Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Economist 21 - 05 - 22 (Grafenos)
The Economist 21 - 05 - 22 (Grafenos)
012
72 Science & technology The Economist May 21st 2022
30 years before they began to be used in discarded food, old tyres and mixedplas
significant quantities in aircraft and cars. Building pollution tic waste.
Graphene is now moving in that direction. CO2 emissions per $ of revenue, kg To carry out the conversion, Dr Tour us
According to estimates by idTechEx, a firm Global production, selected industries, 2017 es a method called the “flash” process that
of analysts based in Cambridge, the world’s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
his team have developed. This employs a
annual production capacity of the material specially designed reaction chamber in
was less than 3,000 tonnes in the first Cement which a carboncontaining material is
quarter of 2019. By the first quarter of this Iron and steel sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
year, that figure had more than quadru Highenergy pulses of electricity are then
pled, to 12,700 tonnes. Oil and gas used to create a rapid rise in temperature to
Novel production methods, such as Le 2,700°C. In only a second or so, this results
Mining
vidian Nanosystems’ and others being de in a sudden flash of light (hence the name)
veloped around the world, are assisting Chemicals caused by the release of energy as mole
this growth. Besides methane, graphene is Source: McKinsey
cules in the material disintegrate.
being made from an increasing range of Any substances that are not carbon are
materials, including waste and discarded vaporised into a gas, which can be collect
mixed plastics, which otherwise might of the reaction chamber) and highquality ed, cleaned and used in other processes.
end up in landfill. This avoids “exfoliating” graphene (which collects at the bottom). What remains is a form of graphene called
mined graphite, which at present is the The process does not rely on any catalysts. turbostratic. This consists of a number of
dominant manufacturing process. The idea is that loop can be used to layers misaligned with one another. That
Graphite, the common form of crystal strip carbon from methane gas flows, such misalignment, however, is a useful feature
line carbon (the rarer one being diamond) as those found in various industrial pro because it allows the layers to be more eas
is, in essence, a lot of layers of graphene cesses, watertreatment plants and biogas ily separated when the stuff is mixed into
piled on top of one another. Indeed, to reactors, as well as oil wells and landfill other materials. With graphene, the fewer
make their discovery, Dr Geim and Dr No sites. That gets rid of methane, a potent the layers the more powerful are the bene
voselov simply used sticky tape to peel in pollutant, without generating CO2—which fits bestowed.
dividual layers away from a graphite block. would be an inevitable outcome if the
As that is a bit too tedious for industrial methane were, instead, burned. The hy Fixing concrete cracks
use, various chemical and mechanical drogen that is made can then be burned as One mixture in which Dr Tour is particular
methods have been developed to speed fuel without producing any greenhouse ly interested in is concrete, some 30bn
things up. gases and the graphene sold for other ap tonnes of which are poured every year. The
Two of the world’s biggest suppliers, for plications, such as an additive to toughen addition of a small amount of graphene to
example, use proprietary waterbased pro anticorrosion paint—in exactly the same concrete provides an anchor for the ce
cesses to do the exfoliation. NanoXplore, way that the grey paint used to protect Le ment in it to grab onto, resulting in a more
in Montreal, Canada, recently upped its ca vidian’s shipping container from the ele powerful interaction as the concrete cures.
pacity to 4,000 tonnes a year, and Sixth El ments has been treated. This means not only that less concrete is
ement Materials Technology, a firm based Although Levidian began as a graphene needed to achieve the same level of
in Changzhou, China, plans to expand its producer, it now sees its role as providing a strength, but also that structures made of it
1,000tonne annual capacity. decarbonisation service. The loop system are likely to last longer. Grapheneen
is being tested by Britain’s National Grid, hancement would also protect rebar, the
Out of the mine which is responsible for the distribution of steel rods used to reinforce concrete, from
The various grades of graphene produced the country’s gas and electricity, to boost moisture. If water creeps into tiny cracks in
by exfoliation are not necessarily green, the amount of hydrogen in the gas supply. concrete it can cause rebar to rust and ex
though. Graphite is not a renewable re The main ingredient of natural gas is pand, which results in concrete crumbling
source and it has to be mined, which can be methane, and decarbonising it in this way and sometimes in buildings collapsing.
environmentally damaging. As an alterna can produce up to a 40% reduction in CO2 In certain cases, indeed, the use of rebar
tive some producers obtain their feedstock emissions when the gas is subsequently in construction might be avoided altogeth
elsewhere. This can be as organic com burnt, according to John Hartley, Levi er, saving costs and the emissions involved
pounds in gaseous form, such as methane, dian’s boss. As for the graphene, National in producing the steel from which it is
or as liquids like ethanol, an alcohol that Grid plans to use that to reinforce its pipe made. Last year, a team from the University
can be made from plant matter. These are lines so that they can carry more hydrogen. of Manchester, working with Nationwide
used in chemical vapour deposition (cvd), Depending on the source of the meth Engineering, a British construction com
a long established industrial process. cvd ane, Levidian claims the loop process has pany, used graphene to enhance the con
relies on a chemical reaction, sometimes both a lower cost and a lower environmen crete floor of a new gymnasium in Ames
in combination with heat and a catalyst, to tal impact than other means of making hy bury, in southern England, avoiding the
deposit carbon atoms turned into a vapour drogen—in particular, steam reformation, need for rebar. This reduced the amount of
onto a substrate, such as copper or nickel. which generates a lot of CO2. In fact, at cur material that would otherwise be required
The substrate can then be removed, if de rent market prices, the sale of the graphene by nearly a third, resulting in a similar sav
sired, and the graphene recovered. produced means the hydrogen comes free. ing in CO2 emissions.
Levidian Nanosystems employs yet an In time, the company hopes the loop pro Another hazard to concrete is chlorine,
other approach, which it calls loop. This cess can be scaled up to become a big pro which is found in seawater and is particu
process uses microwaves to turn methane ducer of the gas. larly corrosive. Sixth Element says it has
(a molecule composed of a carbon atom James Tour and his colleagues at Rice found the addition of just 0.005% of gra
and four hydrogens) into a plasma by strip University in Houston, Texas, have cast phene to marine cement enhances its re
ping electrons from its molecules. This their net even wider in the search for alter sistance to chlorine by 40%.
causes the chemical bonds holding the native feedstocks to make graphene. So far, It might even be possible to build with
molecule together to break, thus creating they have successfully tried coal, petro out concrete by adding graphene to com
hydrogen (which is extracted from the top leum coke (a byproduct of oilrefining), posite materials made from wood and po
012
The Economist May 21st 2022 Science & technology 73
012