Philippine Literature

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Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a

symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo was elected the first President
of the Philippine Republic but this was
short-lived.

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 Hello!
The American Regime
(1898-1941)
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THE STATE OF
LITERATURE
DURING THIS
PERIOD

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Filipino writers went into all forms of literature
like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays,
and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their
love of country and their longings for
independence.

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 The active arousal in the field of
literature started to be felt in the
following newspapers.

1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day).

Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900.

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2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of
the Nation). Established by Pascual
Poblete in 1900.

3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The
Rebirth). Founded by Rafael
Palma in 1901.

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There were also plays written then but after the
first and second presentations, the Americans
put a stop to this because of the consistent
theme of nationalism. Included here were the
following:

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1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS
(Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow)
Written by Aurelio Tolentino
depicting the suppression done by
the Americans and their plan to
colonize the Philippines.

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2. TANIKALANG GINTO by Juan
Abad
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino
Reyes
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3 GROUPS of literature
during this period
“
A. LITERATURE IN SPANISH
The inspiration of our Filipino writers in
Spanish was Rizal not only because of his
being a national leader but also because
of his novels NOLI and FILI.

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Some of the writers
and their works
“
CECILIO APOSTOL
He wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto,
Mabini and all other heroes but his poem
dedicated to Rizal is considered the best
poem in praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.

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Some of the writers
and their works
“
FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero
shared with Apostol the reign in the balagtasan
in Spanish during their time.

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Some of the writers
and their works
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JESUS BALMORI
He is well-known for his pen name of Batikuling.
He and Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate
on the topic – (Remembrance and
Forgetfulness). He was elected Poet Laureate
in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.

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Some of the writers
and their works
“
MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and
the fierceness of his nationalistic
spirit was unchanged in any topic
he wrote about.

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Some of the writers
and their works
“
CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, he can
compare with the other writers of Spanish.
He collected his poems in a book entitled
BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The
Coconut Trees).

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Some of the writers
and their works
“
Adelina Guerrea
She was the first woman poet in the
Philippines who was good in
Spanish. She obtained the Zobel
prize in her song El Nido (The Nest).

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Some of the writers
and their works
“
Isidro Marpori
He became famous for his four
books entitled Aromas de Ensueño
(Scents of Dreams).

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Some of the writers
and their works
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Macario Adriatico
He wrote of a legend of Mindoro
entitle La Punta de Salto (The
Place of Origin).

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Some of the writers
and their works
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Epifanio De Los Santos
He was known as Don Panyong).
He was a good leader and
biographer during the whole
period of Spanish literature.
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Some of the writers
and their works
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Pedro Aunario
He wrote the Decalogo del
Proteccionismo.

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 “
B. FILIPINO LITERATURE

FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco

Balagtas and URBANA AT FELISA of
Modesto de Castro became the
inspiration of the Tagalog writers.

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 “
B. FILIPINO LITERATURE

Julian Cruz Balmaceda

classified three kinds of
Tagalog poets:

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POETRY IN ENGLISH

The themes of most poems dealt

with the usual love of nature, and of
social and political problems.

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 “
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
This included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo
Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan,
Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V.
Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and
Mar Antonio.

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 “
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)
This is Led by Lope K Santos, Jose
Corazon de Jesus, Florentino
Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos
Garmaitan, and Amado V.
Hernandez.

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 “
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng
Tanghalan)
This is led by Aurelio Tolentino,
Patricio Mariano, Severino
Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.

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LOPE K. SANTOS
- a novelist, poet and author, and grammarian
- If Manuel L. Quezon is called the Father
of the National Language, Lope K. Santos
is called the Father of the National
Language Grammar. He was also called
the “Apo” of the Tagalog writers.
BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece.

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JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
- is very popularly known as Huseng
Batute
- He was also called the Poet of Love in
his time. ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A
TREE), an elegy, is believed to be his
masterpiece.

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AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
- was dubbed Makata ng mga
Manggagawa (Poet of the
Laborers) in our literature
because he pictures in his poem
the intense love for the poor
worker or laborer.

