What is dilatation/dilation?
What are some maternal factors that trigger labor?
Maternal factors
● ◦Stretched uterine muscles & release of
prostaglandins
● ◦pressure on cervix stimulates nerve plexus
→ oxytocin
● ◦> estrogen → stimulates uterus to contract
● ◦Withdrawal of progesterone = < quieting
● ◦> release of oxytocin + prostaglandins =
inhibit CA binding → contractions
activated
● ◦Surge of oxytocin → contractions
2
What are some fetal factors that trigger labor?
● Placental aging → triggers contractions
● Fetal membranes synthesize prostaglandins
→ contractions
● ↑Fetal cortisol (adrenal glands) → <
progesterone → > prostaglandins →
contractions
3 LEEP, conization, biopsy
What are the premonitory signs of labor?
● Lightening
● Braxton-Hicks (will go away when
walking) vs. true labor contractions (they
will not go away when walking)
● GI changes (diarrhea, nausea, indigestion)
● Backache
● Bloody show (brownish or blood tinged)
● Spontaneous rupture of membranes
4 9
What are 5 factors affecting labor?
1.Powers (the contractions)
2.Passage (the pelvis)
3.Passenger (the fetus)
4.Psyche (the response of woman)
5.Position (maternal postures and physical positions
to facilitate labor)
5 o oblique
What is effacement?
● It is the thinning and shortening of the
cervix that occurs during labor
● At 100% effacement, the cervix is paper-
thin
6
It is the widening of the cervical external os from
less than 1 cm, to full dilatation (approx. 10 cm) to
allow birth of a full term fetus
7
What is a placenta previa?
● Low-lying placenta may cause the baby to
assume a transverse lie
● Placenta previa can be associated with
breech presentation, this increases the
chances of being in a breach
● May also impede descent of a vertex baby
8
During the intrapartum period what would you
observe for in the cervix and vagina?
}Cervix:
◦Cervical Scarring
◦Causes firm or “purse-string” consistency
● ◦Prolonged effacement period followed by
rapid dilatation once tissue softens
}Vagina:
● ◦Obstructions
● ◦“Tissue Dystocia”
What is a fetal "lie" and what are the different
types?
Definition:  the relationship of the fetal long axis to
the long axis of the mother
Types:
● Vertical/Longitudinal (normal)
o head first
● Vertical/Longitudinal (variation)
o breech  
● Perpendicular (abnormal)
o Transverse (spines make a T )
10
What is fetal presentation and what are the different
types?
Definition:  the leading or most dependent portion
of the fetus.
Types:  
1. Cephalic
Compound Presentation: more than just a
head….
● Vertex, Brow, Face 
● 1:700 deliveries
2. Shoulder 
● Associated with umbilical cord prolapse
3. Breech
15% to 20% of cases
● More than just a head comes out of the
● Frank (feet up), Complete (both feet +
mother, increased risk of an umbilical cord
sacrum), Footling (just a foot/feet)
prolapse --> Emergency (lift presenting part
off of cord)
11 14
What are some options of a breech at term? What are sutures?
External Cephalic Version
● They are the  meetings of the bones of the
Turning the fetus fetal skull
Requirements: ● Covered by a membrane

● Normal fetus with reassuring FHR tracing 15

● Adequate amniotic fluid
● Not in labor
● Presenting part not engaged
Default option: cesarean delivery
}Manipulating the fetus in order to turn it to head
first
}Procedure: IV, ultrasound, terbutaline (to relax
uterus), Rhogam (if Rh-negative), provide for
emergency C-S.
}Risk: separation of the placenta, uterine rupture,
fetal-maternal hemorrhage, failure.
}Very painful for the mother
12
What is fetal position and what are the different
types?
Definition: the relationship of the presenting part to
the specific area of the woman’s pelvis 
Types:
● Right (R) or Left (L) of maternal pelvis
● Occiput (O), Mentum (M),  or Sacrum (S)
of fetus
● Anterior (A), Posterior (P),  or  Transverse
(T) of maternal pelvis
13
What are some position and presentation issues with
labor?
Position: Occiput Posterior “sunny side up”
● Longer labors
● Spontaneous or assisted rotation to OA
● Some feel that sedentary behavior in Mom
↑ this
What are fontanelles?
● Fontanelles are the space where two sutures
meet
● Covered by a membrane
● You never want to put a scalp electrode on
his scalp
 
