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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2521351, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669 1

A Quasi-Z-source Integrated Multiport Power

Converter as Switched Reluctance Motor Drives
for Capacitance Reduction and Wide-Speed-
Range Operation
Fan Yi, Student Member, IEEE, and Wen Cai, Student Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents a quasi Z-source integrated

multiport converter (ZIMPC) for switched reluctance motor
(SRM) drives to reduce the dc link capacitance and enable wide-
speed-range operation. In conventional SRM drives, employing
multi-phase asymmetrical H-bridge (ASHB) topology, large
capacitors are necessary to absorb the transient energy during
phase current commutation. However, electrolytic capacitors
would affect the lifetime, cost and power density of the drive
system. With switch multiplexing technique, a Z-source integrated
multiport power converter is derived to achieve power ripple
reduction using relatively small capacitors. The power ripple
generation principle and requirement of capacitance in ASHB and
(a)
ZIMPC are analyzed. The model of the overall system including
SRM and the proposed drive is developed using mode analysis.
Advanced control method with repetitive control is proposed and
developed based on the system model. Also, the ZIMPC can boost
the equivalent phase exciting voltage and widen the constant
power speed range (CPSR). At last, simulation and experimental
results verify the feasibility of the proposed ZIMPC and its
superior performance with smaller capacitance as compared with
ASHB.

Index Terms—Capacitance reduction, motor drive, multiport

converter, quasi-Z-source, switch multiplexing, switched
reluctance motor (SRM). (b)
Fig. 1 The conventional solution: (a) asymmetrical H-bridge (ASHB) topology,
(b) SRM system based on asymmetrical H-bridge (ASHB) topology with large
electrolytic capacitors.
I. INTRODUCTION
way to restrain this undesirable ripple power is to use a

A s compared to other competing machines, switched

reluctance machine (SRM) [1, 2] has several advantages
including but not limited to fault-tolerance, wide range of speed,
low cost and ability to operate under harsh environment [3].
This makes SRM a serious contender for many industrial
transportation products [4, 5]. Because of phase current
commutation and the non-linearity of SRM, there is a large
pulsation of the energy transferred between the dc source and
the SRM. Specifically, the input power would increase
drastically as the rotor moves from the unaligned position to the
aligned position because of the inductance variation. A simple
Manuscript received September 28, 2015; revised December 2, 2015;
accepted January 7, 2016.
The authors are with Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology
(REVT) Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, The University of
Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA (e-mail: fan.yi@utdallas.edu;
caiwen600@gmail.com).
relatively large capacitor in parallel with the source [6], which
absorbs the ripple power and keeps the input power constant.
However, the use of large electrolytic capacitors as well as
thermal management necessary for them will greatly add to the
cost and size of the overall system, as shown in Fig. 1. In
addition, the theoretical lifetime of electrolytic capacitances is
much shorter than the lifetime of SRMs and semiconductors [7-
9]. Thus, the electrolytic capacitor is an obstacle to the overall
long-term reliability and commercial viability of the SRM
drives [10].
Recently, many researches have been launched in the field of
adopting active approaches to cancel the undesirable power
ripple without using large electrolytic capacitors. In terms of
capacitor minimization, renewable energy generations and fuel
cell applications are the most demanding applications. In these
applications, most of the power ripple is located at certain

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2521351, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
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frequency (100/120Hz), which makes ripple compensation
easier. For instance, [11] proposes to add virtual capacitor into
the control scheme to form a resonant network for restraining
the power ripple. In [12], an extra ripple port is added to single-
phase inverters and rectifiers to isolate the double-frequency
power ripple. Compared with those applications listed above,
power ripple control in SRM system has several specific
attributes. First, the frequency of power ripple in SRM system
varied with the motor speed. This limits the usage of the
presented solutions in SRM drives. Second, power mismatch
during current commutation period is nonlinear and uncertain
which would generate many harmonics instead of only double-
utility frequency power ripple. Wide-region harmonic requires
a better control method to compensate it. Third, capacitor
design is difficult because of wide motor speed range which is
an advantage of SRM. Hence, it is desirable to propose a new
solution with ripple control for SRMs. The method based on
commutation elimination is discussed in [13] to overcome the
disadvantages of high dc-link capacitance requirement. Based
on the idea of modifying the turn-off and turn-on procedure, a
direct dc-link voltage control scheme was developed in [14, 15].
Similarly, W. Suppharangsan proposed a modified switching
technique to replace hysteresis control for dc-link capacitor
minimization and verified its feasibility in [16]. However, the
current rating for switches and diodes would increase by
following their method. In [17], split dc-link capacitors
technology is presented to reduce the dc-link capacitance
requirement under the precondition of balanced energy
consumption between two capacitors. A specific current profile
is proposed for SRM to reduce the input current pulsation in
[18], but this method is only applicable to pseudo-sinusoidal
SRMs.
An integrated multiport power converter (IMPC) has been
proposed in [19] for SRM drive in place of the conventional
asymmetrical H-bridge (ASHB). However, the boost unit in
IMPC makes the voltage stress of the capacitor and
semiconductors much higher than that in ASHB. This worsens
the system efficiency and the performance at high speed
(Higher dc voltage is preferred to fasten the current
commutation process, but it is limited by the voltage rating).
Therefore, it is proposed in this paper to embed a quasi-Z-
source unit in front of IMPC in substitution of a single inductor
which leads into a quasi-Z-source integrated multiport power
converter (ZIMPC). The first Z-source inverter was proposed
in 2002 [20]. Right after that, a series of semi-Z-source/quasi-
Z-source/trans-Z-source inverters have been presented and
studied in [21-24]. In 2013, the Γ-Z-source inverter series are
proposed with higher operation gain in [25]. Z-source
converters have been utilized in various applications because of
their particular impedance characteristic [26, 27]. The
bidirectional operation of quasi-Z-source inverter for electric
vehicle is studied in [28]. With the extra Z-source unit, Z-source
inverters can achieve voltage boost and enlarge the input
voltage range, which makes them suitable for performance
improvement. Meanwhile, dead time is not necessary in Z-
source inverters, this helps with circuit protection and harmonic
reduction [29]. [29] also develops a comprehensive model with
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2
low-frequency ripple analysis which can guide hardware design.
By adding quasi-Z-source unit, the voltage stress of the
capacitors as well semiconductors can be reduced dramatically
as compared to IMPC. Moreover, the capacitors in Z-source
unit can also be used to compensate power ripple caused by
current commutation, thereby smoothing the current from the
dc source. Compared with existing motor drives or capacitance
reduction solutions, the presented ZIMPC can achieve three
benefits: First, the capacitance required in this topology can be
reduced and their voltage rating is decreased as well, which
contributes to size and cost reduction of the drive; Second, the
input current is controlled at virtually a constant value and it
would not be affected by current ripple which is more amicable
for dc source especially battery pack in electric vehicle
applications; Third, this topology is applicable for various
SRMs directly such as multi-phase SRM or double-stator SRM
because it’s not necessary to change motor structure. Advanced
power flow control for ZIMPC with repetitive control is
introduced which can reduce the impact of multi-frequency
input current harmonic. In addition, with ZIMPC, it is possible
to maintain low capacitor voltages at low speed to reduce power
losses, while boost the capacitor voltages and the equivalent
phase exciting voltage at high speed to ensure enough torque
and widen the CPSR. At last, simulation and experimental
results are presented to verify the feasibility of such topology
and the presented control solution.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II,
ZIMPC derivation based on switch multiplexing technique is
explained. The capacitor requirement to reduce power ripple
using ZIMPC is also analyzed. After that, the operation modes
of ZIMPC are introduced and its equivalent model is presented
in Section III. Subsequently, the corresponding power flow
control is presented based on the ZIMPC. The comparative
simulation and experimental results with both the conventional
ASHB topology and the proposed ZIMPC are in Section IV.
Finally, conclusions are summarized in Section V.
II. QUASI Z-SOURCE INTEGRATED MULTIPORT POWER
CONVERTER
The power ripple caused by current commutation in SRM
drive systems requires power flow control. ZIMPC is derived
based on switch multiplexing in order to achieve this.
Capacitance minimization method is discussed by using
ZIMPC as SRM drivers.
A. Power ripple estimation
The current commutation process has been shown in Fig. 2(a).
It can be seen that there is a large power ripple generated during
the current commutation period. This is caused by the non-
linearity of SRM. The capacitor voltage reaches maximum
point when a stator phase is de-energized. This is due to the high
magnitude of inductance at the aligned position and the large
amount of magnetic energy stored in the phase due to the high
current. The relationship between magnetic energy stored in
one phase of SRM and its current is illustrated in Fig. 2(b).
During the current commutation period, at most two phases
are active, but it is worth pointing out that the energy stored in
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Transactions on Power Electronics
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(a)

