TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

TIRUNELVELI MEDICAL COLLEGE

FIRST MBBS
QUESTION BANK
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

INSTRUCTIONS
 TYTANREIGNZ'19 Question bank is based on new curriculum of first year
MBBS where Essay(15 marks) and Short notes(5 marks) are included
 It covers almost all the Questions of previous University exams and the
possible questions that might be asked in the future.
 As per the new curriculum, case based questions are quite popular, the
students are asked to study the topics along with the Applied aspects and
remember the differentiating symptoms

TIME MANAGEMENT IN YOUR EXAM

ESSAY - 40 mins for each question = 80 mins

SHORT NOTES -7 mins for each question = 70 mins

MCQs - 1 min for 1 question = 20 mins

REVISION = 10 mins

 A good presentation along with sufficient content can fetch you good marks
Draw diagrams , flowcharts and cycles and make your presentation as
attractive as possible.

ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR

EXAMS!!!
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

HUMAN ANATOMY
PAPER I
General Anatomy 2

'19
General Embryology 2

General Histology 3

NZ
Upper Limb 4

Lower Limb 6

Abdomen and Pelvis

IG 7
RE
(Along with related Embryology and Related Histology)

PAPER II
N

Genetics 10
TA

Thorax 10

Head and Neck 11

TY

Neuroanatomy 14

(Along with related Embryology and Related Histology)

11
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GENERAL ANATOMY
SHORT NOTES
1.Blood supply of a long bone ***
2.Nutrient artery **
3.Cartilaginous joint *

19
4.Types of synovial joint **
5.Pivot joint *
6.Syndesmosis **

Z'
7.Classification of joints with examples ***
8.Functions & Classification of bones *

GN
9. Classification of cartilage with examples
10. Sesamoid bone *
11.Types of ossification
12.Skin
EI
EMBRYOLOGY
NR

ESSAY
1. Describe in detail the congenital anomalies of the heart. *
SHORT NOTES
TA

1.Spermatogenesis*
2.Oogenesis with diagram
3.Menstrual cycle*
TY

4.Resuts of fertilization(First week development)

5.2nd week development**
6.Primitive streak** (3rd week development)
7.Yolk sac***
8.Derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch**
9. Derivatives of 2nd pharyngeal arch**
10.Development of thyroid gland

22
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11. Development of face and its anomalies

12.Development of tongue****
13. Development of palatine tonsil
14. Development of pancreas**
15.Midgut rotation**
16. Fate of aortic arches
17. Congenital anomalies of kidney

19
18. Development of atria
19. Development of kidney*

Z'
20. Development of diaphragm*
21. Development of interatrial septum**

GN
22. Development of urinary bladder**
23.Paramesonephric duct
24.Structure of sperm*
25. Fetal circulation
EI
26. Neural tube**
27. Folding of embryo
NR

28. Tetralogy of fallot

29. Pituitary gland
30. Thyroglossal cyst
TA

HISTOLOGY
SHORT NOTES
TY

1. Microscopic structure of cartilages(All 3 types) ***

2. Microscopic structure of bone **
3. Microscopic structure of ganglion (sympathetic and spinal)*
4. Microscopic structure of liver and spleen ***
5. Microscopic structure of trachea**
6. Histology of palatine tonsil ***
7. Demilunes

33
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8. Histology of skin **
9. Histology of submandibular gland
10.Histology of parotid gland
11.Microscopic structure of lung *
12.Microscopic structure of fundus of stomach
13.Microscopic structure of duodenum
14.Microscopic structure of appendix
15.Microscopic structure of kidney**
16.Histology of ureter

19
17.Microscopic structure of testes
18.Microscopic structure of ovary

Z'
19.Histology of hypophysis cerebri ***
20.Histology of thyroid and parathyroid **
21.Histology of suprarenal gland
22.Histology of cerebellum**
23.Histology of cerebral cortex
24.Histology of cornea**
GN
EI
25.Histology of retina**

UPPER LIMB
NR

ESSAYS
1. Breast - Location, structure, relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, histology and
applied anatomy. ***
TA

2. Axilla - Boundaries and contents with relations. Axillary artery - formation, course, parts,
relations, branches and applied anatomy. *
3. Brachial plexus - Formation, variation (pre and post fixed), branches and
TY

applied anatomy. ***

4. Shoulder joint - Type, articular surfaces, relations, ligaments, muscles producing
movements and applied anatomy. **
5. Median nerve - Formation, course, parts, relations, branches and applied anatomy.
**
6. Radial nerve - Formation, course, parts, relations, branches and
applied anatomy. **
7. Ulnar nerve - Formation, course, parts, relations, branches and applied anatomy. *
8. Elbow joint - Type, articular surfaces, relations, ligaments, muscles producing
movements and applied anatomy. 44
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

SHORTS NOTES
1. Lower end of the humerus.
2. Lymphatic drainage of breast. ****
3. Clavipectoral fascia. **
4. Boundaries and content of axilla. *
5. Axillary artery. ***
6. Axillary lymph nodes. *
7. Formation, branches and clinical anatomy of brachial plexus /Erb’s point. ***

19
8. Trapezius. *
9. Muscles of scapular region/deltoid.
10. Rotator cuff. ***

Z'
11. Inter muscular spaces. **
12. Axillary/ circumflex nerve. *
13. Anastomoses around the scapula. **
14. Cephalic vein. *
15. Biceps brachii. *
16. Brachial artery. **
GN
EI
17. Anastomoses around the Elbow Joint. *
18. Changes at the Level of Insertion of Coracobrachialis. *
NR

19. Cubital fossa. **

20. Radial nerve in spiral groove.
21. Profunda brachii artery
TA

22. Flexor Retinaculum. **

23. Intrinsic muscles of hand. *
24. Lumbricals of hand. *
25. Superficial Palmar Arch.**
TY

26. Ulnar nerve in hand. *

27. Median nerve in hand. **
28. Carpal tunnel syndrome. ***
29. Cutaneous innervation of the hand. *
30. Palmar spaces/Midpalmar spaces /dorsal spaces in hand + clinical anatomy. ** 31.
Movements and muscle producing movements of the shoulder joint. *
32. Elbow joint. *
33. Superior radioulnar joint. *

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34. Supination and pronation. ****

35. Wrist joint and muscle involved in movement of wrist joint. *
36. First carpometacarpal joint/ joint of thumb. *

LOWER LIMB
ESSAY
1.Hip joint - types , bones forming , ligaments, relations, muscles producing
movements, applied anatomy ****
2. Femoral triangle - boundaries, contents,femoral sheath, applied aspects***

