Steel Beams

UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD
1.2 Member Properties

The required Flexural Strength
𝑀𝑢 = 280 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
The required Shear Strength
𝑉𝑢 = 500 𝑘𝑁
Length
Length Value Unit
L 7 m
Lb 7 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - I PAR 200X1000X6X12

Cross-Section Property Symbol Value Unit
Gross area Ag 10656 mm2
1636287.4
Moment of inertia about major principal axis Ix x103 mm4
9
Moment of inertia about minor principal axis Iy 16017.57 x103 mm4
Radius of gyration about major principal axis rx 391.86 mm
Radius of gyration about minor principal axis ry 38.77 mm
Torsional constant J 301.54 x103 mm4
Warping constant Cw 3904.58 x109 mm6
Elastic section modulus about major axis Sx 3272.57 x103 mm3
Elastic section modulus about minor axis Sy 160.18 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about major axis Zx 3800.06 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about minor axis Zy 248.78 x103 mm3
1.4 Material Properties - A992

Material Property Symbol Value Unit
Modulus of elasticity E 200000 N/mm2
Shear modulus G 77000 N/mm2
Yield strength Fy 345 N/mm2
1.5 Classification of Cross-Section

Flexure – Table B4.1b
Flange
Case 11: Flanges of doubly and singly symmetric I - shaped built - up sections
𝑏 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 12 𝑚𝑚
100
𝜆𝑓 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 8.33
12
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑓 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.15
𝐹𝑦 345
Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

1
UD
𝑘𝑐 = 4 =4 = 0.314
⁄√ℎ ⁄√976
⁄𝑡 ⁄6
𝑤
∵ 𝑘𝑐 < 0.35 ⇒ 𝑘𝑐 = 0.35

𝐹𝐿 = 0.7𝐹𝑦 = 0.7 × 345 = 241.5
𝑘𝑐 𝐸 0.35 × 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 0.95√ = 0.95√ = 16.17
𝐹𝐿 241.5
𝜆𝑓 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑓 → 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
Web
Case 15: Webs of doubly symmetric I-shaped sections
ℎ = 976 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑤 = 6 𝑚𝑚
976
𝜆𝑤 = ℎ⁄𝑡 = = 162.67
𝑤 6
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑤 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.53
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 5.70√ = 5.70√ = 137.24
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑤 > 𝜆𝑟𝑤 → 𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
1.6 Design for Flexure

Flexure about x-Axis (Major Principal Axis)
The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of compression flange
yielding, lateral - torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling
Compression Flange Yielding
ℎ𝑐 𝑡𝑤
𝑎𝑤 = (Spec. Eq. F4-12)
𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑓𝑐
976 × 6
= = 2.44
200 × 12
𝑎𝑤 ℎ𝑐 𝐸
𝑅𝑝𝑔 = 1 − ( − 5.7√ ) ≤ 1.0 (Spec. Eq. F5-6)
1200 + 300𝑎𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
2.44 976 200000

√
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 1 − 1200 + 300(2.44) ( 6 − 5.7 345
) = 0.968 ↣ 𝑅 = 0.968
𝑝𝑔
{ 1.0
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝𝑔 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥𝑐 (Spec. Eq. F5-1)
345 × 3272.57
= 0.968 × = 1092.78 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1000
Compression Flange Local Buckling
For sections with compact flanges, the limit state of compression flange local buckling does not apply.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor
𝐶𝑏 = 1
Limiting laterally unbraced length for limit state of yielding (Lp)
ℎ𝑐 𝑡𝑤
𝑎𝑤 = (Spec. Eq. F4-12)
𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑓𝑐
976 × 6
= = 2.44
200 × 12

