LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

POLICE PATROL 
PATROL – a regular repeated circuit of in guarding normally performed by the police
over a particular are either on foot, mobile or  other means of patrol mobility for
purposes of crime prevention, law enforcement and peace and order maintenance. -
The patrol force is tasked with the primary responsibility of safeguarding the
community by way of the protection of  persons and property, the preservation and
suppression of crimes, apprehension of criminals, enforcement of laws and 
ordinances and performances of the other necessary services. 
- This unit is considered the nucleus of the police organization from the special
services branch-out and therefore; it is not  to be subordinated to any other
units within the police organization.  
- It is the Backbone of the Police Service considering that it is responsible for
the over-all police function or total job. Field operations – is directed by the field
commander to his subordinates’ commanders and it is aimed toward the
accomplishment of  the primary police tasks as the following: 
a) Patrol 
b) Investigation 
c) Traffic Control 
d) Vice Control 
e) Juvenile Delinquency Control 
CRIME TRIAD 
OPPORTIUNITY 
CRIME
DESIRE CAPABILITY 
CRIME – will not exist if lack of either opportunity or capability and desire but there is
exception when desire was eliminated and still  having opportunity so as crime will
exist. 
ONCE the three (3) are present and interact at the breeding grounds of crime (like for
instance poverty, ignorance of the law, injustice  abuses, lose family values and fear)
this already concern of the government.  
Objectives of Police Field Operation (Patrol) 
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Serve and Protect – includes the objectives of protecting lives and property and
providing all other services which is required or  expected from police officers. 
Participative Law Enforcement – involves the readiness to actively cooperative with
or engages in teamwork effort with the  community, other government agencies or
other police units or elements in law enforcement and maintenance of peace and
order. 
Prevention of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior – this activity is particularly aimed
at the ways and means of reducing the desire to  commit crime. It is responsibly of the
police to identify would-be- offenders, delinquents and would-be delinquents before an
arrest  becomes necessary. The field officers in their contacts regularly carry this out
with juveniles whose behavior patterns are not yet indelibly  impressed and who may
still vulnerable to change. The police officer should take steps to help the child to
redirect energies into lawful  and socially acceptable channels. 
Repression of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior – this particular objective is
included to cause or influence people to refrain from  committing crime for fear of
being caught and prosecuted. The theory is based upon the assumption that people
will not commit crime  if they believe that their identification and arrest are a
certainly. 
Identification, Apprehension and Conviction of Offenders – the work of policeman
does not end after he has identified and have  apprehended the offender and was able
to put him behind bars. As a law enforcer, it is still incumbent upon him to actively
participate  in prosecution because his work is not finished until the criminal is
convicted of his crime. 
Traffic Flow and Collision Reduction – pedestrian and vehicular traffic must be free
flowing and collision-free so that people may  move safely from one place to another.
The police objective is to determine the causes of congestion and to relieve it. This
involves the  investigation of traffic accidents and application of the three E’s of traffic
namely: Education. Engineering and Enforcement. 
Definition of Patrol – a regular repeated circuit of in-guarding normally performed by
the police over a particular area either on foot,  mobile or other means of patrol
mobility for purposes of crime prevention, law enforcement and peace and order
maintenance. 
PURPOSE OF PATROL 
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1. Prevention of Crime 4. To Regulate Conduct  