(b)
Fig. 2. The SRM current commutation: (a) the phase current, (b) magnetic
energy stored in SRM vs. current.

the trailing winding is limited since the inductance is small at
unaligned position. It would not cause significant difference in
transferred energy and capacitance requirement. Therefore, it is
assumed that only one phase is active all the time, without the
loss of generality. Here, theoretical analysis from electrical
point of view is done for energy ripple assessment. The stored
magnetic energy for one phase reaches maximum value when
the rotor reaches the aligned position and the phase angle is
equal to θa. The energy stored in the magnetic field with the
assumption of non-saturated operation can be derived using
0
1 a 2
Emag   i  ,  a  d   i (1)
2 ia
 a 
where: a ia is the inductance at the aligned position which
can be defined as La. When the current commutation period
starts, the phase is demagnetized. Most of the stored magnetic
energy would be converted to electric energy and fed back to the
dc bus capacitor or the source. The remaining energy is
converted to mechanical energy. Meanwhile, the upcoming
stator phase is being magnetized as well. If the period of the
overlap is short, one is able to treat the maximum magnetic
energy as the energy ripple ( Emag  Er ). Therefore, the dc bus
voltage would increase accordingly. Assuming all the energy is
absorbed by the capacitors and the voltage increase is vdc , the
relationship can be expressed as:
1 1 1 a 2
C  vdc  vdc   Cvdc2 
2
i (2)
2 2 2 ia
where, vdc is the nominal voltage of the dc bus and C is the
capacitance connected to the dc bus. According to this equation,
the minimum capacitance can be estimated as
 i2
Cmin  a (3)
ia  vdc  2vdc  vdc
In general, the voltage ripple is desirable to be smaller than
5% of the nominal voltage in ASHB converter because the
capacitors are in parallel with the dc source, thus, the capacitor
Fig. 3 The topologies of motor drive for SRM with quasi-Z-source unit (upper:
ASHB + Quasi-Z-source unit; lower: the proposed ZIMPC).
(a) (b)
Fig. 4 Switch multiplexing: (a) multiplexing method, (b) derived topology.
can be calculated using
La i 2
Cmin  (4)
0.1vdc2
Equation (3) also reveals the two methods to reduce the
required capacitance even though the power ripple caused by
SRM is tangible, one is to increase the average voltage of
capacitor ( vdc ) and the second is to increase the voltage ripple
( vdc ).
B. Topology derivation of ZIMPC
In order to pursue the two methods summarized above, it is
proposed to add a quasi-Z-source unit in front of ASHB. The
topology based on quasi-Z-source and ASHB is shown in Fig.
3 (upper one). Since the asymmetrical leg cannot achieve shoot-
through mode, an extra switch is necessary. Therefore, it needs
eight switches and six diodes for a three-phase SRM.
Subsequently, switch multiplexing technique is employed here
to reduce switch number so as to simplify the topology. In order
to illustrate the idea of switch multiplexing, an extra leg instead
of a single switch is shown in Fig. 3 (upper one).
Switch multiplexing is an effective technique to simplify
topologies for multiport systems and to achieve better
performance. It can also be used to expand topology from a two-
port converter to multiport converters, as shown in Fig. 4. Since
SRM drive is also a multiport converter, its topology can be
simplified by adopting switch multiplexing. Switch
multiplexing technique is to share some of the semiconductors

