Research Design
Descriptive Research – collection
of data to test a hypothesis or
describe the variables mentioned
in the study. Survey, interviews, or
observations
Correlational Research –
determine the level of relation
between two or more quantifiable
variables.
Causal-comparative Research –
Establish cause-effect
relationships among the variables.
Researcher has no control of IV.
Experimental Research – also
measures the effect of the IV
(cause) to the DV (effect).
Researcher can control the IV.
Quasi-experimental Designs –
alternative to determine the
causes and effects between two
variables that cannot be subjected
to experimental control. E.g.,
Effect of calamity on its victims.
4 Components of a Research Bg
1. The current state of the field.
2. The current and conventional
practices in addressing the issue.
3. The research gaps.
4. The present study’s
contribution to addressing the
research gap.
5 Elements of Research
1. Topic
2. Population
3. Location
4. Period
5. Purpose
6 Review Techniques
R - Relevance
E – Expertise of the Author
V – Viewpoint of the Author
I – Intended Audiences
E - Evidences
W – When was it published
5 Levels of Plagiarism
Level 1 – word-for-word without
acknowledging the source
Level 2 – 50% without citing the
source
Level 3 – copying specific portion
of another work without citing it.
Sentences/paragraphs.
Level 4 – failure to cite and failure
to correctly paraphrase
Level 5 –Incorrect citing of source.
lowest level of plagiarism.
Determining of the Reliability
C – Currency – timeliness of info
R – Relevant – important info
A – Authority – source of info
A – Accuracy – truthfulness of info
P – Purpose – reason info exists
Chapter 1 Components (Intro)
* Background of the study
* Statement of the problem
* Scope and Delimitation
* Significance of the study
* Framework
* Definition of terms
Chapter 2 Components (RRL)
* Introduction
* Concept 1
- Description
- Definition
* Study 1 (related studies)
- General objectives
- Research design
- Participants
- Major Findings
- Conclusion
- Weaknesses
* Synthesis
Literature Review –
comprehensive classification and
evaluation of others to your topic.
RRL
* entertain gaps which are the
basis of the research paper
* present conflicting results of
previous studies
* gives justification how research
will fit the body of knowledge
* the very significance of paper
Writing Literature Review
* essay form (three-part-structure)
* start with thesis statement
* presenting contrasting results or
argument as research gap
* framework and the rrl with
hypothesis
* select and analyze studies
related (credible)
* discuss how your study relate to
the previous studies
Chapter 3: (Format)
- Research Design
- Population of the Study
- Sample of the Population
- Sampling Techniques
- Instrument for Data Collection
- Data Gathering Procedures
- Ethics
- References
Chapter 3 – collection of data,
unbiased, credible
* Population – large group/the
whole respondents (group of
interest)
* Sample – part of the population
Sampling Technique – efficient.
Lessen time, money, and effort.
* Random – everyone has an
equal and independents chance of
being selected
* Stratified – a representative
will be chosen per subgroup of the
population.
* Cluster – groups are selected
not individuals.
* System – individuals are
selected from a list by taking every
nth number from the list.
Research Instruments and
Characteristics
1. Validity – measures what is
intended to measure
* Content validity – content
must cover the relevant and
necessary areas of the subject
* Face Validity – looks, structure,
language used
2. Reliability – produce
consistent results
3. Objectivity – unbiased and un-
influenced by personal feelings,
opinion, or prejudices. Facts
* Reliable not valid
* Lower reliability, lower validity
* Not reliable, not valid
* Both ae reliable and valid
Types of Research Instrument
1. Cognitive – intellectual,
individual attainment
2. Aptitude – future
performances
3. Affective – feelings, attitudes,
beliefs, personality, and values