2
UD
𝑏𝑓𝑐
𝑟𝑡 =
(Spec. Eq. F4-11)
√12 (1 + 1 𝑎𝑤 )
6
200
= = 48.68 𝑚𝑚
√12 (1 + 1 × 2.44)
6
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.10𝑟𝑡 √ (Spec. Eq. F4-7)
𝐹𝑦
48.68 200000
= 1.10 √ = 1.29 𝑚
1000 345
the limiting unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling (Lr)
𝐸
𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟𝑡 √ (Spec. Eq. F5-5)
0.7𝐹𝑦
48.68 200000
= 𝜋 √ = 4.4 𝑚
1000 0.7 ∙ 345
∵ 𝐿𝑏 (7) > 𝐿𝑟 (4.4)
𝐶𝑏 𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = ≤ 𝐹𝑦
𝐿𝑏 2 (Spec. Eq. F5-4)
( )
𝑟𝑡
1 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 200000
2 = 95.46
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { (7 ∙ 1000) ⇛ 95.46 𝑁/mm2
48.68
345
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥𝑐 (Spec. Eq. F5-2)
95.46 ∙ 3272.57
= 0.968 ∙ = 302.37 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1000
Nominal Flexural Strength
𝑀 = 1092.78
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 𝐶𝐹𝑌 ⇛ 𝑀𝑛 = 302.37 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝐿𝑇𝐵 = 302.37
Available Flexural Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(302.37) = 272.13 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1.7 Design for Shear

Determine the nominal shear strength without tension field action, using AISC Specification Section G2.1.
The web plate shear buckling coefficient, kv, is determined as follows:
For webs with transverse stiffeners
𝑎 1500
∵ = = 1.54 ≤ 3
ℎ 976
5
↪ 𝑘𝑣 = 5 + 2 (Spec. Eq. G2-5)
(𝑎⁄ℎ)
5
= 5 + = 7.12
(1.54)2
ℎ 976 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 7.12 ∙ 200000

∵( = = 162.667) > (1.10√ = 1.10√ = 70.65)
𝑡𝑤 6 𝐹𝑦 345

3
UD
𝑘 𝐸
1.10√ 𝑣 ⁄𝐹
𝑦 (Spec. Eq. G2-4)
↪ 𝐶𝑣1 =
ℎ⁄
𝑡𝑤
1.10√7.12 ∙ 200000⁄345
= = 0.434
162.667
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, area of the web, Aw, is determined as follows:
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑𝑡𝑤 = 1000 ∙ 6 = 6000 mm2
From AISC Specification Section G2.1, the nominal shear strength is:
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣1 (Spec. Eq. G2-1)
345 ∙ 6000
= 0.6 ∙ ∙ 0.434 = 539.47 𝑘𝑁
1000
Determine the nominal shear strength with tension field action, using AISC Specification Section G2.2.
The web shear buckling coefficient, Cv2, is determined as follows:
ℎ 976 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 7.12 ∙ 200000

∵( = = 162.667) > (1.37√ = 1.37√ = 88)
𝑡𝑤 6 𝐹𝑦 345
1.51𝑘𝑣 𝐸
↪ 𝐶𝑣2 = 2 (Spec. Eq. G2-11)
(ℎ⁄𝑡 ) 𝐹𝑦
𝑤
1.51 ∙ 7.12 ∙ 200000
= = 0.235
(162.667)2 ∙ 345
ℎ 976 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 7.12 ∙ 200000

∵( = = 162.667) > (1.10√ = 1.10√ = 70.65)
𝑡𝑤 6 𝐹𝑦 345
𝐴𝑤 6000 ℎ 976
∵ = = 2.5 ≤ 2.5 , = = 4.88 ≤ 6.0
𝐴𝑓 2400 𝑏𝑓 200
1 − 𝐶𝑣2
↪ 𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣2 + (Spec. Eq. G2-7)
2
( 1.15√1 + (𝑎⁄ℎ) )
345 ∙ 6000 1 − 0.235
= 0.6 ∙ (0.235 + ) = 742.75 𝑘𝑁
1000 1.15√1 + (1.537)2
Nominal Shear Strength
(𝑉 ) = 539.47 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑛 𝐺2.1 ⇛ 𝑉𝑛 = 742.75 𝑘𝑁
(𝑉𝑛 )𝐺2.2 = 742.75 𝑘𝑁
Available Shear Strength
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(742.75) = 668.48 𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio
𝐷/𝐶𝑀𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: 1.029 > 1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑘
𝐷/𝐶𝑉𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: 0.748 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘
Transverse Stiffeners Design