Cabit = fluid
 
16
What is fetal attitude?
Definition:  posturing of the joints and the
relationship of the fetal body parts (chest, chin,
arms) to each other.
}Flexion - normal fetal attitude when labor begins
}Extension increases diameters
}
17
What are primary "powers" (involuntary)?
Primary (involuntary) Contractions:
● Frequency (Beginning of one to the
beginning of another)
● Duration  (beginning from one to end of it)
● Intensity (How strong it is)
● resting tone (Important because of
oxygenation to baby)
18
What are secondary (voluntary) contractions?
maternal bearing-down efforts
19
Describe the frequency of contractions
Timed from the START of one contraction to the
START of the next
20
Describe the duration of contractions
Timed from the START of the contraction to the
END of that contraction
21
What are some losses experienced in labor?
● Privacy
● Control of Situation
● Control over Bodily Functions
● Loss of Current Family Constellation
● Couples become parents, parents of one
become parents of two, etc
What is labor and how many stages are there?
Labor is the process in which the fetus, placenta,
and membranes are expelled spontaneously
4 Stages of labor
31
When does stage 1 of labor occur?
● Begins with onset of labor and ends with
complete cervical dilation
● Has 3 phases, latent, active, and transition
phase
32
Describe the active phase of the 1st stage of labor

22 ● Average dilation 1.2 cm/hr depending on

What is "engagement" gravida
● Dilation progresses 4–7 cm, 40–80%
Occurs when the biparietal diameter is at or below
effacement
the inlet of the true pelvis
● Fetal descent
23 ● Intense contraction q 2–5 min, lasting 40–
What are the physiological changes of labor? 60 sec
● Increase in pain
a.> BP,  Increased cardiac output,  Fluid and ● Medical interventions
electrolyte loss, Diaphoresis, Hyperventilation & ● Nursing actions
Elevated temperature
33
24 Describe the latent phase of the 1st stage of labor
What are the mechanisms of labor?
● ◦Cervix 0–3 cm dilation, 0–40% effacement
1. Engagement ● ◦Contraction every 5–10 min, mild
2. Descent intensity, lasting 30–45 sec
3. Flexion ● ◦Discomfort described as feelings of strong
4. Internal rotation menstrual cramps
5. Extension ● ◦Medical interventions
6. External rotation ● ◦Nursing actions
7. Expulsion
34
25 Describe the transition phase of the 1st stage of
What is the decent of labor? labor
26
What is the flexion of labor? ● Dilation from 8 to 10 cm, 100% effacement
● Contractions intense, q 1–2 min lasting 60–
Chin to chest to < diameter 90 sec
27 ● Exhaustion, difficulty concentrating
What is the internal rotation of labor? ● Bloody show
● N/V, backache, diaphoresis, and trembling
       c.  Process of alignment of fetal long axis to   ● Strong urge to bear down
maternal long  axis ● Medical interventions
● Nursing actions
28
What is the extension of labor? 35
What are some medical interventions for the 3
a. presenting part pivots beneath symphysis pubis
phases during the 1st stage of labor?
with the birth of the head
29 ● Latent phase: orders for lab tests, IV or
What is the expulsion of labor? saline lock, intermittent fetal monitoring
● Active: ROM, FHR monitoring, apply fetal
30
scalp electrode or Uterine transducer PRN,
 Pain management, Evaluate labor
progression
● Transition: AROM, assess fetal position &
cervix; prepare for delivery
36
When does the 2nd stage of labor occur?
Begins with complete cervical dilation and ends
with delivery of baby
37
What are some behaviors during the 2nd stage of
labor?
● Urge to bear down is strong
● Pushing feels more productive to many
mothers; they are eager to push
● Exhausted mothers may find the exertion
overwhelming
● Burning as head crowns often causes fear of
“splitting open”
● Pushing causes very intense sensations that
can frighten unprepared mothers
38
What are some characteristics of the 2nd stage of
labor?
● Complete dilatation
● Sudden burst of energy, improved focus
● Shorter duration with multips than primips
● Intense contraction every 2 min, lasting 60–
90 sec
● Increase in bloody show
● Perineum flattens, with bulging rectum and
vagina
● Medical interventions
● Nursing actions
● placenta to increase uterine contraction and
39
What are some nursing interventions during the 2nd
stage of labor?
● Prepare radiant warmer for newborn - baby
blankets, labels.  ●
● Adjust lighting and obtain/set up table
● Call anesthesia/ NICU if necessary
● Inform pt of progress and events
● When physician at bedside, position pt
● Prep perineum as requested
● Document delivery time & watch for NB
void
40
What is the 3rd stage of labor?
● Period involving separation and expulsion
of placenta/membranes
● Lasts 5–20 min
● Medical interventions
● Nursing actions
41
When does the 3rd stage of labor occur?
Begins after delivery of baby and ends with delivery
of placenta
42
What is the 4th stage of labor?
Study These Flashcards
● This stage begins the postpartum period
● Ends 4 hr after delivery
● Mechanism of homeostasis occurs
● Medical intervention
● Nursing actions
43
When does the 4th stage of labor occur?
Study These Flashcards
Begins after delivery of baby and ends with delivery
of placenta
44
What are some characteristics of the 4th stage of
labor?
Study These Flashcards
● Beginning of physiologic readjustment of
the mother’s body
● 250-500 cc blood loss is common
● Causes drop in systolic and diastolic BP,
tachycardia, increased pulse pressure
o Maternal pulse over 100 and
fainting
● Uterus is contracted, midline and near the
umbilicus
● Oxytocin is given after delivery of the
decrease bleeding
● Bladder may be hypotonic from anesthesia,
analgesia, trauma
● Vital signs, fundal height and vaginal
flow checked every 15 minutes X 4 (1st
hour)
Baby should be given to mother for bonding
and to initiate breastfeeding as soon as
possible
● Shaking/chilling is common
● Ending of the physical exertion of labor
● Loss of the “heater” that is the fetus
● Most women are hungry, thirsty and tired
45
What would you assess for in the uterus in the 4th
stage of labor?
Study These Flashcards
● Assess fundal height and consistency, and
relation to midline
 ● Should be < umbilical level and central 4th degree
● Assess bladder - encourage pt to void
● Straight catheter if necessary ● also involves the anterior rectal wall (tissue
● Record quantity of lochia (rubra) of the rectum)

