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ü Prime movers
ü Excitation system
ü Voltage regulation
ü Cooling systems etc
Thus protection of generator must consider the presence of
these other equipment also.
1. Stator faults
2. Rotor faults
3. Abnormal running conditions
1. Stator faults
A. Phase to ground faults
B. Phase to phase faults
C. Stator inter-turn faults
b. Over speeding
f. loss of excitation
The loss of excitation or reduced excitation is possible due to the field
failure (opening of Field winding or due to short circuit in field )
The failure of cooling system also causes sever overheating to rise the
temperature above safe limit it may lead insulation failure.
1. Differential protection
2. Inter-turn fault protection
3. Stator earth fault protection
4. Over current & earth fault protection
5. Rotor earth fault protection
6. Reverse power protection
7. Field failure protection
8. Negative phase-sequence protection
9. Over load protection
10. Over voltage protection
11. Pole slipping protection
12. Back up impedance protection
13. Under frequency protection
Cases & Consequences of Stator Insulation Failure
Ø The produced fault current does not affect the entering and
leaving current to the CTs .
Earth faults are not likely occur near the neutral point due to
less voltage with respect to earth
For an internal line to line faults, no CT is energized and hence the relay
does not operate. However, in most cases, the internal line-to-line faults
develop into earth faults. Under these circumstances, the relay will
operate as the neutral side CT will be more energized.
Figure: Overcurrent & Earth fault protection of generator.
In such a case, the relay have to be actuated by the short
circuit current supplied by the system.
Such protection (by o/c and e/f relay) is ineffective when the
main breaker is open or if the system has no other generating
source.
The relay detects the earth faults for most of the rotor circuit.
Reverse power protection is provide against the failure of
prime mover of an alternator.
ü loss of synchronism
ü Slightly increase the generator speed.