Use single plate stiffener with following Properties
bst 95 mm
tst 10 mm
Fyst 345 N/mm2
𝑏𝑓 − 𝑡𝑤 200 − 6
(𝑏𝑠𝑡 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 97 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑏𝑠𝑡 ⋯ 𝒐𝒌
2 2
4
UD
For transverse stiffeners, the following shall apply.
𝐸
∎(𝑏⁄𝑡) ≤ 0.56√ (Spec. Eq. G2-12)
𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑡
𝐸 200000
∵ (𝑏⁄𝑡) = 9.5 , 0.56√ = 0.56√ = 13.48
𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑡 345
𝐸
↪ (𝑏⁄𝑡) ≤ 0.56√ ⟼ 𝒐𝑲
𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑡
∎𝐼𝑠𝑡 ≥ 𝐼𝑠𝑡1
𝑏𝑠𝑡 3 . 𝑡𝑠𝑡
𝐼𝑠𝑡 =
3
953 ∙ 10
= = 2857.92 mm4 × 103
3 ∙ 1000
𝐹𝑦𝑤 345
= =1
𝜌𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑓 { 𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑡 345 ⟹ 𝜌𝑠𝑡 = 1
1
ℎ4 . 𝜌𝑠𝑡 1.3 𝐹𝑦𝑤 1.5
𝐼𝑠𝑡1 = ( ) (Spec. Eq. G2-14)
40 𝐸
9764 ∙ 11.3 345 1.5
= ( ) = 1625.26 mm4 × 103
40 ∙ 1000 200000
∵ (𝐼𝑠𝑡 = 2857.92 × 103 mm4 ) ≥ (𝐼𝑠𝑡1 = 1625.26 × 103 mm4 ) ⋯ 𝒐𝒌

5
UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

𝑀𝑢 = 500 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 500 𝑘𝑁
Length
Length Value Unit
L 7 m
Lb 7 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - UB 533 x 210 x 122

Gross area Ag 15546.14 mm2
Moment of inertia about major principal axis Ix 760828.11 x103 mm4


Flange
Case 10: Flanges of rolled I-shaped sections
𝑏 = 105.95 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 21.3 𝑚𝑚
105.95
𝜆𝑓 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 4.97
21.3
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑓 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.15
𝐹𝑦 345

1
UD
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 1.0√ = 1.0√ = 24.08
𝐹𝑦 345
Web
Case 15: Webs of doubly symmetric I-shaped sections
ℎ = 475.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑤 = 12.7 𝑚𝑚
475.9
𝜆𝑤 = ℎ⁄𝑡 = = 37.47
𝑤 12.7
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑤 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.53
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 5.70√ = 5.70√ = 137.24
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑤 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑤 → 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and lateral - torsional buckling.
Yielding
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 (Spec. Eq. F2-1)
(345)(3197.23)
= = 1103.04 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
𝐶𝑏 = 1
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦 √ (Spec. Eq. F2-5)
𝐹𝑦
46.68 200000
= 1.76 √ = 1.98 𝑚
1000 345
√𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤
𝑟𝑡𝑠2 = (Spec. Eq. F2-7)
𝑆𝑥
√(33875.97)(2311.51 × 109 )
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = √ = 56.27 𝑚𝑚
2794.59
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐼 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠 ⟼ 𝑐 = 1 (Spec. Eq. F2-8a)
𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2 (Spec. Eq. F2-6)

𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ + √( ) + 6.76 ( )
0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸

2 2
(56.27) 200000 (1788.85)(1) (1788.85)(1) (0.7)(345)
= 1.95 √ + √( ) + 6.76 ( )
1000 0.7(345) (2794.59)(523.2) (2794.59)(523.2) 200000
= 6.16 𝑚
2
UD
∵ 𝐿𝑏 (7) > 𝐿𝑟 (6.16)
𝐶𝑏 𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐿𝑏 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = √1 + 0.078 ( ) (Spec. Eq. F2-4)
𝐿𝑏 2 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
( )
𝑟𝑡𝑠
1 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 200000 1788.85 ∙ 1 7 ∙ 1000 2