19
3.Great Saphenous vein - Formation, course, relations, tributaries, perforators,
termination, applied anatomy

Z'
4.Sciatic Nerve-Root value, formation, course, branches, relations, applied anatomy
5. Knee Joint-Type, bones forming, ligaments, relations, movements, applied

GN
anatomy
6. Arches of foot- Types, bones forming, structures, applied aspects

SHORT NOTES
EI
1. Modifications of deep fascia of thigh**
2. Femoral triangle **
NR

3. Femoral sheath **
4. Adductor canal***
5. Structures under the cover of gluteus maximus *
6. Trendelenburg ‘ s sign**
TA

7. Muscles of back of thigh **

8. Sciatic nerve **
9. Arterial anastomosis on back of thigh
TY

10. Popliteal fossa. ****

11. Ligaments of hip joint **
12.Anastomosis around knee joint
13.Extensor retinaculum of leg
14.Peroneal retinaculum
15.Deep peroneal nerve
16.Ligaments and bursae of knee joint
17.Locking and unlocking of knee joint

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18.Medical longitudinal arch

19.Ankle joint
20. Inversion and eversion of foot
21.Cutaneous supply of foot
22.Peroneal artery
23.Subtalar joint
24. Dorsalis pedis artery
25. Retinaculum in front of ankle
26.Freshers syndrome

19
27.Dorsum of foot
28. Musculocutaneous nerve of the leg

Z'
29.Superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
30.Plantar aponeurosis
31)Tibiofibular joint
32)Calcaneocuboid joint
33) Talocalcaneonavicular joint
34)Short saphenous vein
GN
EI
35)Perforating veins
NR

TIPS : See all arteries and nerves course, supply and muscle attachments and innervation,
blood supply for one mark and practical.
TA

ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

ESSAY
TY

1. Inguinal canal -definition, boundaries, contents, applied anatomy. ***

2. Testis- external features, covering, structure, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, histology,
development, applied anatomy**
3. Stomach- location, external features, presenting parts, relations, blood supply, lymphatic
drainage, nerve supply, interior of stomach, histology, applied anatomy****
4. Extra hepatic biliary apparatus- parts, relations, blood supply, histology, applied
anatomy**
5. Duodenum- location, parts, relations, interior of duodenum, blood supply, histology,
applied anatomy *

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6. Pancreas – location, presenting parts, relations, blood supply, duct system, histology,
development, applied anatomy ***
7. Portal vein – formation, course, parts, relations, tributaries, sites of porto-caval
anastomosis, applied anatomy*****
8.Urinary Bladder – Parts, Relations, Ligaments, Interior, Nerve supply, Blood supply,
Histology, Applied anatomy ***
9. Male urethra – Parts, features in each part, Blood supply, Applied *
10. Uterus – Measurements, Position, Parts, relations, supports of uterus, Blood
supply, Lymphatic drainage, microscopic anatomy, Applied aspects *****

19
11. Prostate – Parts, coverings, structures traversing, Lobes, zones, applied ***
12.Rectum- Relations, Mucosal folds, Blood supply, Nerve supply, Supports and

Z'
Applied aspects *
13. Anal Canal – Extent, Relation, Interior features, Blood supply, applied **

SHORT NOTES
1. Umbilicus
2. Rectus sheath
GN
EI
3. Inguinal ligament /Poupart’s ligament *
4. Femoral sheath *
NR

5. Femoral hernia
6. Inguinal hernia ***
7. Blood supply & lymphatic drainage of testes **
8. Descent of testes ***
TA

9. Mesentery
10. Hepatic renal pouch of Morrison **
11. Lesser sac/ omental bursa ***
TY

12. Recto uterine pouch of Douglas

13. Foramen epiploicum [of Winslow] ***
14. Stomach bed ****
15. Nerve supply of stomach
16. Blood supply & lymphatic drainage of stomach ****
17. Inferior (visceral) surface of liver
18. Ligaments of liver***
19. Gallbladder

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20. Second part of duodenum ***

21. Blood supply of duodenum
22. Development of pancreas **
23. Porto-caval anastomosis ****
24. Meckel’s diverticulum **
25. Vermiform appendix ***
26. Arterial supply of colon
27. Superior mesenteric artery **
28. Inferior mesenteric artery **

19
29. Kidney
a) Structure **

Z'
b) Posterior relations *
30. Relations of ureter *
31. Openings of Diaphragm **

GN
32. Ischio anal fossa and its clinical anatomy ***
33. Perineal Pouches and its contents (Superficial and deep) ****
34. Pudendal canal **
EI
35. Pudendal Nerve ***
36.Internal pudendal artery *
NR

37. Ligaments of bladder **

38. Supports of Uterus ***
39. Blood supply of rectum **
40. Internal Iliac Artery **
TA

41. Lumbar Plexus **

42. Thoraco lumbar fascia
43. Coeliac trunk *
TY

44. Coeliac plexus / solar plexus ***

45. Lumbar plexus
46.Psoas major

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GENETICS
SHORT NOTES
1.Trisomy/ Down syndrome***
2.Turners syndrome***
3.Karyotyping*
4.Klinefelter's syndrome***
5.Mitosis
6.Meiosis

19
THORAX

Z'
ESSAY
1. Coronary circulation (blood supply of heart) - origin, course, distribution,

GN
branches, termination, anastomosis, clinical significance. *****
2. Interior of right atrium and correlate it with its development****
3. Lungs - external features, lobes and fissures, relations, hilum, blood supply,
nerve supply, bronchopulmonary segments, applied. ****
EI
4. Intercostal nerves - origin, unique features, classification. Typical intercostal
nerve - course, relations, branches, applied. ***
NR

5. Oesophagus - level of origin, course, constrictions, parts, relations, blood &

nerve supply, histology, applied
6. Arch of aorta - extent, relations, branches, histology, applied.
7. Typical intercostal space**
TA

8. Trachea - length, extent, relation, histology, development, applied aspects

9. Mediastinum - definition, divisions, a note on posterior
mediastinum, applied anatomy
TY

10. Pleura - parts, recesses, blood & nerve supply, surface marking, applied aspects
11. Gross anatomy of left ventricle and development
SHORT NOTES
1. Bronchopulmonary segments****
2. Pleural recess***
3. Pericardial sinus
4. Typical intercostal nerve****
5. Internal thoracic artery

