Swinburne Universityof Technology

Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies

ASSIGNMENT AND PROJECT COVER SHEET

Unit Code: TNE30003 Unit Title: Communications Principles

Lab number and title: DSB – Modulation and Detection Due date:

Lab group Day: Time: Demonstrator:

Family name: Gurpreet Kaur Student ID: 102876054

Other names:

To be completed if this is an individual assignment

I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not worked collaboratively nor
have I copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due
acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by
another person.
Signature: gurpreet kaur

To be completed if this is a group assignment

We declare that this is a group assignment and that no part of this submission has been
copied from any other student's work or from any other source except where due
acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for us by another
person.

ID Number Name Signature

Marker's comments:

Total Mark:

Extension certification:

This assignment has been given an extension and is now due on

Signature of Convenor:
Student id: Name: Group:

EXPERIMENT 2DSB – MODULATION AND DETECTION

Preliminaries
The preliminary work is worth 20% of the report mark and must be completed before
the laboratory session.
Enter all your results in the next section, the background and methodology can be
found in page 10.

Results
1. DSB-SC (Suppressed Carrier) – Generation
1.1. Preliminary Work
Using mathematical analysis, predict the frequency spectrum (frequency domain)
for y(t) inFigure 1-1DSB-SC Modulator. Sketch both the time domain view and the
spectrum in the graphs provided below (Predicted) noting all important
amplitudes, strengths and frequencies.

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Predicted DSB SC in time domain

4 not 2

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Predicted DSB SC in frequency domain

Observed DSB SC in time domain

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Observed DSB SC with message in time domain

Observed DSB SC in frequency domain

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1.1. For the DSB-SC case compare your predictions with the experimental results
commenting on differences.

In the time domain in DSB SC predicted amplitude is 2 volts but it is 1.851 volts in
the observed time domain after modulation and the amplitude is 1.927 volts in the
DSB SC with message signal. Ampiltude is shown in rms value in picoscope rather
than peak value, this also causes silght variation. The differnece in amplitude is also
due to scaling factor k as
Output= k x(y)
K is nearly half that is 1.2 which gives the difference in amplitudes.
The scaling factor in the multipliers affects the amplitude.
G and g ( gains) should be 1 otherwise this also affects the amplitude .
In the frequency domain predicted frequencies are 98 and 102 khz and the observed
frequencies are 98.05 khz and 102.2 khz. This difference is because picoscope in
frequncy spectrum shows rms values not peak values and if we divide the reuslts by
square root of 2 , it will give the same result.

In observed frequency domain there is one line shown in the middle of sidebands ,
this is because multiplier is leaking carieer frequencies and here it be because carrier
value is small , modulator needs to be balanced.

Here ac coupling is used because in the presence of a DC term in signal , it will

result in a term at ω in the DSB signal that is a term at ‘carrier’ frequency. It will no
longer be a double sideband suppressed carrier signal then, that’s why we use ac
signals.

Explanation of why the carrier disappears in the time domain picture

Multiplying two sinusoids of different frequencies results in the sum of two

sinusoids with the sum and the difference of the two frequencies. So here
DSB-SC really results in a suppressed carrier that means the modulated
signal has no component at the carrier frequency and that’s why the carrier
signal disappear in the time domain graph.

2. DSB-LC (Large Carrier) - Generation

2.1. Preliminary Work
Sketch the frequency domain pictures at points A, B, C and D in Figure 2-1 DSB-LC
Modulator.

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Predicted Spectrum (Point A) and (Point B)

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Predicted Spectrum (Point C) and (Point D)

Results 2-1Frequency Domain representation DSB-LC modulation

Clear understanding of how DSB-LC is obtained from the block diagram ie what ends
being the carrier term

From the block diagram we get the output y(t) which is solved below

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2.2 For the DSB-LC case, why must the Coupling on the Multiplier be set to DC?

Answer DC has zero frequency and there will be no output component at

carrier frequency while AC has some frequencies and in DSB –LC when we
use DC, this results in the carrier signal showing up in the final signal
waveform as it moves the entire modulation signal to the time axis that results
in an enveloping effect. In the demodulation part, envelope detection can be
used to recover the signal

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Observed time domain of DSB LC

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no vertical axis hence cant see ampl

Observed (frequency domain) of DSB LC

Results2-2Frequency Domain representation of DSB-LC

Observed (Trapezoidal Pattern)

Results 2-3Trapezoidal Display and Time Domain representation of DSB-LC

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2.3 From your time domain observations what is the value of the modulation index
m, show your calculations? Compare this value with from the frequency domain
observations, again show calculations

From time domain representation the value of m is 0.45

From frequency domain representation the value of m is 0.41

Both the values of m are approximately same.