= √1 + 0.078 ( ) = 200.75 𝑁/mm2
7 ∙ 1000 2 2794.59 ∙ 523.2 56.27
()
56.27
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 (Spec. Eq. F2-3)
200.75 ∙ 2794.59
= { = 561.01 ⇛ 561.01 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1000
1103.04
𝑀 = 1103.04
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑌 ⇛ 𝑀𝑛 = 561.01 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝐿𝑇𝐵 = 561.01
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(561.01) = 504.91 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

For webs of rolled I-shaped members with
ℎ 475.9 𝐸 200000
∵( = = 37.472) ≤ (2.24√ = 2.24√ = 53.93)
𝑡𝑤 12.7 𝐹𝑦 345
↪ 𝐶𝑣1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-2)

𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑𝑡𝑤 = 544.5 ∙ 12.7 = 6915.15 mm2
345 ∙ 6915.15
= 0.6 ∙ ∙ 1 = 1431.44 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝑉𝑛 = 1431.44 𝑘𝑁
𝜙𝑐 = 1.00
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 1.00(1431.44) = 1431.44 𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio
𝐷/𝐶𝑀𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: 0.99 ≤ 1 ⋯ 𝑜𝑘

3
UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

𝑀𝑢 = 200 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 50 𝑘𝑁
Length
Length Value Unit
L 3 m
Lb 3 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - UPE 360

Horizontal distance from Channel edge to
x 29.701 mm
member centroidal axis
Horizontal distance from Channel Edge to
eo 31.464 mm
member shear center


Flange
Case 10: Flanges of channels
𝑏 = 110 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 17 𝑚𝑚
110
𝜆𝑓 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 6.47
17

1
UD
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑓 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.15
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 1.0√ = 1.0√ = 24.08
𝐹𝑦 345
Web
Case 15: Webs of channels
ℎ = 290 𝑚𝑚
290
𝜆𝑤 = ℎ⁄𝑡 = = 24.17
𝑤 12
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑤 = 3.76√ = 3.76√ = 90.53
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑤 = 5.70√ = 5.70√ = 137.24
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑤 ≤ 𝜆𝑝𝑤 → 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and lateral - torsional buckling.
Yielding
(345)(982.35)
= = 338.91 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
𝐶𝑏 = 1
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦 √ (Spec. Eq. F2-5)
𝐹𝑦
32.91 200000
= 1.76 √ = 1.39 𝑚
1000 345
√𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤
𝑟𝑡𝑠2 = (Spec. Eq. F2-7)
𝑆𝑥
√(8436.98)(172.35 × 109 )
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = √ = 38.26 𝑚𝑚
823.63
ℎ𝑜 𝐼𝑦
𝑐= √ (Spec. Eq. F2-8b)
2 𝐶𝑤
343 8436.98 × 103

= √ = 1.2
2 172.35 × 109

2
UD
𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2 (Spec. Eq. F2-6)

𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ + √( ) + 6.76 ( )
0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸
2 2
(38.26) 200000 (584.95)(1.2) (584.95)(1.2) (0.7)(345)
= 1.95 √ + √( ) + 6.76 ( )
1000 0.7(345) (823.63)(343) (823.63)(343) 200000
= 4.98 𝑚
∵ 𝐿𝑝 (1.39) < 𝐿𝑏 (3) ≤ 𝐿𝑟 (4.98)
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 (𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )) ≤ 𝑀𝑝 (Spec. Eq. F2-2)
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝
345 ∙ 823.63 3 − 1.39
1 (338.91 − (338.91 − 0.7 )( )) = 276.17
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 1000 4.98 − 1.39
338.91
⇛ 276.17 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀 = 338.91
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑌 ⇛ 𝑀𝑛 = 276.17 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝐿𝑇𝐵 = 276.17
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(276.17) = 248.55 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

The web plate shear buckling coefficient, kv, is determined as follows:
For webs without transverse stiffeners
↪ 𝑘𝑣 = 5.34
For all other I-shaped members and channels
ℎ 290 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 5.34 ∙ 200000