46 51
Describe some characteristics of the lateral pushing What are the benefits of an episiotomy?
position
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Study These Flashcards
● Hastens delivery if there is fetal distress
● Can help rotate a fetus that is in a posterior ● May be needed if the perineum is
position. unyielding
● Can slow a precipitous birth. ● Room for maneuvers w/ shoulder dystocia
● Allows the perineum to stretch gradually ● More room for use of forceps or vacuum

47 52
What is the natural position for pushing during What are some risks associated with an episiotomy?
labor?
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Study These Flashcards
Squatting ● Fecal and/or urinary incontinence
● Pain in the area can persist for 6 months or
48
more
What is directed pushing and describe it
● Increased pain with intercourse
Study These Flashcards ● Bleeding
● Bruising
● Begins when mother is completely dilated ● Swelling
● Patient takes one good breath, then takes ● Infection
and holds a second breath.
● While holding the breath, she pulls back her 53
knees, bears down and pushes for a count of Describe some newborn nursing care
10
Study These Flashcards
● Cycle of inhale, hold, push repeated X 2
during a single contraction
● Obtain Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min
● Monitor temperature, heart rate, respiratory
49
rate, skin color, level of consciousness,
What is an episiotomy?
tone, activity
Study These Flashcards ● Newborn identification
Mediolateral (usually right) ● Medication administration
● Dry thoroughly and place cap on head
Begins in the midline of the posterior fourchette (to ● Warm, dry, stimulate
avoid Bartholin’s gland) ● For persistent cyanosis of the trunk,
Extends at a 45 degree angle downwards administer blow-by O2
● PPV for infants not breathing OR HR < 100
50 ● Chest compressions if HR < 60
What are the different degrees of lacerations in an ● Deep suction after 5 minutes done for
episiotomy? persistent rales or rhonchi
Study These Flashcards ● Gross physical assessment for abnormalities
1st degree ● Label baby with identification bands (per
hospital protocol) before it leaves the
● fourchette, perineal skin, vaginal mucous delivery room
membrane ● Baby footprints and mother’s fingerprint
● Obtain cord blood samples if required (Rh
2nd degree negative or Group O)
● Obtain cord gases if indicated (i.e., low
● plus fascia and muscles of perineal body Apgar)