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from two or more topologies so as to decrease the number of
switches and to simplify the overall system. It is worth pointing
out that switch multiplexing is generally accompanied with a
modified modulation strategy. Some specific applications of
switch multiplexing technique have been demonstrated in [30-
33]. By multiplexing switches, the shoot-through leg and one
leg from each phase can be combined into one leg. Based on
this, the quasi-Z-source integrated multiport converter is
derived as shown in Fig. 3.
Compared with the other topologies in Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 3,
the presented ZIMPC has advantages listed below:
1) The capacitor is separated from the dc source. Hence the
dc source voltage would not be affected by the capacitor voltage.
2) Both the average voltage and the ripple voltage of the
capacitor can be large which will decrease the capacitance value
as much as possible.
3)The current through the dc source is filtered by an inductor,
thus no electrolytic capacitor is necessary any more in parallel
with the input dc source. Moreover, the required the dc source
voltage is relaxed and can be lower than what the SRM needs
since it doesn’t act as dc link. This is of high importance for
electric propulsion drive applications.
4) The equivalent dc link voltage is flexible. By increasing
the dc link voltage, the time for energizing and de-energizing of
each phase decreases so that conduction angle could be
increased and larger average torque could be obtained. The
constant power speed range is widened which is especially
appealing for automotive and high speed application [34]. The
voltage range of dc source is expanded to lower level as well.
5) There are only six switches, three diodes, two inductors
and two small capacitors in ZIMPC for three-phase SRM which
can achieve cost reduction and enhance the power density of the
motor drive. Furthermore, if the SRM has n phases, n+1 legs
would be necessary so that n+3 switches and n diodes are
required totally.
6) The wire harness connecting to the SRM is less bulky
since only n+1 cables are required for an n-phase motor.
The comparison between the proposed ZIMPC and
conventional ASHB topologies has been summarized in Table
I. The comparison is performed for three-phase SRM drives
using the two topologies. In addition, for comparison of size,
cost, efficiency and stresses, same motor excitation voltage is
assumed. For comparison of CPSR, the same input dc voltage
to the converters is assumed. Size and cost reduction is achieved
mainly by decreasing the usage of electrolytic capacitor.
Voltage stress of semiconductors and capacitors increases
because of boosted voltage. Current stress will increase for the
switch in the quasi-Z-source unit and the two switches in the
common leg only if overlap between various phases is large.
Higher total efficiency is guaranteed because of the decreased
semiconductor count by employing switch multiplexing.
C. Capacitance requirement using ZIMPC as SRM drive
No matter where the capacitors are, most of the transient
power is desired to be processed by those capacitors instead of
the dc source. The relation between the capacitor voltage, the
transient energy and the capacitor has been written in (3). For
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4
TABLE I
COMPARISON BETWEEN PROPOSED ZIMPC
AND CONVENTIONAL ASHB TOPOLOGIES
ZIMPC, the two capacitors in the Z-source unit can be used to
compensate the power ripple. Since the voltage ripple in the two
capacitors are always the same, the relationship between the
capacitor voltage, the transient energy and the capacitance can
be re-written as:
a 2
vc2  C1  C2   2vc  C1vc1  C2 vc 2   i (5)
ia
For the quasi-Z-source unit, the average voltage of C1 equals
the sum of input voltage and the average voltage of C2 . If they
have the same capacitance ( C1  C2  C ), (5) can be simplified
to:
1 a i2
C (6)
2 ia vc  vc  2vc 2  vin 
Comparing (3) and (6), it can be seen that
vc  2vc 2  vin  vin since vc 2  vin . Also, vc is no longer
required to be less than 5% of input voltage since the two
capacitors are not in parallel with the dc source. Therefore, with
the two capacitors in quasi-Z-source unit, the required
capacitance can be decreased significantly. For example, if the
input voltage is 200 V and the energy ripple is 10 J, ASHB
needs 10 mF/ 200 V capacitors. While, if ZIMPC is utilized, the
voltage of C2 is set at 300 V with 80 V voltage ripple, one 260
µF/ 400 V and one 260 µF/ 200 V capacitors are necessary. This
case study reveals that 90% of capacitance can be reduced by
using ZIMPC in place of ASHB. Moreover, the capacitor size
would be decreased further if one uses high-capacitance value
for C1 and low-capacitance value for C2 since the voltage
rating for C1 is lower than that of C2 (for example, 100 µF/
400 V and 650 µF/ 200 V). It is worth noticing that decreasing
capacitor values will increase the voltage ripple across the dc-
link. This may limit the speed range of the SRM drive and as
such careful selection of the capacitor values for the targeted
speed range is necessary.
The above theoretical analysis provides an estimation for
minimized capacitance required in Z-source unit to compensate
for the power ripple. However, parameters design of Z-source
unit would influence the stability of the overall system. More
detailed calculation about capacitors and inductors in Z-source
unit can be found in [29].
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(a)

(b)
Fig. 5 The modulation sequence and some important waveforms of the modified
topology.

III. MULTI-OBJECTIVE POWER FLOW CONTROL METHOD

Even though it is possible to achieve power ripple
compensation by replacing ASHB with ZIMPC, a proper
control strategy should be employed. Firstly, the ripple of the
input current must be restrained. Secondly, the voltage of the (c)
capacitors ( vc1 & vc 2 ) need to be regulated within a certain range
considering capacitor voltage rating and SRM performance.
Thus, multi-objective power flow control is necessary when
using ZIMPC. In this section, the operational modes of ZIMPC
are analyzed. Then, the equivalent model of the overall system
with ZIMPC and SRM is developed. After that, an advanced
multi-objective control method is presented with current ripple
reduction for dc source and speed/torque control for SRM.
(d)
A. Mode analysis
The modulation sequence and important waveforms have
been shown in Fig. 5. Shoot-through is employed in the
common leg connected to all three phases of the SRM. For the
Z-source unit, S6 is turned off in shoot-through mode and is
turned back on in nonshoot-through mode. The modulation of
the remaining part is the same as in IMPC which has been
discussed in [35].
Based on the modulation sequence shown above, there are (e)
Fig. 6 Five modes of ZIMPC when energizing phase a: (a) mode 1, (b) mode 2,
five modes for each phase. The waveforms for other phases are (c) mode 3, (d) mode 4, (e) mode 5.
similar and can be analyzed using the same principle. The
modes are listed below: current of two inductors continue to decrease. The voltage of
Mode 1: S1 and S6 are turned on, S2 and S3 are turned off. The two capacitors decreases by the virtue of a negative current.
voltage drops across the two inductors are negative ( vin  vc 2 Meanwhile, the phase current increases because the phase
voltage changes from 0 to vc1  vc 2 , and the voltage drop
and vc1 ). Two inductors are being de-energized. The
capacitors are being charged and their voltages increase. becomes vc1  vc 2  vemf . Fig. 6(b) shows the corresponding
Meanwhile, zero voltage is applied to the phase winding and equivalent circuit.
the phase current, in the motoring mode, decreases because of Mode 3: As shown in Fig. 6(c), S1, S2 and S3 are turned on,
the negative back electromotive force (back EMF, vemf ) as and S6 is turned off. The voltage drops between two inductors
shown in Fig. 6(a). are vin  vc1 and vc 2 , respectively. Thus, the inductor current
Mode 2: S1, S3 and S6 are turned on, S2 is turned off. The increases and the capacitors are being discharged in this mode.

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Meanwhile, zero voltage is applied to the phase winding by the

circuit and the phase current decreases because of a negative
back EMF. This is also the shoot-through mode for the quasi-
Z-source unit.
Mode 4: In this mode (Fig. 6(d)), S2, S3 and S6 are turned on,
S1 is turned off. This mode is similar to Mode 1. Both of the
two inductors are being discharged and the voltage of the two
capacitors increases. In addition, zero voltage is applied to the
phase winding by the circuit, and the phase winding of SRM is Fig. 7 Simplified model of the SRM drive system based on ZIMPC.
being de-energized with vemf , causing the phase current to currents through the inductors L1 and L2 and their equivalent
decrease. series resistances, vC1, vc2 are the voltages of the capacitors C1
Mode 5: S2 and S6 are turned on, S1 and S3 are turned off as and C2. Besides, i1-ik are phase currents of phases 1 through k,
Fig. 6(e) shows. The two inductors are being discharged. The respectively. It is assumed that the current in each phase is
voltages of the two capacitors are decreasing with current i pa . continuous when the phase is energized. Assuming that the total
current from quasi-Z-source unit to SRM phases is ie (
The phase voltage applied by the drive circuit changes from 0 n
to vc1  vc 2 , and voltage drop across the phase winding is ie    d 0  d k  i pk ), the simplified model of ZIMPC is shown
k 1
vemf  vc1  vc 2 , hence the phase current decreases.
in Fig. 7.
Based on the mode analysis above, it can be seen that the Similarly, SRM can be modeled using electromechanical
phase can be energized with the average voltage drop as shown equations. Considering that the flux linkage of a phase is related
in (7). In (7), vc2 is the voltage of the capacitor C2, ds is the to both the position of the rotor and the current flowing through
shoot-through duty cycle, d0 is the duty cycle of S1 and (1-dk) is the phase, the voltage equation for each phase of the SRM is
the duty cycle of Sk+2. From (7), the maximum voltage drop is expressed as in (9).
vin 1  d s  1  2d s  . By regulating the duty cycle ds, the d  di  d k
vk  Rk ik  k  Rk ik  k k  k
exciting voltage can be higher than the input voltage vin. dt ik dt  k dt
(9)
dik Lk  , i 
1  ds  Rk ik  Lk  , i   ik
v pk  vc 2  d 0  d k   vin  d0  dk  (7) dt  k
1  2d s
Also, the phase excitation voltage of the converter can be
B. Generalized modeling expressed as (10).
There are two parts to be modelled: the proposed ZIMPC and
the SRM. The stator pole number of SRM is denoted by n. It is vk  d0 vc 2  dk vc 2   d0  dk  vc 2 (10)
desirable to establish a generalized model of the entire system The electromechanical equations for SRM can be written as
including the ZIMPC and the SRM. For the sake of simplicity, (11) using a simplified model introduced in [36].
the mutual inductances between different phases of SRM are  d
ignored. Based on the average model of ZIMPC with SRM’s  dt  vk  Ri
phase currents taken into account, (8) can be derived. 
 d 1
  Te  TL  (11)
 diL1  dt J
 L dt  vin  1  d s  vC1  d s vC 2  RL1iL1  d
  dt  

 L diL 2  v  1  d v  v  R i
 dt C2  s  C1 C 2  L 2 L 2 where  is the flux linkage,  is the mechanical speed, Te is
 the electromagnetic torque, TL is the load torque and J is the
C dvC1  1  d  i  i   d i
 1 dt s L2 e s L2 rotational inertia. The calculation of the parameters in
 (8) generating mode and motoring mode are analyzed
 n

  1  d s   iL 2    d 0  d k  i pk   d 0 iL 2 subsequently.
  k 1  1) Magnetic flux linkage 
 dv
C2 C 2  1  d s  iL 2  ie   d s iL 2 The expression for  is shown below. Since the phase
 dt
 inductance L is related to mechanical angle  and phase current
  1  d s   iL 2    d 0  d k  i pk   d 0 iL 2
n
i, the derivative of  is expressed in terms of θ and L.
  k 1  d dL dL di
where (1-ds) is the duty cycle of switch S6, d0 is the duty cycle   L  , i  i 
 i  (L  i ) (12)
dt d di dt
of switch S1, and d1-dk are the duty cycles of switches connected Considering that L is a periodic function of rotor position, θ
to phases 1 through k, respectively. iL1, iL2, RL1 and RL2 are the can be expressed in the form of a truncated Fourier series as

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TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669 7

shown in (13). For the sake of simplicity, only the first three d N r
orders are considered, as shown in (14).  i   La  Lu  sin  N r 
dt 2

L  , i    Ln  i  cos  nN r  n  (13)   La  Lu  2 Lm  sin  2 N r  
n0
1  1 
L  , i   AL0  i   AL1  i  cos  N r  1      BLa  BLu   BLm  (18)
(14) 2  2 
 AL2  i  cos  2 N r  2 
  BLa  BLu  cos  N r 
where, the coefficient AL0  i  , AL1  i  , AL2  i  are expressed
1   di
using the inductance at unaligned position ( Lu ), that at aligned    BLa  BLu   BLm  cos  2 N r  
2   dt
position ( La ) and the inductance at the midway from the
2) Electromagnetic torque Te
aligned position to the unaligned position ( Lm ). From the coenergy relations, the electromagnetic torque can
 11  be developed as a closed form solution based on the phase
 AL0  2  2  La  Lu   Lm  current and the inductance at each position.
  