2. To eliminate Actual or Suspected Wrong Doing 5. To Maintain Peace and Order 
3. Enforcement of Laws 
FUNCTIONS OF PATROL OFFICER 
1. Roving Surveillance 3. Inspection 
2. Called for service 
AREAS COVERED BY POLICE OPERATION 
1. Residential area 3. Fishing/Agricultural area 
2. Commercial area 
Brief History of Police Patrol 
The beginning of police patrol is perhaps as old as organized society. Basically,
man has always needed protection, first from  animals, and then from his own kind.
His first attempt to protect and secure himself and his family involved in barricading
the entrance  to his cave. 
As mankind multiplied, man groups themselves together in small communities
where the business of securities and prevention  became a community affair. As the
communities got larger, the need arose to develop a specialized group agency to
provide protection.  The key to development of police patrol is closely associated with
the congestion of population. Where the population is sparse or  spread-out the
justification of a police patrol becomes less warranted. But as the towns became cities
and cities grew in population, both  the justification and need for police patrol
becomes greater. 
Ancient Times 
- In the old testaments (Songs of Solomon, Isaiah and Jeremiah) and the New
Testament (Mathew and John), there are  references to “watchmen” whose duty
was to protect the city and arrest of offenders. 
- Ancient Egyptians were the first people to use police dogs on patrol, their police
were called “Medjays” and although they  were civilians, an Egyptian military
officer headed them. 
- In Rome, Augustus formed the Vigiles of Rome, a group of over two thousand
men whose duty was to keep the peace and  fight fire. 
Middle Ages 
 ENGLAND  
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- The existence of Shire Reeve: watchmen, police protection by use of able-

bodied men. 
- The existence of “Hue and cry” 
- Establishment of the “Keepers of the Peace” BY king Richard; it is the
appointment of the Knight to keep the King’s peace  by guarding the gates and
bridges and checking people entering and leaving the town. 
- The enactment of the “Statue of Winchesters” (Watch and Ward Act), which
provided for watches who were stationed  between sunset and sunset and
surprise at the gates of walled town; Marching watches were also formed. - An
act was passed by King Charles, which provided for the employment in London
of thousand Night Watches or Bellmen  to be on duly from sunset to sunrise;
they were also called the “Charlie’s”, the local community called them “shivers
and  shakes” that triggered the formulation of Merchant Police by merchants.  
- The creation of the Bow Street Runners by Henry Fielding; it started with six (6)
constables and with their effectiveness;  they were called the Thief takers and
the Robin Redbreast. 
- The formation of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel who is regarded as the
Father of Modern Policing System, by  virtue of the Metropolitan Police Act of
1892. 
FRANCE 
- The French Police were given the powers and duties to control price, welfare,
public moral and even sitting in the judgment  of offenders. 
- Paris had two types of patrol: 
1. Citizen Night Guard – Watchmen for the protection of the citizens. 
2. Royal Guard – Formed for the protection of the King. 
- “Vivilat ut Quiescant”, regarded as the international police motto, which means in
English, “He watches that they may  sleep” 
- “Officers de Paex”, the origin of the word “Police Officer” 
UNITED STATES 
- During the Colonial times, American watchmen were also called ‘Leader
heads”. 
- The first daytime and paid police service was adopted by Philadelphia. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

- The formulation of ‘Vigilance Committee in San Francisco; their motto is “Flat

Justitia Ruat Coeium”, which means,  ‘Heaven decrees, let there be justice”. 
PHILIPPINES 
- Evolved from the practice of different tribes who selected able-bodied young
men to protect their villages. Not from  themselves but from the attack of wild
animals, which prey on their crops and livestock’s during the night. - These
young men walk around to protect their village at night need not to work in the
field. 
- This is the forerunner of the contemporary patrol function of the police for
crime prevention. 
Origin of the word “POLICE” 
Originated from the Greek word “politeia” meaning government of a city. It
applied to civil officers and not necessarily  policemen. The Romans used the same
word with slight conversion into roman intonation. “Politia”. Ultimately the French
change the  word to “Police” and applied it to individuals whose job was to enforce
the law. Thereafter. The English and Americans borrowed the 
French word and used it as a terminology for law enforces. Thus, the word “Police” is
actually of French origin. “Patrol” originated  from French word “Patrouiller” which
means – to go mud puddles. 
Patrol is the Backbone of the Police Department. 
The patrol is tasked with the primary responsibility of safeguarding the
community by way of the protection of persons and  property. The preservation of
peace, prevention and suppression of crimes, apprehension of criminals, enforcement
of laws and ordinances and performances of other necessary services. This unit is
considered the nucleus of the police organization from which the  special services
branch out and therefore, it is not to be subordinate to any other units within the
police organization. 
It is the backbone of the police service considering that it is responsible for the
accomplishment of the over all police function  or total job. In small police stations or
substations where there is no specialization as yet, the patrol force is responsible for
all primary,  secondary and even the administrative functions. 
DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL FORCE 
Factors that Determine Patrol Deployment: 
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1. Population – Knowing the resident or fixed population vis-à-vis the transient

