reuse systems
• the ability to evaluate systems for direct and indirect reuse
• the ability to assess quality assurance requirements in reuse
4.3.2 MEMBRANE PROCESSES
4.3.2.1 Study units

AWWA Chapter 11
SCH Chapter B8
Class notes

• explain the differences between the different types of membrane processes
• discuss and evaluate the potential and limitations of the different MP’s for different
applications
22
• describe and explain the structure, materials of construction and configuration of different
membranes and modules
• explain the driving forces and mass transfer involved in the different MP’s
• do basic mass transport and mass balance calculations
• discuss and evaluate the key factors that determine the application of different MP’s
• explain rejection mechanisms of MP’s
• explain the mechanism and functioning of reverse osmosis (RO)
• assess the potential and application of RO for desalination of seawater, brackish water and
industrial water
• evaluate pretreatment requirements for RO
• do basic RO process design calculations
• assess operational performance of RO
• evaluate RO performance in terms of changes in operational parameters
• identify operational problems and corrective actions
− Explain the different MP systems, membranes, modules, components and process designs
− Explain rejection and flux mechanisms for different membranes
− Evaluate energy requirements for different systems
− Evaluate pretreatment requirements for different systems
− Evaluate membrane performance and corrective action procedures

Assignment 2.
• the ability to explain the structure, components, membrane materials and functioning of
different membrane systems
• the ability to evaluate the application and performance of ultrafiltration (UF) systems for
different applications
• the ability to evaluate the application and performance of RO and nanofiltration (NF) systems
for different applications
• the ability to evaluate membrane and plant performance for RO systems
• the ability to evaluate energy requirements for different systems
• the ability to identify and evaluate performance deficiencies and corrective action for RO
systems
• the ability do basic RO process design and pretreatment calculations
23
4.3.3 ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION
4.3.3.1 Study units

AWWA Chapter 14
SCH Chapter B8

• explain adsorption theory and evaluate factors affecting adsorption
• explain the transport mechanisms in adsorption
• evaluate the application of activated carbon adsorption in water reclamation
• evaluate the application of activated carbon adsorption for taste and odour removal in
drinking water treatment
• describe GAC adsorption systems and evaluate the performance of GAC systems
• describe PAC adsorption systems and evaluate the performance of PAC systems
• describe activated carbon regeneration systems
− Explain adsorption phenomena, transport mechanisms and driving forces in activated carbon
adsorption
− Evaluate factors that effect adsorption equilibrium
− Evaluate application of adsorption in water reclamation and drinking water treatment
− Evaluate performance of GAC and PAC systems
Assignment 2.
• the ability to explain adsorption phenomena, transport mechanisms and driving forces in
activated carbon adsorption
• the ability to evaluate factors that effect adsorption equilibrium
• the ability to assess the role application of adsorption in water reclamation
• the ability to evaluate the application of activated carbon adsorption in drinking water
treatment
• the ability to assess the performance of GAC and PAC systems
4.3.4 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION AND SOFTENING
4.3.4.1 Study units
24
AWWA Chapter 13
SCH Chapter B8

• explain the fundamentals of chemical precipitation
• describe and evaluate the functioning of different softening systems
• explain and evaluate the performance and suitability of different softening processes
• do basic dosage and residuals calculations for softening
• explain and evaluate recarbonation and stabilisation of softened water
• do basic dosage and residuals calculations for recarbonation
• explain and evaluate the removal of NOM and other contaminants by precipitation
• evaluate chemical precipitation and softening as cooling water treatment processes
− Explain and apply the different chemical concepts which form the basis of solubility
equilibrium in water treatment processes
− Calculate equilibrium concentrations, dosages and precipitate formation in precipitation
reactions
− Explain and evaluate recarbonation and stabilisation of softened water
− Evaluate chemical precipitation and softening as cooling water treatment processes
− Evaluate the removal of NOM and other contaminants by precipitation
Assignment 2.
• the ability to explain different chemical concepts which form the basis of solubility equilibria
• the ability to explain and evaluate recarbonation and stabilisation of softened water
• the ability to do calculations of dosages, equilibrium concentrations and precipitates formed
in softening
• the ability to evaluate the suitability and performance of different softening processes in
different applications
• the ability to evaluate the removal of NOM and other contaminants by precipitation
4.3.5 ION EXCHANGE AND BOILER FEEDWATER TREATMENT
4.3.5.1 Study units
25
AWWA Chapter 12
SCH Chapter B8