3rd degree 54
How is an apgar scored?
● extends into the anal sphincter  Study These Flashcards
 ● Assign APGAR scores at 1 & 5 minutes ● Pain may result due to the following factors
● 0 - 2 points are given for 5 observations: ● Decreased blood supply to uterus
o Appearance: color ● Increased pressure and stretching of the
o Pulse: heart rate pelvic structures
o Grimace: response to stimulation ● Cervical dilatation and stretching
o Activity: muscle tone
o Respiration: respiratory effort 59
● Score of < 7 at 5” indicates need for 10” What is counterpressure?
score and further resuscitation Study These Flashcards
55 ● Comfort measures: Counter pressure
Describe suctioning in relation to newborn care ● Direct pressure to the sacrum or hips to
Study These Flashcards counteract stretching of ligaments
●
● Current guidelines state there is no evidence
to support the value of the practice of 60
routine bulb suctioning of the newborn. How can breathing manage pain during labor?
● Current Neonatal Resuscitation Program Study These Flashcards
(NRP) guidelines no longer include bulb sx
in the initial resuscitation of the normal ● Important because there is a natural
term newborn. tendency to hold the breath with pain
● NRP guidelines no longer (2006) ● In general, as labor becomes active and
recommend mechanical sx of the mouth and contractions get stronger, deeper breathing
nasopharynx on  perineum with meconium is difficult/impossible
present in amniotic fluid. ● Patterned breathing also acts as distraction
● Babies can be on their side; mouth can be ● Panic can lead to hyperventilation
wiped PRN ● Tingling hands, lips
● Studies of catheter deep suctioning fail to ● Breathe into cupped hands or surgical mask
show a benefit in oxygenation
● Studies recommended that the routine and
61
indiscriminate use of or nasopharyngeal
What are some analgesic mediactions used during
catheter suctioning at birth be curtailed.
labor?
56 Study These Flashcards
What is a caput?
● Meperidine
Study These Flashcards
● Morphine
JUST EDEMA UNDER THE SCALP, CAUSED
● Butorphanol
BY PRESSURE OF THE CERVIX ON THE
● Nalbuphine
HEAD.  IT BEGINS TO SUBSIDE AS SOON AS
● Sublimaze
THE BABY IS BORN.
57 62
What is a CEPHALHEMATOMA? What types of anesthesia used in labor and
delivery?
Study These Flashcards
Study These Flashcards
● IT IS BLEEDING UNDER THE
PERIOSTEUM.  IT THEREFORE DOES 1. Local
NOT CROSS SUTURE LINES, 2. Pudendal nerve
BECAUSE EACH BONE HAS ITS OWN 3. General
PERIOSTEUM.
● CEPHALHEMATOMA USUALLY 63
STARTS AS A RESULT OF BIRTH What is epidural?
TRAUMA, AND MAY WORSEN OVER
Study These Flashcards
ONE TO THREE DAYS BEFORE BEING
REABSORBED. 
● Intermittent injection or continuous infusion
● outside the dura mater
58
● Solution bathes the spinal roots
What can lead to pain during labor and delivery?
Study These Flashcards 64
What are some advantages and disadvantages of effects of the block, rather than to the drugs
epidural? used.
● Cardiovascular: seizures or convulsions,
Study These Flashcards
arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Adv:
● High Block = nasal stuffiness, respiratory
distress or arrest
● Slower onset
● Total spinal =
● Titrate level and duration
● Post-dural Puncture Headache
● < hypotension
o Blood patch (10 – 15 ml blood
● Awake client
injected into dural space)
Dis:
 
● Placement takes time 69
● Systemic toxicity What are some adverse reactions to spinal
● Large placental transfer anesthesia?
● > incidence of inadequate block
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● Maternal hypotension
● Fetal bradycardia

65 70
Describe the epidural procedure for labor What are the nurse's responsibilities of spinal
Study These Flashcards anesthesia?
Study These Flashcards
● Consent forms after full explanation
● Establish IV and adminisiter fluid bolus ● Assist anesthesiologist
● Ready equipment: O2, fetal monitor, ● Maintain IV site
epidural equipment, IV fluids ● Be prepared for emergency situations if
● Help position patient in side-lying or sitting occur
position – attach BP cuff
● Assist anesthesiologist with procedure 71
What is dystocia?
66
What are some medications used for continued Study These Flashcards
epidural and what are the side effects? difficult labor or childbirth

Study These Flashcards 72

What is Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)?
Narcotics –Fentanyl or Druamorph Study These Flashcards

Side effects: severe itching, Nausea & disparity between the size of the maternal pelvis and
vomiting,Burning, swelling or skin irritation at site the fetal head
of   injection
73
67 What is asynclitism?
Describe spinal anesthesia
Study These Flashcards
Study These Flashcards malposition of the fetal head

● drug into the subarachnoid cerebrospinal 74

fluid space (CFS). The injection is usually
made in the lumbar region at the L2/3 or
L3/4 space – punctures dura
● Immediate action -shorter procedures
68
What are some complications with spinal
anesthesia?
Study These Flashcards
● complications are related to the techniques,
resulting in systemic toxicity, or to the
What are some risk factors for dystocia?
Study These Flashcards
● Congenital abdnormal uterus bicorniate
uterus
● Mal presentation: (i.e. occiput posterior, or
face)
● Ceohlo-pelvic disproportion (CPD)
● Tachysystole of uterus (with [pitocin)
● Maternal fatigue & dehydration
● Administration of analgesia or anesthesia
early labor
 ● < maternal fear or exhaustion → What are some nursing interventions with a
catecholamine release & interference with precipitous birth?
labor
Study These Flashcards
75
● Call light, call for help!
What is dysfunctional labor?
● Try to turn on the warmer, O2, suction
Study These Flashcards ● Get gloves on, if you can
Abnormal contractions that prevent expected ● If perineum is bulging, just keep hands
progress of cervical dilation or descent of fetus near to control the head, use counter
pressure
 
● NEVER TAKE YOUR EYES OFF HER
Protraction disorders = slower than normal BOTTOM!
● Keep a hand near the urethra, hold the
Arrest disorders = complete cessation of UC baby’s head to slow it down and also push
76 down a bit to protect the urethra
What are the 2 types of contractions?
83
Study These Flashcards What is shoulder dystocia?
77
How would you care for a women with hypertonic Study These Flashcards
uterine dysfunction? Occurs when the fetal spine is vertical to the
maternal pelvis
Study These Flashcards
84
● Labor progress  What does the helperr mnemonic mean in relation
● cause of dysfunction to shoulder dystocia?
● Hydrate Study These Flashcards
● Pain meds H:help- call for extra nurses, NICU
● Sedation
E:evaluate for episiotomy; empty bladder
78 L:legs back and open in McRoberts
What are hypotonic arrest disorders?
P:pressure over the pubis towards the    
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   baby’s face
79
What is a secondary arrest of dilation? E:entry maneuvers Rubin and Wood’s Screw
Study These Flashcards R:remove posterior arm
80 R:roll patient- The Gaskin Maneuver
What is a constriction ring and describe it
85
Study These Flashcards What would you evalute before inducing labor
maternally?
● Develops around a depression in the fetus
● Related to hyperstimulation of the uterus Study These Flashcards
● Keeps the fetus from descending
o Ring may be felt abdominally & 1. confim indication for induction
doesn’t move 2. review contraindications to labor and
o Uterus below the ring is often loose or/vaginal delivery
and floppy 3. perform clinical pelvimetery to assess
o Head does not move down at all pelvic shape and adequacy of bony pelvis
with contractions 4. Assess cervical condition (assign bishop
● Uterus becomes tender but will not rupture score)
● Labor does not progress 5. Review risks, benefits, and alternatives of
● May occur in any stage of labor induction of labor with patient