∵( = = 24.167) ≤ (1.10√ = 1.10√ = 61.2)
𝑡𝑤 12 𝐹𝑦 345
↪ 𝐶𝑣1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-3)

𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑𝑡𝑤 = 360 ∙ 12 = 4320 mm2
345 ∙ 4320
= 0.6 ∙ ∙ 1 = 894.24 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(894.24) = 804.82 𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio

3
UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

𝑀𝑢 = 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Length
Length Value Unit
L 3 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - RHS 260 X 140 X 5

Elastic section modulus about major axis Sx 267 x103 mm3


Horizontal Wall
Case 17: Flanges of rectangular HSS
𝑏 = 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑚
120
𝜆 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 24
5
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝 = 1.12√ = 1.12√ = 26.97
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟 = 1.40√ = 1.40√ = 33.71
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 → 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
1
UD
Vertical Wall
Case 19: Webs of rectangular HSS and box sections
ℎ = 240 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑚
240
𝜆 = ℎ⁄𝑡 = = 48
5
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝 = 2.42√ = 2.42√ = 58.27
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟 = 5.70√ = 5.70√ = 137.24
𝐹𝑦 345

Flexure about x-Axis
The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of yielding(plastic
moment), flange local buckling, web local buckling, and lateral - torsional buckling under pure flexure.
Yielding
(345)(326.44)
= = 112.62 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1000
Flange Local Buckling
For compact sections, the limit state of flange local buckling does not apply.
Web Local Buckling
For compact sections, the limit state of web local buckling does not apply.
Because the beam is continuously braced, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑌 = 112.62 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(112.62) = 101.36 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

The nominal shear strength can be determined from AISC Specification Section G4 as follows:
↪ 𝑘𝑣 = 5.0
The web shear buckling coefficient, Cv2, is determined as follows:
ℎ 240 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 5 ∙ 200000
∵( = = 48) ≤ (1.10√ = 1.10√ = 59.22)
𝑡 5 𝐹𝑦 345
↪ 𝐶𝑣2 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-9)

𝐴𝑤 = 2ℎ𝑡 = 2 ∙ 240 ∙ 5 = 2400 mm2
345 ∙ 2400
= 0.6 ∙ ∙ 1 = 496.8 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(496.8) = 447.12 𝑘𝑁

2
UD
Design Ratio

3
UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

𝑀𝑢 = 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Length
Length Value Unit
L 3 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - UBT 305 X 178 X 41

Cross - Section Property Symbol Value Unit
Vertical distance from Top edge to member
y 88.812 mm
centroidal axis
Elastic section modulus about X-axis Sx 230.35 x103 mm3
Elastic section modulus about Y-axis Sy 67.92 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about X-axis Zx 416.9 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus about Y-axis Zy 109.13 x103 mm3


Flange
Case 10: flanges of tees
𝑏 = 89 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 12.8 𝑚𝑚
89
𝜆𝑓 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 6.95
12.8
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑓 = 0.38√ = 0.38√ = 9.15
𝐹𝑦 345

1
UD
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑓 = 1.0√ = 1.0√ = 24.08
𝐹𝑦 345
Stem
Case 14: Stems of tees
𝑑 = 299.5 𝑚𝑚
299.5
𝜆𝑑 = 𝑑⁄𝑡 = = 29.95
𝑤 10
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝𝑑 = 0.84√ = 0.84√ = 20.22
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟𝑑 = 1.52√ = 1.52√ = 36.6
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑝𝑑 < 𝜆𝑑 ≤ 𝜆𝑟𝑑 → 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

moment), lateral - torsional buckling, flange local buckling, and local buckling of tee stems
Yielding
𝑀𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 (Spec. Eq. F9-3)
(345)(230.35)
= = 79.47 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
For tee stems and web legs in tension
𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 ≤ 1.6𝑀𝑦 (Spec. Eq. F9-2)
345 ∙ 416.9
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 1000 = 143.83 ⇛ 𝑀 = 127.15 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑝
1.6 ∙ 79.47 = 127.15
→
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 (Spec. Eq. F9-1)
= 127.15 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Flange Local Buckling of Tees
For sections with a compact flange in flexural compression, the limit state of flange local buckling does not apply.
Local Buckling of Tee Stems
for tee stems in tension,the limit state of Local Buckling of Tee Stems does not apply
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑌 = 127.15 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(127.15) = 114.44 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

From AISC Specification Section G3:
𝑘𝑣 = 1.20
Determine Cv2 from AISC Specification Section G2.2.