population is important in establishing the police population ratio 
2. Numbers and types of crimes and arrests 
3. Location of crimes and arrest 
4. Traffic collision statistics and patterns 
5. Location of “frequent incidents” or hazards requiring concentrated police coverage
such as sports arenas, stadiums, popular  night spots, bars, theaters,
transportation terminals and others places usually converge  
6. Disproportionate concentrations of population. 
7. Socio-economic factors. 
8. Zoning plan of the city/municipality. 
PREPARATION IN PATROL 
General Preparation- the policeman value system must be in complete
harmony with the objectives of law enforcement and  sentence of fair play. First and
foremost, in his preparation for patrol duty is attitude preparation. As much as
possible negative and  depressed himself. 
Pre-Patrol Preparation- prior to going on patrol the policeman should be
armed with knowledge and equipment. In order to  have knowledge of their task each
day, there is usually a fall-in formation at headquarters or police precinct, which is,
develop to the  giving assignment and instructions. Other matters include information
relative to the passage of new laws. Ordinance, latest court  decisions, changes in
jurisdictional boundaries. General special orders from higher headquarters or the
introduction of new techniques  to improve field performance. 
Vehicle Inspection- at any time that the officer assumes control of the patrol
vehicle for his patrol duty, he must inspect and  make sure of the following: 
1. Clean windows/windshield and workable wipers 
2. Sufficient gas/correct oil levels/strong battery 
3. Correct tire pressure/spare tire/jack functioning brakes 
4. Well-functioning engine 
5. Functioning lights/siren 
6. Weapons and rescue/first aid equipment inside rear compartment 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

District Orientation Tour- once in field, field, the patrol officers strive to achieve a
general familiarization and inspection tour of his  AOR in order to orient himself of his
pattern and characteristics. 
Fixed Surveillance – Although not means of transportation. It must not be overlooked as a type of
patrol usually undertaken either in  person or with the use of cameras or monitors or
stop-frame photography. It makes it possible for the police to watch  several locations
at the same time for immediate response if necessary. Various types of listening and
viewing devices  are now in use in order to supplement routine patrol in line with the
concept of proactive patrol. 
Patrol Equipment  
1. Complete 3. Baton 5. Hand cuff 7. Clean sheet of paper 
2. Firearm 4. Flashlight 6. Notebook 8. Hand radio 
NORMAL SHIFTING  
 1.0800H-1600H (8:00-4:00) 
 2.1600H-2400H (4:00-12:00) 
 3. 2400H-0800H (12:00-8:00) 
TEAM POLICING – It is an attempt to integrate the police and the community interest
into a working relationship so as to produce  the desired objective of peacekeeping in
the community. Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland. Teams of five to ten men were
assigned  according to concentration of crimes and citizen-calls for police service;
effective police community cooperation is critical to the success  of team policing
system. Public assistance and participation must be solicited actively. 
Characteristics of Team Policing 
1. Geographic stability of the patrol force - the application of permanent
patrolling to foster greater awareness and  sensitivity to local police problems
by team members. 
2. Maximum Interaction between team members – members must be given
opportunity to work closely together in solving  problems. Members are
encouraged to share information with one another through informal meetings
or conferences.
3. Maximum communication between team members and community
residents – team policing is intended to develop  a greater sense of
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understanding and increased cooperation between members of the team and