 1
 AL1   La  Lu  (15) Nr 2
 2 Te   i   CLa  CLu  sin  N r 
4 (19)
 11 
 AL2    La  Lu   Lm  (CLa  CLu  2CLm ) sin  2 N r  
 22 
In (19), the coefficients are summarized as
Since saturation effect is negligible at unaligned position, Lu
 k
2
CLa  i    n  2 an i
n
can be assumed to be a constant. However, La and Lm are
 n0
highly affected by phase currents because of magnetic  k
, and the coefficient CLu equals Lu .
CL  i   2
saturation. They can be approximated using polynomial
 m 
n0 n  2
bn i n

functions given by:

 k Combining the model of ZIMPC and that of SRM described in
 La  i    an i
n
(8) and (11), the generalized state-space equations of the overall
 n 0
 k
(16) system is obtained as in (20).
L i   b in
 m  n
n0
 diL1
The inductance at unaligned position, midway and aligned  L dt  vin  1  d s  vC1  d s vC 2  RL1iL1
position stay the same for motoring mode and generating mode. 
 L diL 2  v  1  d v  v  R i
Based on (12)-(16), (17) is obtained:  dt C2  s  C1 C 2  L 2 L 2
 dL 1  1  
 L  i di  2  2  BLa  BLu   BLm  C dvC1  1  d  i  i   d i
    1 dt s L2 e s L2

 1 
  BLa  BLu  cos  N r   
n
   1  d s   iL 2    d 0  d k  ik   d 0 iL 2
 2   k 1 
 11  
    BLa  BLu   BLm  cos  2 N r  (17) C dvC 2  1  d i  i  d i
 22   2 dt  s  L 2 e  s L 2
 dL N r 
    BLa  BLu  sin  N r  
 1  d 

i  
n

 d0  d k  ik   d0iL 2
 d 2  s 

L 2

  BLa  BLu  2 BLm  sin  2 N r  
k 1
 
  d
  dt  
where the coefficients are calculated as 
 d    N r i 2 CL  CL sin N  
 k  u  r 
k
 dt
 BLa  i     n  1 an i
n a
4J
 n0

 CLa  CLu  2CLm  sin  2 N r   L 
 , and the coefficient BLu is fixed as  T
k
 BL  i    n  1 b i n 


m 
n 0
n

J 
  N 
Lu. The derivative of  in (12) can be re-written as:  di 2   d k  d 0  vc  Rk ik  r ik  N 
 k   2  , k  [1, n] (20)
 dt M

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Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669 8

 1   n n

 M   2  BLa  BLu   BLm    BLa  BLu  cos  N r    D s  1 I k  I L 2  D 0  Dk  I k  I L 2
I1 In 
   0 k 1 k 1
 ...  
  C1 C1 C1 C1 
1 
   BLa  BLu   BLm  cos  2 N r   
n
where  .
  2   I k  I L2
I L2 I I

0 k 1
 1 ...  1 
 N   L  L  sin  N     L  L  2 L  sin  2 N    C2 C2 C2 C2 
 a u r a u m r
1 Vc1  Vc 2 
 B 0  0 ... 0  ,
 L1 L1 
The equivalent model in (20) applies to both motoring mode  Vc1  Vc 2 
and generating mode. For motoring mode, the phase current 0 0
L1
0 ... 0 
 
exists in the range [0°, 180°] of  . Under this condition, Te is 0 2Vc 2 2Vc 2
0 ... 0 
positive. For generating mode, phase current is applied in the  M M 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
range [180°, 360°] of  . Therefore, Te becomes negative. No  2Vc 2 2Vc 2 
0 0 0 0 
matter SRM operates in motoring mode or generating mode,  M M 
(20) is valid. Moreover, ignoring the difference caused by where Ds represents the duty cycle of the shoot-through time,
hysteresis effect, all the coefficients ( CLu , CLm and CLa ) D0 is the duty cycle of the upper switch (S1) of the common leg,
should be the same for motoring mode and generating mode, and D1~Dn are the duty cycles for the lower switches in the
which means that the equivalent model doesn’t change during other legs which correspond to each stator phase of SRM. Even
mode transition and a generalized control solution can though speed variation is slow, the coefficients in (21) are
potentially cover the two modes. changing with respect to  . One can simplify the equations
As seen in (20), the inductance of each phase depends on based on the specific operational conditions of SRM. For
both the rotor position and the current, thus it is time-variant instance, during most of the time, there is only one motor phase
and non-linear. It is preferred to linearize it around a steady- working and the others are in idle mode. Hence, the number of
state operating point. By linearization, the system performance the state-space equations in (17) can be limited at 3. The SRM
can be analyzed and the controller design can be performed. phase current can be considered as disturbance for the inductor
Considering the fact that the rate of variation in rotor speed current control iL1 and the capacitor voltage control vc 2 .
is much smaller than that of voltage and current, speed can be The phase inductance is assumed to be constant and the
assumed to be a constant (i.e.,   d dt is fixed). Re-writing derivative of phase inductance with respect to position  is
(20), the equivalent model is shown in form of state-space also assumed to be constant. At certain position, these two
equations as (21). parameters can be obtained using (17) and expressed as (22).
 Lk  , i   Lk  AL0  i   AL1  i  cos  N r  1 
 x '  Ax  Bu   AL2  i  cos  2 N r  2 
 (21) 
 y  Cx  Lk  , i  (22)
   K  N r AL1  i  sin  N r  1 
where, x  [vc1 , vc 2 , iL1 , iL 2 , i1 , i2 ,...in ] , u  [vin , d 0 , d s , d1 ,...d n ] ,
T T

  2 N r AL2  i  sin  2 N r  2 
 0 0 0 ... 0 
 0 0 0 ... 0  To consider the worst case scenario, only one phase the SRM
  O23 A1 
y  [iL1 , iL 2 , i1 ,..., in ] , C   0 0 1 ... 0  , A  
T
， excited at each instant. Hence, if only the current flowing
is
 A2 O n  2 n 1  through one phase is considered, the small signal model can be
... ... ... ... ...  
 0 0 0 ... 1  derived as shown in (23).
 
1  Ds  D0  Ds  1 D0  D1   Ds  1 D0  Dn    diL1
 ...   L dt  vin  1  d s  vC1  d s vC 2  RL1iL1
C C C  di
with A1   1 1 1 
1  D  D  D  1 D  D   D  1 D  D    L L 2  vC 2  1  d s  vC1  vC 2   RL 2 iL 2
 s 0 s 0 1
... s 0 n
  dt
 C2 C2 C2   dvC1
C1  1  d s  iL 2  ie   d s iL 2
 1  Ds  Ds RL1  dt
  
L1 L1 L1    n


 1  Ds Ds R 

  1  d 

i
s  L2    d 0  d k  i pk   d 0iL 2
 (23)
  L2   k 1
L L L  dv
C2 dt  1  d s  iL 2  ie   d s iL 2
 2 2 2  C2
and A2   2  D1  D0  2 R1  N r N ,
 0  
  n

 M M   1  d s   iL 2    d 0  d k  i pk   d 0iL 2
 ... ... ...    k 1 
   di
  n
2 D  D 0  2 Rn  N r N   L pk  V  d  d    D  D  v
 0 
M M   k dt c2 k 0 k 0 C2

  R i  K  i
 k pk pk

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Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669 9

Taking the Laplace transform of (23), the relationship

between iL1 and duty cycles ds can be derived as shown in (24).
J s
iL1  s    ds  s  (24)
T s
where,
 CsVc  D0  Dk Vc
J  s    Ik  IL 
 1  D0 Lk s  Rk  K 

 D0  Dk  Vc
2
 
  Lk s  Rk  K  1  D0  Fig. 8 The power flow control of the dc port for ZIMPC.
 (25)
Cs  Ls  RL   1  D0 
2

 T  s   
1  D0

  D0  Dk   Ls  RL 
2

 
  Lk s  Rk  K  1  D0 
C. Multi-objective control method
The proposed multi-objective power flow control method has
been illustrated in Fig. 8. There are two control branches, one
is ZIMPC control including capacitor voltage and input current,
and the second one is SRM control with speed/torque and phase
current. In ZIMPC control branch, the average voltage of
capacitor C2 is detected and regulated at a constant value. The
voltage command is decided based on the requirement of speed
(higher capacitor voltage for C2 is needed for high speed
operation of SRM). The output of the capacitor voltage control
loop is the input current reference. With the detected input
current iL1, the duty cycle of the shoot-through time (ds) is
regulated to make the input current track the reference. In this
inner loop, a repetitive controller [37] is inserted in series with
controller (Co1) to reduce the low-frequency ripple which
cannot be restrained using conventional controller alone. On the
other hand, in SRM control branch, the speed or torque is
expected to be regulated. The output of this control loop is the
reference for phase currents. Subsequently the phase current is
regulated using a hysteresis controller with a satisfactory
dynamic performance. In Fig. 8, g1 and g2 are the PWM signals
for S1 and S2, respectively, gs is the PWM signal for S6.
Meanwhile, g3, g4 and g5 are the signals for S3, S4 and S5.
There is a modified hysteresis controller in Fig. 8 which is
different from the hysteresis controller used in ASHB. This
block outputs the signals for S3, S4 and S5. When the phase
current is lower than the referred minimum value, switches (S3,
S4 and S5) are on; when it is higher than the reference, switches
are off. Otherwise, their state keeps unchanged. The hysteresis
block also outputs the duty cycle for S1 in Fig. 8. As written in
(7), the rising slope of phase current is decided by the voltage
difference between the midpoint voltage of the first leg and that
of the other legs. In order to shorten the rise time, the average
voltage of the midpoint of the first leg should be regulated to a
relative high value. During other times, this voltage is desired
to be kept low so as to keep the phase current ripple limited. In
consideration of the fact that the middle voltage is calculated
using (26), the rising slope can be adjusted by regulating d0. The
Fig. 9 The relationship between the duty cycle d0 and the mechanical angle.
relationship between the duty cycle (d0) and the mechanical
angle (θ) is illustrated in Fig. 9.
vmid  vin 1  d s   d 0  d pk  1  2d s  (26)
D. Discussion
The proposed ZIMPC and its power flow control method as
SRM drives have been described. While, it is worth pointing
out that ZIMPC also allows the SRM to work as a generator. In
one electric cycle, the electrical angel of the rotor increases
from 0° to 360ᵒ. For motoring operation, the phase current
command equals iref when the rotor goes from unaligned
position to aligned position. When the rotor passes the aligned
position, the phase current reference changes to 0. For
generating operation, the phase current keeps 0 before the rotor
reaches aligned position. Then, the phase current command
becomes iref. The rest of the control system remains the same,
and the capacitor voltage as well as the source current can still
be regulated. In order to cover both motoring and generating
mode of operation, the calculation of iph_ref from iref can be given
by (27).
abs  iref  i sign 180o   
i ph _ ref  ref  ,
2 2
(27)
 x0
1,
sign  x   
1, x  0
IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In order to validate the proposed ZIMPC topology and
control strategy, a simulation model is built in
MATLAB/Simulink based on ZIMPC. The detailed hardware
parameters of the ZIMPC have been listed in Table II. A
symmetrical three-phase SRM model is used in the simulation.
In consideration of that the power rating of SRM is less than 2-
kW and the phase voltage is less than 400 V, a switching
frequency of 20-kHz is chosen. In terms of the quasi-Z-source

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Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669 10

TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF THE SIMULATION MODELS

(a)

(b)

unit, the inductors can be designed using the switching

frequency and desired current ripple through the input source.
Meanwhile, the capacitors are selected according to the
capacitance calculation introduced in Section II and theoretical
analysis in [29].
A. Feasibility of ZIMPC in simulation
The corresponding control method is implemented based on
the designed power flow as introduced in Section III. Fig. 10
shows the steady-state waveforms including the flux (Fig.
10(a)), the three-phase current (Fig. 10(b)) and the torque (Fig.
10(c)) which demonstrate the topology can transfer power from
the input source to the SRM. From Fig. 10(c), it can be seen that
there is large torque ripple (ΔTe=18 N·m) which would cause
large power ripple through the converter. On the other hand, the
input current (iL1) and the capacitor voltage (vc2) are shown in
Fig. 10(d) and Fig. 10(e), respectively. The input current is
about 3 A with less than 0.6 A ripple. The required power ripple
caused by current commutation is compensated by the two
capacitors in quasi-Z-source unit, which lead to 22 V peak-to-
peak voltage ripple at C2.
The dynamic performance of ZIMPC with symmetrical SRM
is also tested. At first, the speed is controlled at 900 rpm. The
peak value of phase current is 35 A. At t=0.7 s, the load torque
changes from 5 N·m to 15 N·m. It can be seen that the capacitor
voltage decreases to compensate the power mismatch in Fig.
11(a). After about 350 ms, the capacitor average voltage is
regulated back to 450 V. The voltage overshoot is limited at less
than 17%. The capacitor voltage ripple (peak-to-peak) is
enlarged from 22 V to 50 V because larger power ripple is
necessary for current commutation. Fig. 11(b) shows the input
current. It goes up from 3 A to 6 A smoothly without overshoot.
Meanwhile, the phase currents increase from 35 A to 62 A as
shown in Fig. 11(c).
The waveforms in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 reveal that the
proposed topology can act as the drive for SRM instead of the
(c)
(d)
(e)
Fig. 10 The steady-state simulation waveform with 5 N·m load torque: (a)
flux (V·s), (b) three-phase current (A), (c) torque (N·m), (d) capacitor voltage
(V), (e) input current (A).
conventional ASHB topology and the control method
considered in Section III is suitable for the proposed topology.
B. Experimental Results
Two prototypes based on the conventional ASHB topology
and the proposed ZIMPC have been built to compare their
performances. Here, a 2-stack 2-phase SRM is driven by the
converters so as to test the feasibility of ZIMPC and its
advantages. Both the number of stator poles and rotor poles are
equal to 8 in each stack. The key parameters for the SRM are
shown in Table III. The detailed analysis of the motor structure
can be found in [19]. The dc alternator is coupled with the SRM
and a power resistor is connected to the output of dc alternator,
which acts as load. Considering the voltage and current rating,
MOSFET IPL65R130C7 from Infineon is used as power
switches and RFUS20NS6STL from Rohm semiconductor is
used as power diodes. While it is desirable to choose low
capacitance, too low of a capacitor value will hinder the

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Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669 11

TABLE III
PARAMETERS OF THE SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

(a)

TABLE IV
PARAMETERS OF THE MOTOR DRIVES

(b)

(c)
Fig. 11 The dynamic simulation waveform: (a) capacitor voltage (V), (b) input
current (A), (c) three-phase current (A).
performance of ZIMPC because of low excitation voltage
resulted from high voltage ripple. For the prototype used in the
experiments, the capacitor values are selected to keep the
voltage ripple less than 50 V to ensure that (1) the lowest
possible voltage is high enough so as not to impact the
performance of the SRM drive; and (2) to limit the voltage
stress of capacitor and semiconductors. For the control part, the
designed power flow control scheme is implemented using
ARM-based microprocessor XMC4400 from Infineon. Similar
to the simulation, the switching frequency is selected at 20-kHz.
The corresponding sampling and control period is set at 50 µs.
The detailed hardware parameters of the prototypes are listed in
Table IV. The picture of the prototype is show in Fig. 12. The
corresponding experimental results are displayed to compare
their performances.
1) Switching waveforms
The switching waveform is shown in Fig. 13 to illustrate the
operation of the quasi-Z-source unit. Fig. 13 (a) shows the
waveforms of input current and voltage along with the voltage Fig. 12 The prototype of the SRM drive system.
across the H bridge, while Fig. 13 (b) shows the waveforms of
The peak-to-peak input current ripple is 13.8 A. During the
the current and voltage of one phase along with the voltage
period of second phase de-energizing, the input current
across the H bridge. The shoot-through event can be observed
becomes minimum (-3.9 A). Instead of ASHB, ZIMPC is used
in the H bridge voltage in Fig. 13 (a) and (b).
to drive the same SRM. In this ZIMPC, only two 220 uF
2) Steady-state waveforms
capacitors are used in the quasi-Z-source unit. Fig. 15(b) shows
When using ZIMPC converter as SRM drive, the current
the experimental result using ZIMPC with fixed shoot-through
waveform of the two stator phases currents are shown in Fig.
period. Compared with Fig. 15(a), the input current is kept
14. The two phases of the stator are driven alternatively
almost positive and the peak-to-peak ripple is 8.0 A. Moreover,
according to the rotor position. In addition, the capacitor
the capacitor voltage contains 30 V ripple. After that, the
average voltage (vc2) is controlled at 75 V.
control method presented in Section III is employed and the
Fig. 15 shows the experimental comparison of ASHB and
waveform is in Fig. 15(c). The input current peak-to-peak ripple
ZIMPC. When using ASHB, an 1100 µF electrolytic capacitor
is controlled within 0.6 A. Meanwhile, the capacitor voltage
is used to remove the current ripple caused by current
ripple is enlarged to 45 V in order to compensate the low-
commutation. Fig. 15(a) shows the corresponding waveform.

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2521351, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669
(a)
(b)
Fig. 13 The switching waveform: (a) input current, voltage and the voltage
across the H bridge; (b) phase voltage, current and the voltage across the H
bridge.
Fig. 14 The current waveform of the stator in SRM using ZIMPC.
frequency power ripple. The frequency distribution of the input
current in these three cases is shown in Fig. 15(d).
The above experimental results reveal that the proposed
ZIMPC can reduce more than 60% of the capacitance
requirement with less switches and diodes. By controlling the
input current with shoot-through time, the input current can also
be optimized with 90% low-frequency ripple reduction.
3) Dynamic waveforms
The dynamic tests are also done with ZIMPC to verify the
validity of the power flow control method. Fig. 16 shows the
dynamic waveform of capacitor voltage and input current
regulation in experiment. At the beginning, the phase currents
are maintained at 5 A, the input current is controlled at 1.95 A.
The capacitor voltage (vc2) is about 75 V with 37 V ripple. After
that, the phase currents are increased to 8.5 A. The capacitor
voltage drops to 63 V so as to provide the power mismatch.
Meanwhile, the input current goes up because of the voltage
drop. After about 1 s dynamic response time, the average
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12
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 15 Experimental comparison using ASHB and ZIMPC: (a) ASHB with
2200uF capacitor, (b) ZIMPC with fixed shoot-through period, (c) ZIMPC with
power flow control, (d) frequency distribution.
capacitor voltage goes up back to 75 V, while the voltage ripple
increases to 50 V. The input current is controlled at 2.6 A. The
voltage overshoot is limited at less than 15%.
Fig. 17 shows the dynamic waveform in experiment. The
speed command is 500 rpm and the capacitor voltage (vc2)
command is 80 V. At the beginning, the speed is controlled at
500 rpm with phase currents of around 5 A, the capacitor
voltage (vc2) is controlled at 80 V with 30 V ripple, and the input
current is controlled at 1.4 A. At -1.5 s, the resistance connected
to the dc alternator is decreased so that the load is increased.
The speed drops to around 380 rpm, while the phase currents
command goes up because of the speed drop, causing the
capacitor voltage to drop and the input current to increase. After
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2521351, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 16 Dynamic performance of capacitor voltage and input current
regulation in experiment. (a) and (c) show the voltage of C2 and current of L1,
respectively. The two set of data are filtered using a moving average filter to
show the trend in same figures. The filtered waveforms are also enlarged and
shown in (b) and (d), respectively.
about 2.5 s dynamic response time, the speed goes up back to
500 rpm, the average capacitor voltage (vc2) is maintained at 80
V, while the voltage ripple increases to 40 V and the input
current increases to 2.2 A.
4) High speed waveforms
As introduced in Section II, ZIMPC can help to fasten current
commutation by increasing the capacitor voltage. The
corresponding experimental result has been shown in Fig. 18.
The command for capacitor voltage (vc2) is boosted from 75 V
to 95 V. Thus, the phase current rising slope is guaranteed. At
the same time, the input current is also kept at 2.0 A with 1.2 A
peak-to-peak ripple. Comparing that with the low-speed case,
the current ripple is higher which is because of the bandwidth
of the controller. In order to improve the current ripple control
performance further, advanced control method would be
necessary.
5) Efficiency
The efficiency of the proposed topology is tested in
experiments and shown in Fig. 19. The maximum efficiency is
around 93.5%. It is shown that the converter can achieve
efficiencies of higher than 90% when the output power is higher
than 150 W.
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13
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 17 Dynamic performance of speed regulation when load is increased in
experiment: (a) input current, which is the current of L1, (b) the voltage of C2;
(c) current through phase a, (d) speed calculated by the MCU and output
through digital-to-analog converter, then converted to rpm in MATLAB.
V. CONCLUSION
A quasi-Z-source integrated multiport converter (ZIMPC) is
proposed as SRM drives in this paper for capacitance reduction
and enable wide-speed-range operation. By using this topology
in place of asymmetrical H-bridge converter (ASHB), the
requirement for capacitance to provide the power ripple during
current commutation can be reduced significantly. This, in turn,
can expand the converter’s lifetime and enhance its power
density. The current ripple through the input source is also
reduced by controlling the shoot-through time of quasi-Z-
source unit. In addition, performance during high-speed
operation can be improved with higher equivalent exciting
voltage given by the quasi-Z-source unit, enabling a wider
CPSR. With the operation modes and the equivalent model of
the overall system, an advanced power flow control method is
developed. The validity and performance of the proposed
ZIMPC is verified by the simulation and experimental results.
Comparative results reveal that the capacitor can compensate
for 90% of periodical transient power ripple with only 40%
capacitance as compared to ASHB for SRM drives.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2521351, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics
TPEL-Reg-2015-09-1669
Fig. 18 Experimental results at high speed condition.
Fig. 19 Experimentally recorded efficiency of the converter as a function of
output power.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is done in the Renewable Energy and Vehicular
Technology (REVT) Laboratory, the University of Texas at
Dallas. The authors would like to thank the founding director
Dr. Babak Fahimi for his support.
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Fan Yi (S’14) received his B.S. degree in

electrical engineering from Shandong
University, Jinan, China, in 2013. He is
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the
University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
TX, USA.
He is also a Graduate Research Assistant
and Thrust Area Leader in the Renewable
Energy and Vehicular Technology (REVT)
laboratory. His research interests include design and control of
power electronic converters with applications in renewable
energy systems and motor drives.

Wen Cai (S’12) received the B.S. and M.S.

degrees in electrical engineering from
Huazhong University of Science and
Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China, in
2010 and 2013, respectively. Now he is
pursuing the Ph. D degree in the University
of Texas at Dallas, Texas, USA.
He is also a Graduate Research Assistant
in Renewable Energy and Vehicular
Technology (REVT) laboratory. From
2009 to 2012, he acted as director in HUST-Infineon Joint
Training Lab. Since 2012, he becomes a reviewer for seven
journals and several conferences. His research interests include
renewable energy applications, multiport converter, resonant
converter, switched reluctance motor drives and power quality
optimization of DC microgrid.

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