10
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6. Azygos vein***
7. Hilum of lungs
8. Mediastinal surface of lungs****
9. Venous drainage of heart
10. Cardiac plexuses
11. Coronary sinus***
12. Thoracic duct**
13. SVC
14. Ligamentum arteriosum

19
15. Conducting system of heart
16. Posterior mediastinum***

Z'
17. Superior mediastinum
18. Interventricular septum
19. Pericardium
20. Cervical rib
21. Events at the level of sternal angle***
22. Interatrial septum
GN
EI
23. Left ventricle - internal features
NR

HEAD AND NECK

ESSAY
1.Posterior triangle of neck – subdivisions, boundaries, contents, applied anatomy **
TA

2. Carotid triangle – Boundaries, Contents, Clinical anatomy ***

3. Parotid gland – location, presenting parts, Capsule, Relations, structures within the
gland, Stenson’s Duct, Nerve supply, Histology, Development and applied anatomy ****
TY

4. Submandibular gland – Location, parts, Relations, Wharton’s duct, Nerve supply,

development and applied anatomy **
5. Infratemporal fossa – Boundaries, Contents, Otic ganglion, applied anatomy. *
6. Temporomandibular joint - type of joint, articular surface and disc, ligaments,
relations, Blood supply, Nerve supply, movements, applied aspects**
7. Pterygopalatine fossa – Boundaries, Communications, Contents and a
note on Pterygopalatine ganglion, applied anatomy. *
8. Thyroid gland –Location, Parts, coverings, Relations, Blood supply, Lymphatic
drainage, Microscopy, Development, Clinical anatomy *****
11
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 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

9. Tongue – Parts, External features, Papillae, Muscles, Nerve supply, Blood supply,
Lymphatics, Development and applied aspects ****
10. Pharynx – Boundaries, Subdivisions, Features, Pharyngeal wall, Muscles of
Pharynx, Nerve supply, blood supply, applied aspects ***
11. Larynx – Cartilages, Joints, Ligaments and membranes, Muscles, Cavity, Blood supply,
Applied aspects and a note on Rima glottidis **
12.Lateral wall of nose – Bones and cartilages, Features, Blood supply, Nerve supply,
Applied anatomy ***
13.Nasal septum- Bones and cartilages, blood supply and Nerve supply, Parts and lings

19
of nasal Cavity, applied anatomy and a note on paranasal air sinuses. *
14. Middle Ear –Subdivisions, Boundaries, Contents, Measurements, Ear

Z'
ossicles, Blood supply,Nerve supply, Applied anatomy ****
15. Extra Ocular Muscles ****
16. Meninges- Dural folds, blood supply, Nerve supply and a note on Dural venous
sinuses applied anatomy **

GN
17. Cavernous Sinus – Location, Extent, relations, Structures in the lateral wall,
Tributaries, Communications, Clinical Anatomy ****
EI
18. Spinal cord- Extent, coverings, external features, internal structure, Tracts,
blood supply, applied anatomy ***
NR

19. Facial nerve- nuclei of origin, component, course, branches, termination. Describe
lesions at various levels. Add a note on Bell’s palsy. ****

SHORT NOTES
TA

1. Scalp - Nerve supply & blood supply*

2. Facial artery****
3. Dangerous area of face
TY

4. Bell’s palsy - Characteristic features

5. Lacrimal apparatus**
6. Platysma
7. Carotid sheath*
8. Sternocleidomastoid muscle**
9. Posterior triangle***
10. Structures in anterior median line of neck**
11. Carotid triangle*
12. Ansa cervicalis***
13. Suboccipital triangle 12
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 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

14. Parotid gland - Nerve supply***

15. Hyoglossus muscle***
16. Lateral pterygoid**
17. Maxillary artery
18. Mandibular nerve*
19. Otic ganglion**
20. Muscles of mastication**
21. Pterygopalatine ganglion*
22. Blood supply of thyroid gland*

19
23. Muscles of the tongue**
24. Inferior constrictor muscle**

Z'
25. Palatine tonsil**
26. Laryngeal cartilages*
27. Muscles of larynx
28. External carotid artery*
29. Internal jugular vein**
30. Styloid apparatus*
GN
EI
31. Nasal septum***
32. Middle meatus*
NR

33. Paranasal air sinuses*

34. Maxillary sinus****
35. Tympanic membrane**
36. Extraocular muscles**
TA

37. Ciliary ganglion****

38. Blood supply of spinal cord****
39. Superior orbital fissure**
TY

40. Folds of dura mater

41. Superior sagittal sinus*
42. Lateral wall of nasal cavity
43. Temporo-mandibular joint***
44. Spinal meninges & its modifications*

13
13
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

ESSAY
1. Sulci, Gyri, Functional areas and blood supply of Superolateral surface of brain.
2. Sulci, Gyri, Functional areas and blood supply of medial surface of brain **

3.Classify White matter of Cerebral Hemisphere and explain.Add a note on internal

capsule.
4. Blood supply of brain *

19
5. Nuclei, course, branches and clinical anatomy of Facial Nerve *****
6. Spinal cord and blood supply.

Z'
7. Cerebellum- external and internal features, blood supply, applied anatomy.

GN
SHORT NOTES:
1. Oculomotor nerve *
2. Trochlear Nerve **
3. Abducent Nerve ***
EI
4. Hypoglossal Nerve **
5. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
NR

6. T.S of Medulla at the level of sensory decussation *

7. T.S of Medulla at the level of Pyramidal decussation
8. T.S of Medulla at the level of Olivary Nucleus ***
TA

9. T.S of Pons at the level of facial colliculus ***

10. T.S of upper pons **
11. T.S of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus ***
12. T.S of midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus ***
TY

13. Cerebellar Peduncles ***

14. Floor of 4th Ventricle / Rhomboid Fossa ***
15. Third Ventricle ***
16. Lateral Ventricle ***
17. Base of Brain *
18. Caudate Nucleus ***
19. Corpus striatum *
20. Internal capsule in detail *****
21. Corpus callosum **
22. Circle of Willis **** 14
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 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

23. Sub arachnoid cisterns **

24. Spinal cord ****
25. Subarachnoid cisterns*
26. Wallenberg syndrome/ lateral medullary syndrome*.

19
Z'
GN
EI
NR
TA
TY

15
15
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

PHYSIOLOGY
PAPER I

General physiology 17

Haematology 17

19
Nerve and Muscle physiology 19

Z'
Gastrointestinal physiology 20

Renal physiology

Endocrine physiology GN 21

21
EI
Reproductive physiology 22
NR

PAPER II
TA

Respiratory physiology 24
TY

Cardiovascular physiology 25

Neurophysiology
26
CNS
Special Senses 28

16
16
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
SHORT NOTES
1. Functions of mitochondria.**
2. Classify fluid compartments in our body and give their normal values. Mention 2
methods to determine ECF volume. *
3. Primary Active Transport / Na+ -K+ ATPase pump ***
4. Secondary active transport *
5. Feedback Mechanisms ***

19
6. Facilitated Diffusion **
7. Carrier Mediated Transport **

Z'
8. Aquaporins *
9. Phagocytosis **

GN
10. Apoptosis **
11. Cell junctions*
12. G Protein *
13. Cytoskeleton*
EI
14.Transport across cell membrane*
NR

HAEMATOLOGY
ESSAY
1. The blood investigations of a patient named althea, female of age 25 years reads the
TA

following values
RBC count 4.5 million/cu.mm
Hb 13 g/dl
TY

Total WBC count 9000 cells/cu.mm

Total platelet count 2.54 lakhs/cu.mm
A. Comment on the values? And write the normal range?
B. Name the process by which red blood cells are formed? Explain it in detail and the factors
affecting the process?
C. Name the Vitamins involved and their role in maturation of red blood cells?
(or)
Define erythropoiesis, the stages involved and the factors affecting it? ***

17
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2. In physiology lab after pricking your finger with a lancet you notice the bleeding stops after
three minutes
A. What is the mechanism by which the bleeding stops? Explain in detail about the process
and the factors involved?
B. What is clotting time and what do you infer from it?
(or)
Define haemostasis? The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation? ***

3. A. Why do we do vaccination, what system does it stimulate? What is the type of immunity?

19
B. Classify immunity and add a note on cell mediated immunity? ***
C. Physiological role of granulocytes circulating in the blood? (1 role for each granulocyte)

Z'
4. Define anaemia. Classify them and important investigations ***
5. ABO blood grouping and Rh blood grouping? And a note on erythroblastosis fetalis. *

SHORT NOTES
1.Functions of plasma proteins **
GN
EI
2.Erythroblastosis fetalis *
3.Mononuclear phagocyte system *
NR

4.Functions of platelets **
5.Autoimmune disease ***
6.Transfusion reactions
7.Haemophilia ***
TA

8.Thalassemia
9.Lymphatic circulation **
10.Thymus
TY

11.Clot retraction and dissolution

12.Blood indices
13.Starling forces and pathophysiology of edema **

18
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 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

ESSAY
1.Discuss the Molecular Mechanism of Muscle contraction. Add a note on Rigor mortis****

2. Write in detail the electron microscopic structure of skeletal muscle and the molecular
mechanism of muscular contraction**
3. Neuromuscular junction –structure , mechanism, transmission and dysfunction****
4. Excitation - contraction coupling. Add note on muscle relaxation**

19
5. Explain the sliding filament hypothesis and outline the main events in the
cross-bridge cycle.**

Z'
SHORT NOTES
1.Structure and functions of Neuromuscular junction*

neuromuscular transmission*
3.Genesis of resting membrane potential* GN
2.Draw a neat labelled diagram of Neuromuscular junction and explain the events in
EI
4.Cells in fibrous tissue & their functions.*
5.Negative feedback mechanism with example*
6.Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle / Sarcomere **
NR

7.Sarco tubular system ***

8.Muscle Tone and Factors responsible for it ***
9.Isometric and Isotonic contraction ***
TA

10.Action Potential Curve *****

11.Simple muscle twitch *
12.Chronaxie and Rheobase
TY

13.Classification of nerve fibres

14.Wallerian degeneration*
15.Properties of smooth muscle
16.Latch bridge mechanism *
17.Rigor mortis*

19
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 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
ESSAY
1.Describe the mechanism of secretion of Hydrochloric acid in the stomach. What are the
factors regulating acid secretion? Add a note on peptic ulcer.***
2.Composition function and regulation of pancreatic secretions***
3.Functions of liver and jaundice **
4.Phases of swallowing **
5.Describe the digestion and absorption of proteins in the digestive tract. Write a Note on

19
Malabsorption.
6.Types of salivary glands. Composition, function, regulation of secretion of Saliva.

Z'
SHORT NOTES
1.Compositions and functions of saliva **
2.Stages of deglutition.
GN
EI
3.Functions of Stomach. Secretion of HCl in the stomach and its regulation.
Composition and functions of Gastric juice.
NR

4.Phases of gastric juice secretions **

5.Gastric emptying.
6.Mechanism and causes of vomiting ***
7.Composition and functions of bile ***
TA

8.Differences b/w hepatic and gallbladder bile **

9.Exocrine pancreas. Composition and functions of pancreatic juice. *
10.Digestion and absorption of fat.
TY

11. Succus entericus ***

12. Small intestinal movement ****
13. Functions of large intestine **
14.Describe the enteric and colonic movements. Discuss the role of the enteric
nervous system.
15.Counter current blood flow in the villi.
16.Dietary fibres ***
17. Defecation reflex ***
18. Steatorrhea
20
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 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
ESSAY
1.Define GFR. Explain the factors regulating GFR and measurement of GFR.*****
2. Explain in detail about the countercurrent mechanism in concentration of urine.*****
3.Explain the factors influencing acidification of urine and mechanism of urine
acidification.*****

19
SHORT NOTES
1.Juxtaglomerular apparatus .**
2.Renin- Angiotensin system.****

Z'
3.Renal circulation.***
4.Tubuloglomerular feedback.***
5.Water diuresis vs osmotic diuresis.*
6.Diuretics.*
7.Micturition reflex.**** GN
EI
8.Cystometrogram and its significance.***
9.Non excretory functions of the kidney.**
NR

ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
ESSAY
TA

1.Glucose Homeostasis - Hormones involved and their effects.Add a note on diabetes

mellitus***
2.Thyroid -
hyperthyroidism)****
TY

3.Calcium Homeostasis - role of calcium, hormones involved and their effects,

osteoporosis)**
4.Adrenocortical hormones - physiological anatomy of adrenal cortex, hormone
synthesis, functions of cortisol and aldosterone, disorders (Addison disease, Cushing
syndrome, Conn syndrome)***
5.Growth
5.Growth hormone - secretion, effects, regulation, disorders
ers (Acromegaly, Dwarfism,
Gigantism)

21
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SHORT NOTES*
1. Secondary messenger mechanisms
2. Classification of hormone receptors - 4 types (G Protein)*
3. Acromegaly
4. Dwarfism
5. Diabetes insipidus - Central, Nephrogenic
6. Milk Ejection reflex (Neurohormonal reflex)
7. Grave’s disease

19
8. Hypothyroidism - Myxedema, Cretinism, Hashimoto’s disease
9. Parathyroid hormone - function, regulation
10. Cortisol - functions

Z'
11. Cushing’s syndrome
12. Pheochromocytoma

14. Addison disease, Addisonian crisis

15. SIADH
16. Adrenal medulla
GN
13. Insulin - mechanism of action, effects, note on somatomedin C
EI
NOTE : Study the clinical features of all hormone related disorders carefully.It can be asked for a Case Based
Question(ALL QUESTIONS ARE IMPORTANT)
NR

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TA

ESSAY
1. Ovarian Changes in Menstrual Cycle****
TY

2. Endometrial Changes in Menstrual Cycle****

3. Hormonal regulation of Menstrual Cycle****

SHORT NOTES
1. Stages of Spermatogenesis****
2. Functions of Testosterone***
3. Blood testis Barrier**
4. Actions of Estrogen***
5. Ovulation***
6. Functions of Placenta*** 22
22
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

7. Pregnancy tests*
8. Female Contraceptives****
9. Mechanism of Parturition

NOTE : Short Notes (1,2,3) can be asked as part of an essay question

Short Notes (5,7,8) can be asked as part of an essay question

19
Z'
GN
EI
NR
TA
TY

23
23
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
ESSAY
1.Neural control of respiration. Add note on periodic breathing ****
2.Chemical control of respiration. Add note on Cheyne Stokes breathing ****
3.Hypoxia – causes, its types and features***
4.Oxygen dissociation curve with diagram. Add note on Bohr effect**
5.Mechanics of breathing**
6.Physiological changes occurring during and after exercise

19
SHORT NOTES

Z'
1.Non respiratory functions of lungs***
2.Special features of pulmonary circulation***

GN
3.Lung volumes and capacities**
4.Compliance of lungs*
5.Ventilation perfusion ratio*
6.Role of surfactant in pulmonary mechanics*
EI
7.Caisson’s disease (Dysbarism/Decompression sickness)*
8.Alveolar capillary membrane*
NR

9.Transport of O2 and CO2*

10. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation**
11.Oxygen – hemoglobin dissociation curve*
12.Neural control of respiration **
TA

13.Chemical control of respiration **

14.Timed vital capacity
15.Periodic breathing
TY

16.Cheyne Stokes breathing *

17.Hering – Breuer reflex **
18.Acclimatization *
18.Dead space
19.Asphyxia

24
24
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
ESSAY
1. Define cardiac cycle & various events in it. Describe the pressure & volume change
during cardiac cycle.***
2. Define arterial blood pressure. Describe the mechanism of regulation of arterial blood
pressure.***
3. Define cardiac output. Discuss the factors regulating it & affecting it. Enumerate the
methods to measure it.***

19
4. Define ECG. Describe normal ECG waves, segments & intervals. Add a note on ECG
leads.

Z'
5. Structure & function of conducting system of heart. List the properties of cardiac
muscle.**

GN
6. Describe the innervation of heart & regulation of heart rate.
7. Define shock & its types. Describe in detail about the hypovolemic shock & its
management.*
SHORT NOTES
EI
1. Windkessel vessels
2. Cardiac innervation - Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
NR

3. Frank starling law of heart*

4. Properties of cardiac muscles
5. Action potential in cardiac tissues**
TA

6. Pacemaker potential***
7. Conducting system of heart*
8. ECG leads***
9. Einthoven's law & Kirchoff's law*
TY

10. Lead II ECG***

11. JVP
12. Heart sounds***
13. Heart lung preparation*
14. Regulations of heart rate*
15. Law of Laplace
16. Korotkov sounds*
17. Microcirculation
18. Baroreceptor reflex*
25
25
19. Cushing reflex
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

20. Humoral mechanism of BP regulation**

21. CV changes during exercise
22. Autoregulation of blood flow*
23. Special features of cerebral blood flow
24. Regulation of cerebral blood flow*
25. Special features of coronary circulation*
26. Regulation of coronary circulation***
27. Triple response***
28. Fetal circulation**

19
29. Hypovolemic shock*
30. Types of shock and causes**

Z'
31. Heart failure*
32. Heart block**
33. Tracing of Intra Atrial pressure curve*

35. Normal ECG***

36. Significance of ***
GN
34. Changes in ventricular volume during different phases of cardiac cycle**
EI
(a) PR interval
(b) ST segment
NR

37. Preload & Afterload*

38. Reynold's number**
39. Cardiac output & Cardiac index**
TA

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

ESSAY
TY

1.Enumerate the descending tracts of the spinal cord. Describe in detail the pyramidal tract.
Mention its function and effects of lesion at different levels***
2. Enumerate the nuclei of hypothalamus. Explain its connections and Functions***
3. Classify pains, what are the receptors for pain? Add a note on analgesic system in brain
.Describe the dual pathway for pain in detail*
4.List the ascending tract of spinal cord and discuss the tracts of posterior column with
diagram*
5.Describe the connections and functions of basal ganglia in detail. Explain the
clinical disorders and physiological basis of management***
26
26
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

6. Name the functional lobes of cerebellum. Describe its structure , connections and
functions. Mention the clinical features of cerebellar disease***
7.ARAS- Components , Functions and Significance .**
8.Referred Pain- Definition, Examples , Dermatome role , Projection theory ,
Facilitation theory *

SHORT NOTES
1. Waves of EEG and clinical significance**

19
2. EEG changes during sleep *
3. REM and NREM sleep .
4. Role of hypothalamus in hunger and satiety in human beings**

Z'
5. Functions of thalamus***
6. Hypothalamic thermostat mechanism
7. Parkinson's disease**
8. Basal ganglia and its functions .**
9. Brown sequard syndrome***
10. Homunculus**
GN
EI
11. Saltatory conduction**
12. Describe the formation, circulation and functions of CSF**
NR

13. Tracts of Goll and Burdach*

14. Blood Brain Barrier.
15. Spinocerebellar tract*
TA

16. Degeneration & Regeneration of nerve fibres

17. List out the differences between UMN & LMN lesions .**
18. Gate control theory .
19. Types of Memory. Neural mechanism of memory.**
TY

20. Role and function of the Limbic System.**

21. Neuromuscular Transmission*
22. Control of appetite.*
23. Synapse*
24. Stretch Reflex*

27
27
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

SPECIAL SENSES
ESSAY
1.Describe in detail the photochemical mechanism of vision and mechanism of dark
adaptation*
2.Draw and explain the visual pathway . Discuss the effects of lesions at various levels
along its courses***
3.Describe the various refractive errors of the eye. Explain the physiological basis of their
connection*

19
4.With the help of a diagram,describe the auditory pathway. Add a note on conduction
deafness*

Z'
5. Explain the mechanisms of hearing*
6.Middle ear and its functions.Explain transmission of sound waves & Mechanism of

GN
hearing
SHORT NOTES:
1.Aqueous humor**
EI
2.Dark adaptation***
3.Draw the optic pathway. Depict the lesions at various levels.**
4.Pupillary light reflexes*
NR

5.Mechanism of accommodation for near vision*

6.Color vision***
7.Refractory errors of the eyes***
TA

8.Structure and functions of middle ear***

9.Cochlea
10.Organ of corti
TY

11.Travelling wave theory

12.Discuss the phenomenon by which sound waves in air induce action
potentials in the cochlear nerve.
13.Cochlear micro phonic potential**
14.Taste pathway with diagram***
15.Theories of hearing
16.Hearing defects
17.Theories of colour vision
18.Refractory errors of eye / Defects of image forming mechanism
19.Mechanism of Phototransduction
28
20.Mechanism of Gustatory transduction 28
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

21.Olfactory pathway and applied physiology

22.Taste pathway*
23.Otolith organ*

19
Z'
GN
EI
NR
TA
TY

29
29
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER I

Molecular and functional

19
organisation of 32
cell and its subcellular components

Z'
Chemistry, Digestion and absorption
of
32
carbohydrates and disorders of
Carbohydrate metabolism

Chemistry, Digestion and absorption

GN
EI
of
lipids and disorders of lipid 34
NR

metabolism

Enzymes 35
TA

Vitamins 36
Electron Transport chain and 37
TY

Biological oxidation

Citric acid cycle and metabolic 37

integration

Nutrition 38
Heme synthesis, Porphyrins,
Hemoglobin 38
and metabolism of Bilirubin
30
30
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

PAPER II

Chemistry, Digestion and absorption

of proteins and inborn
40

19
errors in protein metabolism

Z'
Chemistry of Purines, Metabolism of 42
Purines, Hyperuricemia

Molecular Biology
GN
Maintenance of Fluids and Electrolytes
43
44
EI
Maintenance of pH and Acid base 44
NR

disorders

Xenobiotics and cancer 45 & 47

TA

chemistry
TY

Minerals 46
Hormones 46
Laboratory instrumentation, 45 & 47
Investigation
and Interpretation

31
31
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION OF CELL

AND ITS SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS
ESSAY
1. a) Fluid mosaic model**
b) Factors affecting fluidity of membrane
c) Membrane proteins
2. Transport mechanisms***

19
a)Passive
b)Active
c)Transport of large molecules

Z'
SHORT NOTES
1.Marker enzymes**
2.Lysosomes and its clinical applications*
3.Peroxisome and mitochondria.**
GN
4.Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.**
EI
CHEMISTRY, DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF
NR

CARBOHYDRATES AND DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

TA

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
ESSAY
1. Mucopolysaccharides and genetic disorders associated with it ***
TY

2. Isomerism in carbohydrates
SHORT NOTES
1. Anomerism **
2. Mutarotation ***
3. Principles of Benedict's test ****
4. Glycosaminoglycans ***
5. Heteropolysaccharides **
6. Glycoproteins *
32
32
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
ESSAY
1.Glycolysis – definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, regulation***
2.TCA cycle – definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, regulation***
3.Gluconeogenesis – definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, regulation***
4. HMP shunt and its significance ***
5. Glycogen synthesis *
6. Glycogenolysis **

19
7. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates **
8. Regulation of Blood glucose in fasting and fed states ***

Z'
9. Metabolic changes & complications in Diabetes Mellitus and the biochemical
investigations of diabetes mellitus *

GN
10.Glycogen storage disorders
SHORT NOTES
1. Substrate level phosphorylation **
2. Rapoport Luebering Shunt ***
EI
3. Fate of pyruvate ***
4. Lactose intolerance **
NR

5. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate ***

6. Anaplerotic Reactions ***
7. Cori’s cycle and Cahill cycle ****
TA

8. Von Gierke disease *****

9. Galactosemia *****
10. G-6-P-D deficiency ****
11. Uronic acid pathway *
TY

12. OGTT ***

13. Significance of HMP shunt ***
14. Pompe disease **
15. Mc Ardle disease **
16. Essential pentosuria ***
17. Essential Fructosuria ***
18. Sorbitol Pathway **
19. Von- Gierke’s disease
20. Fate of pyruvate
33
33
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

CHEMISTRY, DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS AND

DISORDERS OF LIPID METABOLISM

LIPID CHEMISTRY
ESSAY
1. Phosphatidylcholine or lecithin.***

19
SHORT NOTES
1. PUFA and its clinical significance***

Z'
2. Unsaturated fatty acids*
3. Describe
a) saponification***
b) Iodine number**
c) Rancidity of fat*
GN
4. Functions and clinical applications of lipids.*
EI
LIPID METABOLISM
ESSAY
NR

1. Digestion and absorption of lipids.**

2. Beta oxidation of fatty acids***
3. Ketogenesis and ketosis***
TA

4. Biosynthesis and regulation of Cholesterol.**

5 . Cardiac biomarkers*
A) Cardiac troponins
TY

B) Creatine kinase
C) Myoglobin and LDH

SHORT NOTES
1.Alpha and Omega oxidation**
2. Adipose tissue in well fed and fasting condition.**
3. White and brown adipose tissue*
4. Fatty liver**
5. Lipotropic factors**
6. Cholesterol structure*** 34
34
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

7. Apo lipoprotein**
8. Chylomicrons**
9. VLDL***
10. LDL***
11. HDL/Reverse cholesterol transport**
12. a)Formation of bile acids*
b ) functions of bile and bile salts*
13. Atherosclerosis***
14. Explain

19
a) Abetalipoproteinemia***
b) Tangier disease***

Z'
15. Frederickson classification of hyperlipoproteinemia**
16. Prostaglandins **
17. Write about***
A) Gaucher ‘s disease
B) Niemann Pick disease
C) Tay - Sachs disease
GN
EI
18. Source and fate of acetyl Co -A**
NR

ENZYMOLOGY
ESSAY
1. Enzymes - definition, factors affecting their activity and regulation. Write in detail
TA

about types of enzyme inhibition with examples ****

(or)
When blood is collected for glucose analysis, a container with fluoride is used. Fluoride
TY

irreversibly inhibits enolase and hence fluoride will stop the whole glycolysis.
i. What are the factors affecting enzyme activity? Write in detail about types
of enzyme inhibition with examples.
ii. How is the activity of an enzyme regulated?
iii. Give another example for irreversible inhibition.

2. Define enzyme. Write about IUBMB classification and add a note on the concept of
active site. ***

35
35
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

SHORT NOTES
1. Mechanism of enzyme action. (lock and key model, Hand in glove model, Fischer’s
Template theory and Kochland’s Induced Fit Theory)***
2. Line weaver burk’s plot***
3. Michaelis Menten Equation, Km value and its significance ***
4. Factors regulating enzyme action ***
5. Types of enzyme inhibition. What happens to Km and Vmax in each case? ****
6. Suicidal inhibition **

19
7. Allosteric inhibition ***
8. Allosteric enzymes *
9. Metalloenzymes and zymogens ***

Z'
10. Isoenzymes – Examples, diagnostic uses and their clinical significance ****
11. Isoenzymes in MI ****

GN
12. LDH isoenzymes and their clinical importance **

VITAMINS
EI
ESSAY
1. Chemistry,source,RDA, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A ***
NR

2. Chemistry , synthesis,functions, deficiency manifestations and toxic manifestations

of Vitamin D **
3. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B1 ***
4. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B12 **
TA

5. Chemistry,RDA,source, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin C ****

6. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin Pyridoxine ***
TY

SHORT NOTES
1. Beriberi ***
2. Wernicke korsakoff syndrome **
3. Pellagra *****
4. Biochemical functions of Pyridoxine *****
5. Functions of Folic acid ****
6. Functions of Vitamin C ****
7. Wald’s visual cycle ****
8. Hypervitaminosis A **
36
36
9. Deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A ****
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

10. Synthesis and functions of Vitamin D ***

11. Folate trap ****
12.Vitamin D toxicity (or) Hypervitaminosis D **
13.Rickets
NOTE : Read the clinical manifestations of all the vitamins clearly and remember the
differentiating feature of all vitamins as they can be asked as a case based question

BIOENERGETICS

19
ESSAY
1. Describe citric acid cycle in detail and its regulation. Justify why the TCA cycle is called

Z'
an amphibolic cycle. **
2. Components, reactions and regulation of ETC. Describe the events and

GN
inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.*
3. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Discuss the steps and mention its
significance.
4. Describe the steps of the HMP shunt pathway. Mention its significance. How is
EI
it regulated?
SHORT NOTES
NR

1. Chemiosmotic theory ***

2. Components affecting ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Inhibitors of ETC
TA

4. Oxidative phosphorylation

INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM
TY

ESSAY
1. Metabolic adaptations during starvation & fed state *
2.Integrated metabolism at Cellular and Organ level
SHORT NOTES
1. Metabolic profile of brain , liver , adipose tissue
2.Metabolic changes during starvation
a) Short term starvation
b) Long term starvation
37
37
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

NUTRITION
SHORT NOTES
1.Respiratory quotient**
2.Dietary fibers ***
3.Essential amino acid**
4.BMR and affecting factors*
5.Nitrogen balance and affecting factors
6.Protein- energy malnutrition**

19
7.Obesity
8.Glycemic index***

Z'
9.Limiting amino acid **

GN
HEME SYNTHESIS, PORPHYRINS, HEMOGLOBIN
AND METABOLISM OF BILIRUBIN
EI
ESSAY
1. Structure and functions of hemoglobin
NR

2.Describe in brief heme synthesis and its regulation. Add a note on porphyria, its types,
enzymes defect in each type and findings***.
3.Describe in brief degradation of heme and fate of its degradative product**
4.Hemoglobinopathies *
TA

5.Jaundice
SHORT NOTES
1.Formation, transport and fate of bilirubin.
TY

2.What is porphyria and explain any 3 in detail.

3.Synthesis and regulation of porphyrins
4.Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia**
5.Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
6.Differential diagnosis of jaundice.
7.Acute intermittent porphyria**
8.Catabolism of Hb
9.Obstructive jaundice

38
38
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

10.Physiological jaundice
11.Thalassemia ***
12. 2,3 BPG ***
13. Abnormal haemoglobin *
14. Sickle cell anemia
15.Disorders of Heme Catabolism *

19
Z'
GN
EI
NR
TA
TY

39
39
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

CHEMISTRY OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS

ESSAY
1. Secondary structure of proteins***
2. Structural organisation of proteins**
3. Precipitation of proteins***
4. Classify amino acids based on structure and give examples. Add a short note on
essential amino acids
5. Write about the general reactions of amino acids

19
6. Classification of proteins
7. Quantitative estimation of proteins*

Z'
SHORT NOTES
1. Structure of collagen***
2. Isoelectric point and its significance ***
3. Denaturation of proteins***
4. Optical activity ** GN
EI
5. Motif **
6. Biuret method**
7. Conjugated proteins*
NR

8. Significance of heat coagulation**

9. Precipitation by alkaloid reagents**
10. Isoelectric precipitation***
TA

11. Kjeldahl’s procedure

12. Proteomics
TY

PROTEIN METABOLISM
ESSAY
1. Formation, transport and disposal of ammonia . **
2. Why is ammonia toxic to the body? What are the ways by which ammonia is disposed of
in the body ? Add a note on hyperammonemia condition.**
3. Urea cycle- regulations, significance, disorder. What is the normal urea level and what
are the causes of abnormal urea concentration? **
4. Metabolism of phenylalanine and disorder associated with it.****
5. Tyrosine metabolism and disorder associated 40 with it.****
40
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

6. Tryptophan metabolism and disorder associated with it.***

7. Metabolism of glycine and it’s disorder.***
8. Branched chain amino acid - metabolism and disorder.*
9. Metabolism of methionine and disorder associated with it. Explain transmethylation with
any 5 examples.

SHORT NOTES
1. Digestion and absorption of proteins

19
2. Transamination reactions*
3. Transport of ammonia*
4. Urea cycle****

Z'
5. Compounds formed from Glycine***
6. Metabolic disorders of branched chain amino acids

GN
7. Metabolism of creatine. Clinical relevance of serum creatinine levels
8. Disorders of phenylalanine and tyrosine (Each separate short notes)
I) Phenylketonuria
II) Alkaptonuria
EI
III) Tyrosinemia
9. Functions of tyrosine and compounds derived from tyrosine
NR

10. Compounds derived from tryptophan

11. Carcinoid syndrome
12. Hartnup disease
TA

13. Active forms of methionine and mention its functions

14. Homocystinuria
15. One carbon metabolism
16. Aminoacidurias
TY

17. Polyamines
18. Formation of uric acid

41
41
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
ESSAY
1.Describe the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. Add a note on its
regulation**
2.Explain in detail the formation , fate of uric acid and abnormalities of urate
metabolism
3. De Novo synthesis of pyrimidines and regulation

19
4. Uric Acid :
a) Reference range of serum uric acid

Z'
b)Source of uric acid in the body
c)Ultimate fate of uric acid

GN
d)Causes of abnormalities in levels of serum uric acid.

SHORT NOTES
EI
1.Purine salvage pathway and its importance in body***
2.Gout***
NR

3.Hyperuricemia***
4.Catabolism of purines and related disorder
5.Regulation of purine (or pyrimidine) de novo biosynthesis.
6. Catabolism of pyrimidine & disorders of pyrimidine metabolism
TA

7. Formation of uric acid

8. Purine salvage pathway
9. Hyperuricemia
TY

10. Regulation of pyrimidine synthesis.

42
42
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
ESSAY
1. Protein synthesis / Translation – Steps , post translational modifications & inhibitors of
protein synthesis
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Steps & applications
3. DNA replication in detail with its inhibitors
4. Recombinant DNA technology – Different techniques & applications
5. Transcription. Note on Post transcriptional processing & inhibitors

19
6. .Describe the separation of serum proteins by paper electrophoresis.
7. Draw the pattern of electrophoresis in

Z'
a)Multiple myeloma
b)Nephrotic syndrome

SHORT NOTES
GN
1. Post translational modifications with examples
EI
2. Blotting techniques
3. Genetic code & its properties
NR

4. DNA repair mechanisms

5. Mutation & its types
6. Post transcriptional processing
7. Reverse transcriptase
TA

8. Plasmid
9. Gene therapy
10. Lac Operon
TY

11. t- RNA structure

12. Restriction endonuclease & their uses
13. m- RNA structure
14. Hybridoma technology & its applications
15. Cloning & its types
16.Protein targeting and degradation
17.Wobble hypothesis
18.RFLP and its application & DNA library

43
43
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

MAINTENANCE OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES

ESSAY
1. Write in detail about sodium.*
2. Write in detail about potassium.*

SHORT NOTES
1. Causes of hyper and hyponatremia*

19
2. Causes of hyper and hypokalemia*
3. Renin angiotensin system**
4. Assessment of fluid and electrolyte balance.**

Z'
MAINTENANCE OF PH AND ACID BASE DISORDERS
ESSAY
GN
1. Normal ph of blood and various mechanisms to regulate it***
EI
2. Plasma and renal buffers in acid base homeostasis***
3. Disturbances in acid base balance
SHORT NOTES
NR

1. Role of lungs in acid base balance**

2. Renal regulation of acid base homeostasis ***
3. Anion gap, it’s importance **
TA

4. Metabolic acidosis***
5. Respiratory acidosis and its causes
6. Composition, action and factors affecting action of buffers.
TY

7. Compensated metabolic acidosis.

44
44
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

XENOBIOTICS
ESSAY
1. Define xenobiotics. What is detoxification? Explain the phases of detoxification
in detail. **

SHORT NOTES
1. Cytochrome P450 **

19
2. Phase 2 detoxification reactions / Conjugation reactions*
3. Alcohol metabolism
4. Glutathione

Z'
ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS
ESSAY
GN
1.Liver function tests and their diagnostic significance**
EI
2. Renal function tests and their diagnostic significance*
NR

SHORT NOTES
1.Classify jaundice based on liver function tests *
2. Tests to assess synthetic functions of liver
3. Tests to assess renal tubular functions
TA

4. Thyroid function tests

5. Proteinuria and its types
6. Creatinine clearance
TY

7.Urinary findings in jaundice

8.Nephrotic syndrome

45
45
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

MINERALS
ESSAY
1. Sources, RDA, biochemical functions, absorption & factors affecting it, deficiency
manifestations & toxicity of Iron ****
2. Calcium – source, RDA, Absorption & factors affecting absorption, functions, regulation of
blood calcium levels. ****

19
SHORT NOTES :
1. Factors regulating blood calcium levels ***
2. Calcium homeostasis & disorders ***

Z'
3. Fluorosis
4. Mucosal block theory ****
5.Functions of Calcium **
6.Menky’s syndrome
7.Regulation of Serum Calcium *** GN
EI
8. Wilson’s Disease ***
9.Digestion, absorption and transport of iron ***
10. Potassium Homeostasis **
NR

11.Functions of zinc **

HORMONES
TA

SHORT NOTES :
1.Classification of hormones
TY

a)based on their chemical nature

b)based on their mode of action
2.Mechanism of action of Fat soluble hormones/steroid hormones
3.Mechanism of G protein coupled receptor (or) Mechanism of action of Water soluble
hormones ***
4.Secondary messengers **

46
46
 TYTANZ'19 QUESTION BANK

MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS IN BIOCHEMISTRY

(CANCER, AIDS, CELL CYCLE & MOLECULAR METHODS)
ESSAY:
1)Electrophoresis- definition, principle.
2)Draw Patterns of Electrophoresis in
a) Normal person
b) Multiple myeloma

19
c) Nephrotic syndrome
d) Chronic infection
e) Liver cirrhosis

Z'
SHORT NOTES

2) Tumor markers (AFP, PSA)**

3) Lab diagnosis of multiple myeloma**
GN
1) Proto oncogene, oncogene- egs., Clinical significance (any 2)**
EI
4) ELISA**
5) Electrophoresis**
NR

6) Chromatography**
7) Flame photometer*
8) Cell cycle*
9) Monoclonal antibody
TA

10) AIDS and anti HIV drugs

TY

47
47