the community problems w/  the team. 
Organization Feature of Team Policing 
1. Unity of Supervision – to encourage consistency and continuity of police
policies and procedures and to provide greater  uniformity in developing
solutions to community problems. 
2. High-level Flexibility in Decision Making- members is encouraged to share
and exchange ideas and work together in  solving problems within their area of
responsibility. 
3. Combined Investigation and Patrol Function  
4. Unified delivery of service 
Team – policing: Cause and Effect  
1. Reduced crime rate and increase crime clearance 
2. Increased community participation in crime control 
3. Reduced public fear on crime 
4. Improved police community relations 
5. Increased police morale and job satisfaction  
TYPES OF PATROL 
The performance of police tasks within a defined area is the responsibility of the
individual policeman and the accomplishment  of his duty will require his ability to be
able to move and adequately cover or saturate his area of responsibility. The choice of
patrol  that is available to him whether foot or mobile, shall depend upon the existing
terrain and conditions wherein he must seek the greatest  advantage. Of course, his
two feet are still the most available and practically way to move himself from one place
to another but then,  the necessity of effective aids such as vehicles, for greater
mobility, must be availed of. However, in spite of the fact that each of the  different
methods of patrol have their distinct advantage. They also have nonetheless their
disadvantages. 
1. FOOT PATROL 
Its methods consist of the fixed post, line beat and random patrol. Foot patrol is
restricted to small areas and used to deal with  special problems of prevention and
repression of crime that connot be adequately handled by policemen in mobile cars.
Fixed foot is  usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events. Moving
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

foot patrol is used where there is considerable foot traffic. As  in business and
shopping centers, bars, taverns, high crime areas, and specialized areas and in places
where there are multiple family  dwellings. Traditional but most effective. 
TYPES OF FOOT PATROL 
1. One (1) Man Foot Patrol- applicable in highly peaceful community. 
2. Two (2) Man Foot Patrol (BUUDY SYSTEM)- during emergency the other patrol
officer can provide support to other in  carrying out patrol from a standard
seating procedure- “at least 2 persons”. 
ADVANTAGE OF FOOT PATROL 
1. Foot patrol officers make more person-to-person contact and therefore they have
a greater opportunity to promote good public  relation (Among other patrol officers
foot patrol officers are more favorably because they are very close to the civilian) 2.
Since they have many friends on the beat they can have good source of criminal
informants. (output production of number one) 3. They know the physical layout of
their beat better. (can easily enter into alleys or small pathways) 4. Can provide
immediate response in all services. (easily respond to call for assistance) 
5. Can shake to situation where mobile cars easily notice when approaching crime
scene. 
6. With the use of handy to case they can maintain communication with the
headquarters especially when asking or requesting  assistance o-r reinforcement.
(can communicate anytime) 
S- select 
I-investigate 
P- persuasive (proper strategy of technique) 
A-approach 
T- testing 
FOOT PATROL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUE 
1. Don’t establish set pattern of patrol. 
- Task of patrol officers is to eliminate crime triad. 
- He should never depend on the same pattern because he will easily detect. 
- He should apply different strategy because criminal too studying the police
movements. 
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2. When checking doors for force of entry used flashlight in the surrounding the door
lock to see for fresh or noticeable jimmy  marks. 
Jimmy marks- tool marks, fingerprint mark and any distinctive marks. 
-before entering the room you should examine the door lock first, if you are not
violating the “golden rule”
3. Don’t get into the habit of grabbing or twisting the lock when leaving or entering
the room. 
- Noise will produce or relay message to criminal. 
4. When an open door is found never enter alone seek assistance or witness. 
- Do not enter yourself alone you might be a victim of frame up. 
5. At night verify fire escape of business establishment, check for possible out of
burglars. 
- Patrol officer should not only patrol on the road but rather to the unusual
happening. 
6. At night occasionally get into alleys or door entrance, peeping on the
light and just being quit observing noises. - Be sure your safety and
secured. 
7. Maintain efforts to have many friends on the beat that can help you. 
- Collection of informants can give you more information. 
8. Use all five senses when walking on the beat. 
- Be sure that your senses are functioning and conditional. 
9. Act as the eyes and ears for the police departments. 
- Always inform your superior but there are more instances you should not inform
your co-police officer except for those  exceptional matters. 
10. Maintain a continuous and unsuspicious operation. 
- Patrol officer should not relax. 
11. Be constantly available to supply complete area coverage for the
accomplishment of the police purpose. - The entire area should be patrolled truly.
There is tendency if patrol officer is not around, crime may exist. 12. Responsible
for all activities in the field including of preliminary investigation of all cases,
preservation of evidence and making  arrest except those which interfere for the
performance of a regular duty. 
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- Police officer are bound to perform the other police duties but should meet
only performing of task assigned. 13. At least two patrol officers shall be assigned
to answer call for services especially the situation is ascertainable and danger may 
exist. 
- If responding you have to need somebody to back up. As standard seating
procedure it should have at least two persons. 14. Seek assistance when
arresting or inspecting suspicious situation. 
- For security of public officer, somebody can provide assistance. 
15. Periodic inspection shall be made on the business establishments
especially during time not regularly occupied. - Periodic- surprise
inspection. Usually strike when nobody is around. 
2.BICYCLES AND SMALL VEHICLES 
The bicycle has used in many countries today as a simple and inexpensive
mean of silent transportation to carry police officers  throughout their patrol duty.
Small vehicles may be used for routine patrol to replace or augment foot or mobile
patrol under conditions  when such vehicle is more practical than conventional modes
of travel. The versality of small vehicles makes them more indispensable  for covering
crowded areas and places inaccessible to automobile patrol. 
3.HORSE PATROL 
Horse may be used for certain patrol problems in jurisdictional that contain
large park areas or similar places where automobile  either cannot go or may be
forbidden. Mobile patrol cars cannot be expected to race across grass fields or wooden
areas but horses  provide the best mobility in those situations. 
4.MOTORCYCLES 
Primary used for traffic control enforcement, their speed and maneuverability
make them an indispensable vehicle in traffic  control. 
5.HELICOPTERS AND FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT 
Except for patrolling long stretches or highways or expanses of inaccessible
land, the fixed-wing aircraft has little flexibility in  congested metropolitan areas. They
are however excellent for traffic control in long stretches of highways, for search and
surveillance,  and other special missions. The helicopter, on the other hand, has
advantages of being able to travel at low speeds, to hover if necessary,  and to land
even in accessible areas because of its special take off and landing capabilities. It is
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