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AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
- To him, a poem is a scent,
bittersweet memories, and a
murmur of flowing water. The pen
is powerful and according to him,
even a king can be bent by the
pen.

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VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA

Together with Lope K. Santos he reached

the summit of his novel-writing. He was
known as Tandang Anong and his pen
name was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). He
considers NENA AT NENENG his
masterpiece.

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IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popular
writer during the Spanish time known as
Odalger. He proved that he not only
followed the footsteps of his father but
also reached the peak of his success by
the “sumpong” (whim) of his pen.

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IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popular
writer during the Spanish time known as
Odalger. He proved that he not only
followed the footsteps of his father but
also reached the peak of his success by
the “sumpong” (whim) of his pen.

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 The Tagalog Drama
Severino Reyes and Hermogenes
Ilagan started the movement against
the moro-moro and struggled to show
the people the values one can get
from the zarzuela and the simple
plays.

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 Severino
Reyes Aurelio
Father of the Tolentino
Tagalog drama The dramatist
and author of in whom the
the immortal Kapampangans
WALANG take pride.
SUGAT.

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 Hermogenes Patricio
Ilagan Mariano
Founded the Wrote the
group novel NINAY
Campaña and ANAK NG
Ilagan that DAGAT (Son
presented of the Sea),
many dramas in his masterpiece
Central Luzon.

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 Julian Cruz
Balmaceda
Wrote
BUNGANGA NG
PATING (Shark’s
Mouth). This
gave him much
honor and fame.

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Two collections of Tagalog stories were
published during this period. First was the
MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories)
published in 1936 and KUWENTONG GINTO
ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden
Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in 1939.
The first was written by Alejandro Abadilla
and Clodualdo del Mundo

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The second was written by Pedrito
Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO (Golden
Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW
(Blue List) of Abadilla became popular
during this period.

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Other Forms of
LITERATURE
ILOCANO
LITERATURE

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 Pedro
Bukaneg
Father of Ilocano
Literature.
From his name was
derived the word
Bukanegan.

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 Claro Caluya
Prince of Ilocano
Poets, known as
poet and
novelist.

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 Leon Pichay
Known as the best
Bukanegero, also
a poet, novelist,
short story writer,
dramatist and
essayist.

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PAMPANGO
LITERATURE

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Juan Crisostomo Soto
- Father of Kapampangan
Literature, the word
CRISOTAN, meaning
balagtasan in Tagalog is
taken from his name.

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Aurelio Tolentino
- He truly proved his being a
Kapampangan in his
translation of KAHAPON,
NGAYON AT BUKAS into
Kapampangan which he called
NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS.

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VISAYAN
LITERATURE

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Eriberto Gumban
- Father of Visayan
Literature
- He wrote a zarzuela, moro-
moro and a play in Visayan.

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Magdalena Jalandoni
- She devoted her talent
to the novel.
- She wrote ANG MGA TUNUK
SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.

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C. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

“
This period is divided into three time frames.
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941

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 By 1900, English came
The Period of
to be used as a medium Re-orientation:
of instruction in the 1898-1910
public schools. From
the American forces
were recruited the first
teachers of English.

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By 1908, the primary and The Period of
intermediate grades Re-orientation:
were using English. It
was also about this time 1898-1910
when UP, the forerunner
in the use of English in
higher education, was
founded.

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 Writers had to learn The Period of
direct expression as
conditioned by direct
Re-orientation:
thinking. They had to 1898-1910
learn that sentence
constructions; sounds
and speech in English
were not the same as in
the vernacular.

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 The first attempts in The Period of
English were in two
periodicals of this time:
Re-orientation:
1898-1910
(a) El Renacimiento:
founded in Manila by
Rafael Palma in 1901

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 The first attempts in The Period of
English were in two
periodicals of this time:
Re-orientation:
1898-1910
(b) Philippines Free
Press: established in
Manila in 1905 by R.
McCullough Dick and D.
Theo Rogers.
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POETRY The Period of
In 1907, Justo Juliano’s Re-orientation:
SURSUM CORDA which 1898-1910
appeared in the
Renacimiento was the
first work to be
published in English.

