Charge And its Unit Atom

Electrons

Electrons
Protons

Protons

Neutrons
Quantization of Charges

Electrons Protons
Measuring charge

Integers

Charge is additive in nature

Conservation of charge
Isolated
Conservation of charge
Isolated

A Charge can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can

only be transferred from one body to another
Dimensional Analysis
 Classification of materials

Conductors Insulators
Conductors are material that Insulators are material that
permits electron to flow freely hinder the flow of electron
from one particle to particle. from one particle to another.

Example: Example:

Gold Steel Wood Rubber

Methods of Charging a Body

Neutral body

In contact
Methods of Charging a Body

Positively charged body due to conduction

Body’s charge is same as that of source.

 Methods of Charging a Body

Neutral body
Not in contact
Methods of Charging a Body

Induced negative charge

Body’s charge is opposite to that of source.

Ground
 Charging of Insulators

Silk (more electronegative) Glass (less electronegative)

Charging of Insulators
 Charging of Insulators

Silk (more electronegative) Glass (less electronegative)

Negatively charged Positively charged

When two bodies are rubbed against each other,

electrons gets transferred from one body to another.
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s Law in vector form
Coulomb’s Law in vector form

Thus, Coulomb’s law agrees with Newton’s third law

QUESTION

NEET 2019
 Initially

SOLUTION
QUESTION
QUESTION

AIPMT 2013
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
QUESTION
 Limitations of Coulomb’s law
It is difficult to apply coulomb’s law when charges
are in arbitrary shape.

Not valid for charges in motion

Charges must be point charges (i.e. extension

of charges must be much smaller than the
separation between the charges).

Separation must be greater than nuclear size

Principle of Superposition
 Analysis of Equilibrium
Stable equilibrium: When a particle is displaced slightly from a position and net force acting on it
brings it back to the initial position, it is said to be in stable equilibrium.
 Analysis of Equilibrium

Unstable equilibrium: When a particle is displaced slightly from a position and the force acting
on it tries to displace the particle further away from the equilibrium position, it is said to be in
unstable equilibrium.
 Analysis of Equilibrium

Conditions for equilibrium of three charge particles:

The three charges must be collinear.

The three charges must not be of same sign.

The three charges must not be of same magnitude.

The equilibrium will always be unstable in nature.

QUESTION
SOLUTION
QUESTION
QUESTION
SOLUTION
QUESTION