useful for rescue, medical evacuation,  general patrol, criminal apprehension, crime
prevention and repression, emergency transportation, surveillance and other
activities. 
6.AUTOMOBILE PATROL 
The most extensively used and most effective means of transportation for police
patrol, it is equipped with the latest kinds of  police gear. It provides a rapid, safe and
efficient means of transportation under average operating conditions. 
GENERAL TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMOBILE PATROL 
1. Check the police car thoroughly before leaving the garage. It could mean your very
life if the car proved faulty during an  emergency (BLOWAG). 
2. As w/ the foot patrol, the beat should not be traveled the same way each night. If
the criminal is able to time or clock your movement, some place on your beat will
be surely knock-over. 
3. Don’t spend to much time on drive in coffee shop. Do not go for coffee when
there is another police car already there. 4. Do not drive too fast on general patrol.
It just wastes gasoline and a very little seen by the driver. The recommended speed
for  patrolling is between 15 & 20 miles an hour is should be adjusted too suit the
situation. Don’t patrol too slowly on heavy traffic.  Most motorist one hesitant
should passing a police car &as a result traffic will back up. 
5. During normal patrol, observe the rule of the road. A police man is exempt from
traffic laws only in an traffic emergency,  officers are civilly liable when an accident
caused that is not the result of emergency driving. 
6. The licensed number of all strange or suspicious cars should be jotted down it
takes but a few seconds this should be done on all strange cars that are parked
near places that are subject for robbers and burglaries. If it later turns out that
crime was  committed. The licensed number might provide a good follow of clue. 
7. Make it a habit to never leave the keys in the police cars, even it is just a minute
there are many cases on record of police cars  w/ the keys in them being stolen,
and it is quite embarrassing.
8. When working night, it is good idea to have a small pack of commercial nerve
stimulant pills. They should not be use regularly. 9. The beat officer should learn
the where about of all safe, safe light and outside lock on his beat. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