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 POETRY
In 1909, Jan F. Salazar’s MY MOTHER and
his AIR CASTLES were also published
in this paper.
It was also in 1909 when Proceso Sebastian
followed with his poem TO MY LADY IN
LAOAG, also in this same paper.

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The Period of By 1919, the UP College
IMITATION: Folio published the
1910-1925 literary compositions of
the first Filipino writers
in English. They were
the pioneers in short
story writing.

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The Period of They were then groping
IMITATION: their way into imitating
1910-1925 American and British
models which resulted
in a stilted, artificial and
unnatural style, lacking
vitality and spontaneity.

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The Period of Writers of this folio included
IMITATION: Fernando Maramag (the
best editorial writer of this
1910-1925 period) Juan F. Salazar,
Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente
del Fierro, Francisco M.
Africa and Victoriano
Yamzon. They pioneered in
English poetry.

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The Period of The noted essayists of this time
were: Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C.
IMITATION: Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, and
1910-1925 Vicente Hilario.
Their essays were truly scholarly
characterized by sobriety,
substance and structure. They
excelled in the serious essay,
especially the editorial type.

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The Period of In the field of short stories,
DEAD STARS by Paz Marquez
IMITATION: Benitez written in the early
1910-1925 1920’s stand out as a model of
perfection in character
delineation, local color, plot
and message. Other short
stories published during this
time were but poor imitations
of their foreign models.

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The Period of The UP College Folio was later
replaced by the Philippine
IMITATION: Collegian. Newspapers and
1910-1925 periodicals also saw print
during this time like the
Bulletin, the Philippines Herald
(1920), the Philippine Review, the
Independent, Rising Philippines
and Citizens, and the Philippine
Education Magazine 1924.

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 By this time, Filipino
writers had acquired the
Period of Self-
mastery of English
Discovery and
writing. They now Growth
confidently and (1925-1941)
competently wrote on a
lot of subjects although
the old-time favorites of
love and youth persisted.

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1. POETRY
Period of Self-
Noteworthy names in this Discovery and
field include Marcelo de
Gracia Concepcion, Jose
Growth
Garcia Villa, Angela (1925-1941)
Manalang Gloria, Abelardo
Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa
Subido and Rafael Zulueta
da Costa.

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2. THE SHORT STORY Period of Self-
Probably because of the Discovery and
incentives provided by Growth
publications like the Philippine
Free Press, The Graphic, The (1925-1941)
Philippine Magazine and
college publications like the
UP Literary Apprentice, poetry
and the short story flourished
during these times.

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3. ESSAYS AND OTHER Period of Self-
PROSE STYLES
Essays during this period
Discovery and
improved with the years Growth
in quality and quantity, in (1925-1941)
content, subject and
style. Essayists like
Carlos P. Romulo became
even more eminent
editorial writers.
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 Salvador P. Lopez’ Period of Self-
LITERATURE AND SOCIETY Discovery and
which is a collection of Growth
critical reflections and (1925-1941)
serious essays and which
won first prize in the
Commonwealth Literary
Contest of 1940.

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Carlos P. Romulo had an Period of Self-
editorial printed in the Discovery and
Philippines Herald. Growth
Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, (1925-1941)
it was reprinted in his
book MY BORTHER
AMERICANS in 1945 in
New York.

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4. BIOGRAPHY
Period of Self-
In 1938, THE GREAT
MALAYAN won a prize in the
Discovery and
national contest sponsored
Growth
by the Commonwealth of (1925-1941)
the Philippines. This was
written by Carlos Quirino,
the most famous biographer
of the period.

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5. DRAMA
Period of Self-
Drama during this period did Discovery and
not reach the heights
attained by the novel or the Growth
short story. The UP provided (1925-1941)
the incentives when they
introduced playwriting as a
course and established the
UP Little Theater.

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