• describe the nature of ion exchange materials, explain the functioning of ion exchange
processes and give relevant reactions
• explain ion exchange equilibrium, do basic equilibrium calculations, and evaluate factors
affecting it
• explain ion exchange kinetics and the functioning of column processes
• describe and explain different regeneration systems for exhausted resin
• evaluate basic ion exchange design considerations
• calculate flow volumes and concentrations of regenerant chemicals and waste produced
• discuss and evaluate the applications of ion exchange processes in drinking water treatment
• explain how fluoride removal is achieved by activated alumina and evaluate factors affecting
it
• describe and explain the different modes of application of ion exchange in softening and
demineralization
• evaluate the applications of ion exchange processes in boiler feedwater treatment
− Explain the chemical concepts involved in ion exchange processes

− Explain and evaluate different ion exchange processes and systems
− Evaluate fluoride removal by ion exchange
− Evaluate the application of demineralisation in boiler feedwater treatment
Assignment 2.
• the ability to explain the chemical concepts involved in ion exchange

• the ability to explain ion exchange kinetics and the factors that affect kinetics and equilibrium
• the ability to do calculations of dosages and quantities of chemicals required in regeneration
of ion exchange resins
• the ability to evaluate the application and performance of ion exchange in different
applications
26
PART III. CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
Assignment 1 (Block 1) Due date: To be announced

Score: 100% (module weight = 10)
Assignment 2 (Block 2) Due date: To be announced

Test Date: 15 April 2019

=====================================
27

WCWST Gde 2019

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCWST Gde 2019

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

WATER UTILISATION DIVISION

CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT WCW 780/787

Originally compiled by: Prof. CF Schutte

PART I. ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT

1.GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

PART II. STUDY COMPONENT

1.MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

4.1 STUDY THEME 1: WATER CHEMISTRY and WATER QUALITY

4.2 CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT

4.3 ADVANCED PHYSICAL-CHEMICALPROCESSES for WATER

1. Block 1 Assignment (Study Themes 1-2)

PART I. ORGANISATIONAL COMPONENT

1. GENERAL PREMISE AND EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

• water quality management

The module Chemical Water Treatment WCW 780/787 deals with:

• basic water chemistry

The module is divided into the following three study themes:

(i) Basic water chemistry

Tel.: 012 420 3741 / 0796480655

Room 2-4, Building 2, South Campus

Semester Block Date Time

29 January 2019 08:00 - 16:00

15 April 2019 08:00 - 16:00

Test 15 April 2019 08:00 - 10:00

Examination 3 June 2019 08:30 - 12:30

The study material is contained in the prescribed handbooks:

4.1 Contact time and learning hours

Pass requirements: In order to pass the module a student must:

1. Obtain a final mark of at least 50%.

Calculation of the final mark: The final mark is calculated as follows:

Semester mark: 50%

Calculation of the semester mark: The semester mark is calculated as follows:

On post-graduate level no re-evaluation is allowed (tests or examination).

PART II. STUDY COMPONENT

1. MODULE OBJECTIVES, ARTICULATION AND LEARNING

OUTCOMES 1.1 General objectives

The general objectives of this module are:

1.2 Articulation with other modules in the programme

WCW 780/7 WQB 780 CEM 780/7

Secondary Treatment Regulatory Frameworks

Primary & Tertiary

CVD 800/7 - CVD 900/7

Study theme and study units Main Resource Notional Contact

1.1 General water chemistry SMP Ch 2 20 2

1.2 Equilibrium water chemistry SMP Ch 4 25 2.5

1.3 Drinking water quality AWWA Ch 2 15 1.5

2.1 Process overview, chemical oxidation and AWWA Ch 5, 7 20 2

2.2 Coagulation and flocculation AWWA Ch 8

2.3 Sedimentation and flotation AWWA Ch 9

2.4 Sand (media) filtration AWWA Ch 10

2.5 Disinfection AWWA Ch 16, 18

2.6 Chemical stabilisation SCH Ch B5

2.7 Treatment plant residuals management AWWA Ch 22

3. Advanced physical-chemical processes

3.1 Water reclamation overview AWWA Ch 16 10 1

3.2 Membrane processes AWWA Ch 11 SCH 60 6

3.3 Activated carbon adsorption AWWA Ch 14 20 2

3.4 Chemical precipitation and softening AWWA Ch 13 20 2

3.5 Ion exchange and boiler feedwater AWWA Ch 12 20 2

3.1 Learning outcomes of the study theme