10. A 3’’X 5’’ card file should list all of the cars, & among things, it should list
all cars belonging to night workers & janitors. 11. The officer an automobile
patrol must like the foot patrol always on the alert for possible information. 
Advantages of mobile patrol  
1. Mobile patrolling provides wider area coverage. 
2. Mobile patrolling provides constant availability for public calls. 
3. Mobile patrolling provides elements of surprise especially when the crimes is in
progress. 
4. Mobile patrolling provides immediate response when call for service. 
5. Mobile patrolling provides the needed protection during
inclement weather & can carry patrol equipment. 6. Mobile
patrolling is more economical. 
7. Mobile patrolling is less tiresome. 
TWO-MAN PATROL CARS 
Advantages of two-man patrol cars 
1. A two-man patrol cars provides the officers w/ a greater safety factor by
doubling the firepower & the physical protection. 2. The mistake that one man
makes maybe caught by his partner & vice versa. 
3. One officer does not drive eight hours & he is more rested & can do a better job. 
4. Two pair of eyes is better than one. 
5. One man can operate the radio while the other drive. 
6. On quite nights the driver can have some to talk to help keep him awake.
Morale is improved through companionship. Advantages of one-man patrol
car 
1. The preventive enforcement is double by having twice as many police on the
street. 
2. When the officer is alone, he devoted his full attention to his driving & beat
rather than to the conversation w/ his partner. 3. In two-man car, an officer began
to rely on each other, & as a result of human error, an officer expects support
when it isn’t  there. Aman alone develop self-reliance. 
4. In two-man car, an officer will make changes than he is alone. He apparently builds
a false sense of security & sometimes acts  without caution because he does not
want to appear to be coward. 
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5. Personality clashes are reduced. Riding in a small patrol car w/ another person
for eight hours will soon reveal most his faults. Steps in Checking Suspected
Vehicles 
1. Avoid car chase whenever possible it is safer to just call other mobile patrol units in
operating areas where suspected car is  heading for them. Patrol units to establish
road block and apprehend suspect. 
2. Before car chase begins call station & give identify of suspected car, color, year
model, body licenses, plate no. of number of  occupants, the direction of travel &
request, back up. 
3. In chasing up, signal suspected driver to stop on road side & once order is followed
also stop patrol car closely to that of  suspected car seeing to it that you have a full
view of occupants therein & the lane of travel is cut off to avoid it from spreading  
of the scene. 
4. In chasing switch on sirens will horn to signal other motorist & for them to give
way to the patrol car & avoid traffic accident. 5. Maintain alertness. 
6. Mobile driver remains on his seat & don’t stop engine. 
7. Patrol passenger order suspected driver to put both on the wheel & don’t move front
passenger to put both hands on the  windshield or behind his head & so w/ back
passenger. 
8. Once everything is carried out mobile driver lights from car & assures from action
possession on the left front head of the car  facing the suspect w/ arm down &
aimed at the suspect while his buddies proceeds to the rear portion of the suspect
car to  control situation guard. 
9. Mobile driver direct suspected driver to disembark using left front door & assume
spend angle position on suspended car let  other suspect to follow the same
procedure using only on the left front door as an exist. 
10. Patrol passenger will now conduct through search of suspect’s car for his weapons
& other counter in accordance w/ the rules  of searching & seizure while mobile
driver provides support. 
11. Apply handcuffs when necessary & bring the suspect to station for proper
disposition. 
DUTIES OF THE PATROLMAN ASSIGNED TO PATROL CAR 
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1. He shall operate the patrol car at the moderate speed in such manner as will
enable him to observe occupancy that may require police attention. 
2. He shall report every hour to the base control operator or act
such time designated by superior officer. 3. He shall regularly
pay attention to critical area. 
4. He shall exercise judgement & cases w/ safety of life & property
when responding to an emergency call. 5. He shall perform such
duties maybe assigned to him by his superior or higher
authorities. 
MOBILE PATROL ARREST TECHNIQUES 
I.ONE MAN MOBILE PATROL 
A. The patrol officer should check his police equipment such as; 
1. Hand held radio/public address system/notebook. 
2. Firearm issued. 
3. Vehicle being used. 
B. Interception of suspect vehicle 
1. Position of your vehicle is at the rear of suspended vehicle. 
2. Use the “FA” system (flexibility & alertness)
3. Advise the suspect to go out from their vehicle using the left portion as their
exit. 
4. Once they are out, subject them to position them on the left portion of the
vehicle & observe clearly. Let them raise their  hands-up touching the top
portion of the vehicle & legs must be wide spread enough. 
5. Approach the suspect w/ caution. 
6. Call to your station then report, give the identification of the suspect &
vehicles. 
II.TWO MAN MOBILE PATROL 
A. The patrol officer check his police equipment such as: 
1. Hand held radio/public address system/notebook 
2. Firearm issued 
3. Vehicle being issued.  
B. Interception of the suspect vehicle. 
1. Position the mobile car at the rear ride of the suspected vehicle. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