2
UD
𝑘𝑣 𝐸 𝑑 𝑘𝑣 𝐸
∵ (1.10√ = 29.01) < ( = 29.95) ≤ (1.37√ = 36.13)
𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
𝑘 𝐸
1.10√ 𝑣 ⁄𝐹
𝑦 (Spec. Eq. G2-10)
↪ 𝐶𝑣2 =
𝑑⁄
𝑡𝑤
1.10√1.2 ∙ 200000⁄345
= = 0.969
29.95
From AISC Specification Section G3, the nominal shear strength is:
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑡𝑤 𝐶𝑣2 (Spec. Eq. G3-1)
345 ∙ 299.5 ∙ 10
= 0.6 ∙ ∙ 0.969 = 600.56 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(600.56) = 540.51 𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio

3
UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

𝑀𝑢 = 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Length
Length Value Unit
L 3 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - L 200 x 200 x 22

Cross - Section Property Symbol Value Unit
Moment of inertia about X-axis Ix 30941.43 x103 mm4
Moment of inertia about Y-axis Iy 30941.43 x103 mm4
Product Second Moment of Area Ixy -18193.59 x103 mm4
Moment of inertia about major principal axis Iw 49135.02 x103 mm4
Moment of inertia about minor principal axis Iz 12747.84 x103 mm4
Radius of gyration about X-axis rx 60.87 mm
Radius of gyration about Y-axis ry 60.87 mm
Radius of gyration about major principal axis rw 76.71 mm
Radius of gyration about minor principal axis rz 39.07 mm
Horizontal distance from Member edge to
x 57.611 mm
Vertical distance from Member edge to
y 57.611 mm
Elastic section modulus about X-axis Sx 217.3 x103 mm3
Elastic section modulus about Y-axis Sy 217.3 x103 mm3


Flange
Case 12: Legs of single angles
𝑏 = 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 22 𝑚𝑚
200
𝜆 = 𝑏⁄𝑡 = = 9.09
22
1
UD
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝 = 0.54√ = 0.54√ = 13
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟 = 0.91√ = 0.91√ = 21.91
𝐹𝑦 345

moment), lateral - torsional buckling, and leg local buckling.
Yielding
𝑀𝑛 = 1.5𝑀𝑦 = 1.5𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 (Spec. Eq. F10-1)
(345)(217.3)
= 1.5 = 112.45 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
Leg Local Buckling
The limit state of leg local buckling applies when the toe of the leg is in compression.
For compact sections, the limit state of leg local buckling does not apply.
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑌 = 112.45 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(112.45) = 101.21 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

From AISC Specification Section G3:
𝑘𝑣 = 1.20
Determine Cv2 from AISC Specification Section G2.2.
𝑏 200 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 1.2 ∙ 200000

∵( = = 9.091) ≤ (1.10√ = 1.10√ = 29.01)
𝑡 22 𝐹𝑦 345
↪ 𝐶𝑣2 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-9)

From AISC Specification Section G3, the nominal shear strength is:
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝑏𝑡𝐶𝑣2 (Spec. Eq. G3-1)
345 ∙ 200 ∙ 22
= 0.6 ∙ ∙ 1 = 910.8 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(910.8) = 819.72 𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio

2
UD
Member B1
1.1 Design Code
AISC 360-16-LRFD

𝑀𝑢 = 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Length
Length Value Unit
L 3 m
Lv 1 m
1.3 Cross Section Properties - CHS 273 X 5

Moment of inertia I 37808.15 x103 mm4
Radius of gyration r 94.77 mm
Elastic section modulus S 276.98 x103 mm3
Plastic section modulus Z 359.16 x103 mm3