81 86
What is a precipitous birth? What would you evalute before inducing labor
fetally?
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Labor < 3 hours from onset to birth Study These Flashcards
87
82
What is induction of labor?
Study These Flashcards ● Prolapsed umbilical cord or infection w/
the process of starting labor artificially amniotomy
● Uterine rupture
88
● Cesarean delivery
What is augmentation of labor?
● §Induction of nulliparas results in 40% C/S
Study These Flashcards rate
The artificial stimulation of labor that began
spontaneously but has progressed abnormally 93
What are the benefits for inducing labor?
89
What would indicate and induction or augmentation Study These Flashcards
of labor?
● Ability to schedule other events in family
Study These Flashcards w/birth
● Prevention of precipitous birth
● Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia ● With known anomalies, ability to have
● PROM/ PPROM proper staff/NICU in attendance
● Chorioamnionitis ● Birth with chosen provider
● Isoimmunization ● Completion of pregnancy that is too
● Maternal medical issues physically stressful for mother
● Postdate pregnancy
● Oligohydramnios 94
● Fetal growth restriction Describe oxytocin (pitocin) induced labor
● Fetal demise
● Logistic factors Study These Flashcards
● Prior loss
●   ● Pitocin rate depends on assessment of:
● §uterine activity
90 ● §fetal response
What are some contraindications of inducing or ● §cervical effacement and dilation
augmentin labor? ● The primary concerns are tachysystole,
tetanic ctx & fetal bradycardia
Study These Flashcards ● VBAC patient > risk of uterine rupture
● Nursing care ratio 1:1
● Placenta previa
● Transverse fetal lie ● Admit as usual labor patient
● Prolapsed umbilical cord ● Documented fetal position, lie, cephalic
● Breech presentation presentation within previous 24 hours
● Prior classical cesarean incision ● MD with C/S privileges < 10 min away
● Major uterine surgery ● Mainline IV of LR 1,000mL @ 125 mL/hr
● Active herpes simplex via 18 gauge cannula
● I&O
91 ● Continuous FHR monitoring
What is the criteria for inducing labor? ● Dilute 20 Units Pitocin in 1,000mL NS
Study These Flashcards IVPB
● Give via pump starting at 1-2 milliunits/
● Engaged presenting part min (3-6 mls/hour).
● No previous classical C/S incision ● Insertion site is in the most proximal port.
● No fetopelvic disproportion ● Increase Pitocin rate by 1-2 milliunits q 15-
● Reassuring FHR pattern 20 minutes until adequate ctx pattern.
● No placenta previa ● Take BP with every increase.
● No major bleeding from abruptio placentae ● Continuous monitoring of ctx frequency,
duration, intensity, resting tone.
92 ● Adjust total IV fluid intake to 125mL/hr
What are some risks for inducing labor? ●  
Study These Flashcards 95
What are some interventions for fetal distress?
● Fetal distress
● Placental abruption Study These Flashcards
● Increased needs for pain medications
● Edema R/T Pitocin, IVF, hydration w/ ● Reposition in lateral recumbent
epidural ● Increase IV mainline fluid (LR)
 ● Apply FSE and assess cervix and station 100
● Assess for S & S of placental abruption What is an amniocentesis?
● Turn Pitocin off
Study These Flashcards
● Administer O2 @ 8-10 L/min via NRB
THIS IS THE PROCEDURE FOR INSERTING A
● Call physician
NEEDLE INTO THE UTERUS IN ORDER TO
● Be prepared to administer Brethine
EXTRACT SOME AMNIOTIC FLUID FOR
● Prepare for C-S if FHR still no better.
ANALYSIS.  THE RISKS INVOLVED INCLUDE
BLEEDING AND INFECTION.  IN EARLY
96
PREGNANCY IT IS COMMONLY DONE FOR
What is forceps delivery?
GENETIC STUDIES; NEAR TERM IT IS USED
Study These Flashcards TO OBTAIN SAMPLES FOR DETERMINING
Forceps assist the birth of a fetus by providing FETAL LUNG MATURITY PRIOR TO
traction or a means to rotate the fetal head to an DELIVERY.
occiput-anterior position
101
97 Why is an amniocentesis done when the baby is
What are the different types of forcepts delivery? near term?
Study These Flashcards Study These Flashcards
Types: Outlet, Low
● Generally done to determine fetal lung
§Mid-forceps (rarely used)
maturity from 34-38 weeks
Outlet Forceps
● Due to surfactant a term specimen will
§fetal skull has reached the perineum. Scalp is develop bubbles when shaken
visible between contractions ● Also turbidity prevents seeing through
Low Forceps specimen
● L/S (lecithin/ sphingomyelin) ratio
§fetal skull is at +2 station or more (2:1) and phosphatidylglycerol done in lab
98 for FLM
What are the requirements for using
forceps/vacuum?
Study These Flashcards

● Known position and presentation

● Empty maternal bladder
● Cervix fully dilated
● Membranes ruptured
● Adequate anesthesia
● Expertise
● Feasibility
● Cesarean section availability

99
What are some risks associated with forceps
delivery in the neonate and mother?
Study These Flashcards
Neonate

● Cephalohematoma
● Transient facial paralysis and bruising
● Facial edema 
● Cerebral edema

Mother

● Perineal swelling
● Bruising
● Hematoma
● Hemorrhage
● Postpartum infection