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3. DSB-LC (Large Carrier) - Detection

3.1. Preliminary work
Explain the operation of the envelope detector in Figure 3-1. Sketch indicative signal
waveforms for the output of this envelope detector. The envelope detector used in the
lab is as shown in Figure 3-2. Predict the output of this detector or the three values of
capacitance. You may assume that the 1.5nF capacitor leads to a time constant which
is very short, and that the 100nF capacitor gives a time constant which is very long.

Answer:
The message is contained in the envelope detector (non coherent
device) and to achieve the detection through this method m (
modulation index) should be less than or equal to 1. The envelope
detector uses diode, resistor and capacitor, the diode acts as a non
linear mixer and is used to remove the negative part of the signal
(rectification) and the capacitor charges to peak value and discharges
slowly through the resistor.

If the value of RC is too low like in case of 1.5 nf then capacitor

discharge too fast and its value is too high that is 100nf then it will be
distorted.
The envelope detection method works only for DSB LC not with DSB
SC and the message is contained in the envelope as long as m<= 100
percent

Waveforms of output of envelope detector:

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Observed (time domain) C=0 nF (when c=0 only diode shows rectification )

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Observed (time domain) C=1.5 nF

Observed (time domain) C=220 nF

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Observed (time domain) C=10 nF

Results 3-3Envelope Detected signal for different values of capacitance

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3.2 Compare your predictions with the experimental results commenting on

differences, What is the optimum value of capacitance for the detector? Is there
any distortion? Discuss.

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The optimum value for the capacitance is 10 nf as it shows 120 * 10^-6 value as for
c=10nf it gets time to charge and discharge , therefore recover signal but, in case of
1.5nf it discharges too fast and in case of 220nf , it distorts the signal.

4. DSB-SC –Product Detection

4.1. Preliminary work
Derive an expression for the output of the product detector from the block diagram in
Figure 4-1 Product Detector assuming that the input is a single tone modulated DSB-
SC signal. Also show the effect on the output if the local carrier is out of phase from
the modulated carrier by 45.

If the local carrier is out of phase from modulated carrier by 45 degree the output will
not vary because amplitudes of both the waveforms are same.

Below is the expression for output of product detector

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Observed (time domain) C= Optimum

Results 4-1 Envelope Detection of DSB-SC

4.2. Was the message signal correctly recovered? State the frequency of the signal
at the output of the envelope detector and describe its shape compared to the
message?

The message is not recovered correctly, message is different and moreover the
periods of both the waveforms are different but in the terms of shape it is the
sinusoidal wave as shown in blue colour in the above graph.

The frequency graph of the envelope detector shows two frequencies one at 2.07khz
which is message frequency and the other one is at 4.15 khz which is the output
frequency of the envelope detector having very small amplitude.

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Observed (time domain)

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Observed (frequency domain)

Results 4-2Product Detector Time and Frequency Domain

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Observed (time domain)

Observed (frequency domain)

Results 4-3Filtered output of Product Detector Time and Frequency Domain

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4.3. Comment on the results from the product detection section.

At the output of product detector the xd(t) is recovered message and the input y(t) is
amplitude modulated signal. In the time domain graph output of z(t) (multiplier)
shows envelope exist above and below the message with the 180 degree phase shift
when capacitor of 10nf is used. Then after passing it through LPF of 60khz , at the
output of product detection both message and envelope exists and are of almost
same size but with a phase shift shift of 180 degree.

In the frequency domain at the output of multiplier, it shows 3 frequencies fc, fc+w,
fc-w that are around 197,200, 202 khz and at the output of product detection
method , it shows frequency of 2khz which is message signal.
output in 4.2 shows components around
200kHz which is actually 2fc NOT fc
4.4. Optional Challenge

5. Conclusion

In the Question 1, we use multiplier to multiply 2khz message signal with 100 khz
carrier signal to generate DSB SCsignal, although the outputs in time and
frequency domain are slightly different because of scaling factor which is around
0.5.
In the question 2 for generation of DSB LC , we see how to use adder to the
scope selector with the toggle switch and i also learnt how to set gain control ,
although i didn’t use all these equipments practically as my lab was online but i
am trying my best to understand these equipments via video. In this lab i learnt
how to see trapezoidal view and adjust the g control leads to change in modulation
index and it should be from 40-60 for good response.
In the question 3 for detection of DSB-LC envelope detector which is non
coherent device consists of diode, resistor and capacitor is used and i learnt how to
use this device and then the time domain and frequency domain signal is
observed by varying the different values of capacitor C = 0nF, C = 1.5nF, C =
10nF, C = 220nF
In the question 4 DSB SC detection is done by product detector method by using
the multiplier and then “60kHz LPF” module , here i learnt how to use LPF as it
is simply consists of Resistor and capacitor

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 Method
Introduction
In Amplitude Modulation (AM) the amplitude, Ac, of the unmodulated carrier
Accos(ct+) is varied in proportion to the message (or modulating) signal. The
frequency c and  are constant. In this case the message is contained in the amplitude
variation of the modulated signal.
Two common forms of AM are:
DSB-LC: Double sideband with large carrier, (commonly known as AM)
DSB-SC: Double sideband with suppressed carrier
Both these forms have a transmission bandwidth which is twice the message
bandwidth, i.e. BT=2W
Detection of DSB-LC can be accomplished with an envelope detector. However the
modulation index must be <= 100% in order to avoid severe distortion.
Detection of DSB-SC requires the use of a product detector.
The efficiency of DSB-LC is poor, best efficiency is 33% when m=1.

For the DSB-LC the total power equals the carrier power plus the sidebands power or
expressed mathematically:
1 1 mA 1 mA  m 2

PT = ( Ac ) 2 + ( c ) 2 + ( c ) 2 = Pc 1 +  
2 2 2 2 2   2 

1 2
PT = C0 +  Cn
2
The total power is given by:
n =1 2

Where Co is the dc term and Cn are the Fourier series coefficients.

Power in Sidebands
Efficiency  =  100%
Total power
Required Modules:
Envelope Detector Box, Two Multipliers, Adder, 60kHz LPF andPhase Shifter
(optional) modules.

1. DSB-SC (Suppressed Carrier) – Generation

Multiplier

~  y(t)

Carrier
Note:
~ Message is 2sin(x2x103t)
Carrier is 2sin(x100x103t)
Message
Figure 1-1DSB-SC Modulator
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Power up the "TIMS" unit by using the switch at the back.

Build the modulator shown in Figure 1-1DSB-SC Modulator by connecting the
appropriate TIMs modules together.
Locate the 100 kHz (sin t) carrier output and the 2 kHz message (single tone)
output on the “Master Signals” module and connect them to the X input and Y
input of the “Multiplier” module respectively. Refer to Figure 1-1DSB-SC
Modulator.
Connect the multiplier output to the A input of CH1 of the “Scope Selector”
module. Connect the 2 kHz message signal to the A input of CH2 of the “Scope
Selector” module. Set the toggle switch to selection A for both CH1 & CH2 of
the “Scope Selector” module.
Observe and record the time domain signals in Error! Reference source not
found., noting characteristics such as frequency and amplitude. (Note: make sure
that the probe setting on the CRO is 1X). It may be a good idea to display both the
message and modulated signals on the same display. If you use the PicoScope set
the trigger to Auto and choose the message signal as the trigger source.

If you have difficulty obtaining a stable trace on the screen, either:

• Press Stop/Go on the CRO.
• Or trigger the CRO externally with the message.

Using the spectrum analyser (See Appendix 1 Exp 1) observe and record the
frequency domain display of DSB-SC. If you are using the picoScope then you
will need to set maximum frequency to 195.3 kHz and the voltage range to ±5V.
You may want to use the zoom function to magnify a section of the
spectrum.(Remember don’t use dB)
Record your results in Error! Reference source not found.

2. DSB-LC (Large Carrier) - Generation

To obtain double sideband large carrier modulation we use the following set-up:
Multiplier
Adder
B C D
~ g   y(t)
+
Message Note :
+ y(t) = [1+mAmsin(mt)]Acsin(ct)
Message is 2sin(2103t)
Variable DC A ~ Carrier is 2sin(100103t)
Supply
Carrier
Figure 2-1 DSB-LC Modulator
Calibration of the Adder Module:
Connect the “Variable DC” output on the “TIMS” unit to the A input of the
“Adder” and ground the B input of the adder. Connect the “Adder” output to
input A-CH1 of the "Scope Selector" with the respective toggle switch on
position A. Turn the V control on the “Variable DC” fully anticlockwise. With

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the CRO on DC coupling, using the G control on the “Adder”, adjust the output
voltage to of the “Adder” to +1V. Note you may also need to adjust the DC
output control V. Once you have 1 V do not alter the G control!
Replace the ground from input B of the “Adder” with the 2 kHz message signal.
Connect the output of the “Adder”to the Y input of the “Multiplier”. Connect the
100 kHz (sin t) carrier to input X and observe the output of the “Multiplier” on
the picoScope via the “Scope Selector” module. (Refer to Figure 2-1 DSB-LC
Modulator).
Note: The Coupling on the Multiplier must be DC.
Using the Trapezoidal Display (See Appendix), adjust the g control on the
“Adder” so that the modulation index (m) is in the range 40 to 60%, (You may
have to adjust the V as well). Record the resultant time domain and
trapezoidaldisplayin Results 2-3. Verify the modulation index by observing and
recording the time domain display.
If you use the picoScope increase the resolution of the spectrum analyser by
setting the number of spectrum bands to 16384 (select Spectrum Options Icon).
Also make sure that you display the spectrum of the modulated signal.
Observe and record the DSB-LC display obtained on the spectrum analyser in
Results2-2. Verify the modulation index by using the frequency domain display.
You may want to use the zoom function to magnify a section of the spectrum.

Do not dismantle this circuit as it is required for the next

section!

3. DSB-LC (Large Carrier) - Detection

The envelope of DSB-LC modulated signal contains the original message information.
This property can be used to easily recover the message from the modulated signal by
using an envelope detector as shown in Figure 3-1 Envelope Detector below.

y(t)
C x(t)
R

Figure 3-1 Envelope Detector

Using the DSB-LC signal from the section 2, connect the output of the multiplier
to the input of the “envelope detector” provided (separate box) as shown in

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Figure 3-1. Observe and record the time domain output signal of the “envelope
detector” when a DSB-LC signal of m 0.5 is applied to the input of this
“envelope detector” for the different values of capacitance stated below. Note:
use a link to choose the capacitor: C = 0nF, C = 1.5nF, C = 10nF, C = 220nF
Note: Make sure you connect the ground from "TIMS" unit to ground of the
envelope detector box.

Connect to ground of TIMs

Figure 3-2 Envelope Detector
Sketch the detected signal for each value of capacitance in the graphs Results 3-3
Change the position of the toggle switch on the “Multiplier” from DC to the AC
position, this will remove the carrier and the output will be DSB-SC.
With the optimum value of capacitance found above, use envelope detection to
demodulate this DSB-SC signal. Observe and record the resultant output of the
envelope detector in the results section. Record the results in Results 4-1.

4. DSB-SC (Suppressed Carrier) – Detection

Demodulation of DSB-SC signals is achieved by using a product detector as shown in
Figure 4-1 Product Detector below. The frequency of the local carrier at the receiver
site must match the local carrier at the transmitter site exactly in both frequency and
phase.

y(t) z(t) xd(t)

LPF
cos(ct)
Figure 4-1 Product Detector

Using the DSB-SC system of the previous section, remove the envelope detector
box and replace it with a product detector.
Connect the output of the “Multiplier” from section 3.3 to input Y of a second
“Multiplier”. Apply the same 100 kHz (sin t) carrier, as for modulation, into
input X of the second “Multiplier”. Observe and record the output of the second
“Multiplier” both in the time and frequency domains in Results 4-2.
If you are using the picoScope set the maximum frequency to 312 kHz and the
voltage range to ±1Von the spectrum analyser. You may want to use the zoom
function to magnify a section of the spectrum.
Connect the output of the second “Multiplier” to the input of the “60kHz LPF”
module and turn the gain knob fully clockwise. Observe and record the output of

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the LPF in both the time and frequency domains in Results 4-3. You may want to
adjust the gain control to remove any distortion.
Optional Challenge (strongly recommended): Use the “Phase Shifter” module
to vary the phase of the carrier in the product detector. Observe the effect of
varying the carrier phase on the recovered signal. Explain your results.

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Appendix:DSB-LC Modulation Index Measurement
Techniques.
A. Frequency Domain - Spectrum Analyser display.

The complete analysis of the DSB-LC wave is given by the spectrum analyser display.
The spectrum analyser displays the relative amplitudes and frequencies of all the
spectral components in the complex waveform.

Magnitude

f
fc-fm fc fc+fm

Figure A3 - Single Sided Spectra

B. Time Domain - CRO voltage display.

Below is shown a modulated DSB-LC wave applied to the vertical input of the CRO
and linear time-base supplying the horizontal deflection. To get the stable display
shown below usually you must provide external synchronization to the CRO from the
message (or modulating) signal.

Figure A4
Note: Amax = Ac(1+m) and Amin = Ac(1-m)
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C. Time Domain - Trapezoidal display.

The modulated DSB-LC wave is applied to the vertical input (B) of the
CRO and the modulating (or message) signal is applied the horizontal input (A) of
the CRO. On the Picoscope choose View, Add View, XY. The result is a complex
lissajou figure as shown in figure A5 below.

(b) m = 1, linear modulation.

(c) m < 1, with the phase difference between the modulated wave envelope and
the modulating signal.
(d) Distorted wave.
(e) m > 1, linear modulation.

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