Case 20: Round HSS
𝐷 = 273 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑚
273
𝜆 = 𝐷⁄𝑡 = = 54.6
5
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑝 = 0.07 = 0.07 = 40.58
𝐹𝑦 345
𝐸 200000
𝜆𝑟 = 0.31 = 0.31 = 179.71
𝐹𝑦 345
𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑟 → 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡

The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding(plastic
moment) and local buckling.
Yielding
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍 (Spec. Eq. F8-1)
1
UD
(345)(359.16)
= = 123.91 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1000
Local Buckling
0.021𝐸
𝑀𝑛 = ( + 𝐹𝑦 ) 𝑆 (Spec. Eq. F8-2)
𝐷
( )
𝑡
0.021 ∙ 200000 276.98
= ( + 345) = 116.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
(54.6) 1000
𝑀 = 123.91
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑌 ⇛ 𝑀𝑛 = 116.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝐿𝐵 = 116.87
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(116.87) = 105.18 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

The nominal strength can be determined from AISC Specification Section G5, as follows:
1.60𝐸
5
(𝐺5 − 2𝑎)
𝐿
√ 𝑣( ) 𝐷 4
𝐷 𝑡
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑓
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 0.78𝐸
3
(𝐺5 − 2𝑏)
𝐷 2
{ (𝑡)
{ 0.6𝐹𝑦
1.60 ∙ 200000
= 3062.24 𝑁/mm2
5
√1 ∙ 1000 (54.6)4
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑓 273
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 0.78 ∙ 200000 ⇛ 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 207 𝑁/mm2
2
3 = 2857.14 𝑁/mm
{ (54.6)2
{ 0.6 ∙ 345 = 207 𝑁/mm2
𝐹 𝐴
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑐𝑟 𝑔⁄2 (Spec. Eq. G5-1)
207 ∙ 4209.73
= = 435.71 𝑘𝑁
2 ∙ 1000
𝜙𝑐 = 0.90
𝜙𝑐 𝑉𝑛 = 0.90(435.71) = 392.14 𝑘𝑁
Design Ratio

2

Steel Beams

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UD

1.2 Member Properties

1.3 Cross Section Properties - I PAR 200X1000X6X12

1.4 Material Properties - A992

1.5 Classification of Cross-Section

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∵ 𝑘𝑐 < 0.35 ⇒ 𝑘𝑐 = 0.35

1.6 Design for Flexure

2.44 976 200000

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1.7 Design for Shear

ℎ 976 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 7.12 ∙ 200000

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

ℎ 976 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 7.12 ∙ 200000

ℎ 976 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 7.12 ∙ 200000

Transverse Stiffeners Design

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1.2 Member Properties

1.3 Cross Section Properties - UB 533 x 210 x 122

1.4 Material Properties - A992

1.5 Classification of Cross-Section

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1.6 Design for Flexure

𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2 (Spec. Eq. F2-6)

1 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 200000 1788.85 ∙ 1 7 ∙ 1000 2

1.7 Design for Shear

↪ 𝐶𝑣1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-2)

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1.2 Member Properties

1.3 Cross Section Properties - UPE 360

1.4 Material Properties - A992

1.5 Classification of Cross-Section

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

1.6 Design for Flexure

343 8436.98 × 103

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𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2 (Spec. Eq. F2-6)

1.7 Design for Shear

ℎ 290 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 5.34 ∙ 200000

↪ 𝐶𝑣1 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-3)

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1.2 Member Properties

1.3 Cross Section Properties - RHS 260 X 140 X 5

1.4 Material Properties - A992

1.5 Classification of Cross-Section

1.6 Design for Flexure

1.7 Design for Shear

↪ 𝐶𝑣2 = 1.0 (Spec. Eq. G2-9)

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

1.2 Member Properties

1.3 Cross Section Properties - UBT 305 X 178 X 41

1.4 Material Properties - A992

1.5 Classification of Cross-Section

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

1.6 Design for Flexure

1.7 Design for Shear

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

Ultimate Design 2021 UltimateDesignMA@gmail.com

1.2 Member Properties

1.3 Cross Section Properties - L 200 x 200 x 22

1.4 Material Properties - A992

1.5 Classification of Cross-Section