2. Use the “FA” system. 

3. Advise the suspect to go out from their car using the left front door as an
exit. 
4. One outside command subject to position themselves to the left position of
the vehicles, clear observation, raise both  hands up touching the top of
vehicle & legs spread wide enough. 
5. Approach subject w/caution. 
6. Call station & report. 
Techniques in making arrest 
A. Initial Contact w/ the subject 
1. Patrol officer should identify himself in clear & audible voice. 
2. Show ID card not in uniform. 
3. Inform the suspect that he is under arrest. 
B. Police officer conduct 
1. Be pleasant natural but forceful & aggressive. 
2. Demoralize or dominate the situation. 
3. Voice must command w/ authority. 
4. Demand prompt & and absolute obedience. 
5. Control nervousness. 
6. Avoid acting tough so that they will respect you. 
7. Do not be apologetics. 
8. Only one officer should talk to the suspect, the other provides support. 
9. Assume that the suspect is a martial art expert he can take your life once
given an opportunity. 
General Principles & Techniques 
1. Two or more police officer should make the arrest. 
2. Always be in inconspicuous manner. 
3. Arrest should not be affected on crowded street or public places where pursuit is
difficult. 
4. Used of firearms might be dangerous by innocence by stander. 
5. Arrest should must be made at places fragmented by criminal or
person. Sympathetic w/ him may give assistance. 6. Arresting officer
should be certain that an individual arrested is the person wanted. 
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7. An arrest should be certain do not attempt to shot a person placing in automobile

unless there is justification for firing/killing  them. 
8. The police should identify himself for the criminal & display badge it is an effective
means of identification & them inform the  suspect that he is under arrest. 
9. The police officer should be firm & continuous force shall be used when there is a
resistance & when it is necessary to  accomplish the arrest. 
Five (5) Main Points of Arrest 
1. Man 3. Movement 5. Surprise  
2. Firearm Superiority 4. Simplicity 
A Don’ts of Arresting Officer 
1. Don’t be unnecessarily rough be firm & give the impression
that you are in command of situation. 2. Don’t grant request. 
3. Don’t let the subject make excuses or delay, insist immediate obedience to your
order. 
4. Don’t under estimate the person that you are placing under arrest 
5. Don’t get to close to person w/ firearms. 
6. Don’t talk too much; be brief & clear in issuing order. 
7. Don’t allow other person to come between you & the subject. 
8. Don’t allow two or more subject to separate. 
9. Don’t create a scene. 
10. Don’t let the subject turn in back after you had made the arrest. 
11. Don’t aim your firearm or gun. 
Arrest on the Street 
A. Should be done on rear side of the subject. 
B. As much as possible the suspect should post towards a building wall. 
C. Avoid conjected area whoever possible.
Arrest at Home, Office or Establishment 
A. Restrict movement of the subject. 
B. Don’t grant any request or personal necessities privileges, unless suspect has
been searched. 
C. Clothing & other requested item must be inspected first, before turning them to
the suspect. 
Night Foot Patrol Operation 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

A. Interception of subject person 

1. