EXAM APPENDIX - TABLES

7PPX0 Dimensioning of structures - Timber

Table 2.1. Material factors γ m .

material Material factor γ m
sawn timber 1.30
glued laminated timber 1.25
LVL, plywood, OSB 1.20
connections 1.30
metal plate connectors 1.25

Table 2.2. Height factors k h and length actor k l .

Material tension parallel to the grain direction and bending
0.2
 150 
1.0 ≤ kh =   ≤ 1.3
Sawn timber with ρ k ≤ 700 kg/m3  h 
0.1
 600 
Glued laminated timber 1.0 ≤ kh =   ≤ 1.1
 h 
LVL (laminated veneer lumber) Depending on variations to be determined according to EN 14374
Wood-based panels 1.0
Note: the reference length for the length factor k l is L = 3000 mm (element length).

Table 2.3. Climate classes.

Climate class ωaverage Description

[%]
1 12 Standard indoor conditions
2 20 Outdoor, covered structures
3 >20 - poorly ventilated spaces (indoor)
- fully exposed to outdoor conditions (not covered)
- structures in and underneath water

Table 2.4. Load duration classes.

Load duration class Cumulative duration of the Examples
characteristic load
Permanent Longer than 10 years Dead load
Long 6 months - 10 years Storage
Medium-Long 1 week - 6 months Life loads on floors
Short Less than 1 week Snow, wind (The Netherlands)
Instantaneous Accidental load, wind (Belgium)

7PPX0 Introduction to Timber Structures 1

Table 2.5. Values of k mod .
Material Standard Climate- Load duration class
class permanent long medium- short very short
(table 5.2) long
Sawn timber EN 14081-1 1 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
2 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
3 0.50 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.90
Glued EN 14080 1 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
laminated 2 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
wood 3 0.50 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.90
LVL EN 14374 , 1 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
EN 14279 2 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
3 0.60 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.90
Plywood EN 636
Parts 1, 2 and 3 1 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
Parts 2 and 3 2 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
Part 3 3 0.50 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.90
OSB EN 300
OSB/2 1 0.30 0.45 0.65 0.85 1.10
OSB/3, OSB/4 1 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10
OSB/3, OSB/4 2 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.90

Table 2.6. ψ -factors for variable loads.

Load type Description ψ0 ψ1 ψ2
Category A dwellings 0.4 0.5 0.3
Category B offices 0.5 0.5 0.3
Category C congresses, meeting places, theatres, conferences 0.6 / 0.4a 0.7 0.6
Category D shopping 0.4 0.7 0.6
Category E storage 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category H roofs 0.0 0.0 0.0
snow 0.0 0.2 0.0
wind 0.0 0.2 0.0
a for escape routes like stairs: 0.6, other situations: 0.4
Note: the factor ψ 1 is used to determine the so-called frequent value of the variable loads in case
of fire design calculations. The factor ψ 1 is also used to determine the immediate deformations
due to the frequent value of the variable loads. These deformations are with the load combination
according to formula (6.15 b) in EN 1990 [11]. Traditionally there are no requirements for these
deformations in the Netherlands.

7PPX0 Introduction to Timber Structures 2

Table 2.7. k def factors for wood and wood-based materials.
Climate class
1 2 3
Sawn timber EN 14081-1 0.6 0.8 2.0
Glued laminated timber EN 14080 0.6 0.8 2.0
LVL EN 14374, EN 14279 0.6 0.8 2.0
Plywood EN 636
Part 1 0.8 - -
Part 2 0.8 1.0 -
Part 3 0.8 1.0 2.5
OSB EN
OSB/2 2.25 - -
OSB/3, OSB/4 1.50 2.25 -
Note: if it is to be expected, that the wood dries under permanent loading after erection, k def shall
be increased with 1,0.

7PPX0 Introduction to Timber Structures 3

Table 2.8. Strength classes for wood.
Strength class C18 C24 D30 D40 D50 D70 GL24h
Ultimate f m, k N/mm2 18 24 30 40 50 70 24
Limit
States ft ,0, k N/mm2 10 14.5 18 24 30 42 19.2
(ULS)
ft ,90, k N/mm2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

fc,0,k N/mm2 18 21 24 27 30 36 24

fc,90,k N/mm2 2.2 2.5 5.3 5.5 6.2 12.0 2.5

fv,k N/mm2 3.4 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.5 5.0 3.5

ρk kg/m3 320 350 530 550 620 800 385

Em,0,k N/mm2 6,000 7,400 9,200 10,900 11,800 16,800 9,600

Seviceability Em,0, mean N/mm2 9,000 11,000 11,000 13,000 14,000 20,000 11,500
Limit
Em,90,mean N/mm2 300 370 730 870 930 1,330 300
States
(SLS) Gmean N/mm2 560 690 690 810 880 1,250 650
• A distinction is made between C-classes ("softwood") and D-classes ("hardwood").
• Any constructive element must be classified in class a strength (no batch approval allowed
based on the approval of random pieces).
• Wood for structural applications can mechanically or visually be graded. If the wood is
visually graded, in the Netherlands this has, for “softwoods” to be carried out according to
NEN 5499 [13]. The class T1 defined in NEN 5499 equals class C defined in the
“KVH”. The class T2 defined in NEN 5499 equals class B defined in the “KVH”.
• Visually graded Pine, spruce, larch, Douglas (European) and classified in class T1
according to NEN 5499 [13] meets the requirements for strength class C18.
• Visually graded Pine, spruce, larch, Douglas (European) and classified in class T2
according to NEN 5499 meets the requirements for strength class C24.
• Visually graded Douglas (European) and classified in classes T2 according to NEN 5499:
C22
• Oak (Central European), classified in class B accordance to “KVH”: C20
• Meranti (red): strength class D24
• Oak (Polish): D18 / D24 / D30
• Iroko: D24 (unsorted)
• Vitex, Robinia, Sucupira vermelho: D30
• Bilinga: D24 / D50
• Merbau: D30 / D50
• Teak, Iroko (sorted) Sucupira, Itauba, amarelo, Piquia: D40
• Bangkirai, Sapucaia, Angelim vermelho, Denya: D50
• Masseranduba, Cumaru: D60
• Azobé: D70
Note: the strength classes for the different wood species are based on "Wood hand Strength data
[12], a publication of “Centrum Hout” in Almere, the Netherlands.

7PPX0 Introduction to Timber Structures 4

 EXAM APPENDIX - FORMULAS

7PPX0 Dimensioning of structures - Timber

Mechanics
q⋅L
V=
2
q ⋅ L2
M=
8
5 q ⋅ L4
w= ⋅
384 EI
F
V=
2
F ⋅L
M=
4
F ⋅ L3
w=
48 ⋅ EI

Safety factors
Consequence Class CC1 γ G = 1.08 γ Q = 1.35
Consequence Class CC2 γ G = 1.20 γ Q = 1.50

Design load Moment of resistance

qd = γ g ⋅ Gk + γ q ⋅ Qk 1
W = ⋅ b ⋅ h2
6
Final deflection
Moment of inertia
w fin = wG ⋅ (1 + kdef ) + wQ ⋅ (1 + ψ 2 ⋅ kdef ) 1
I= ⋅ b ⋅ h3
12
Load including creep
qcreep = Gk ⋅ (1 + kdef ) + Qk ⋅ (1 + ψ 2 ⋅ kdef ) Design value / characteristic value
f m,k f v,k
f m,d = ⋅ kmod fv ,d = ⋅ kmod
Unity Check stresses γM γM
σ m, d σ v,d
UC = UC =
f m, d fv,d Bending stress Shear stress
Md 3 Vd
σ m, d = σ v,d = ⋅
Unity Check deflection W 2 b⋅h
wfin
UC = wmax = 0.004 ⋅ L
wmax

7PPX0 Introduction to Timber Structures 5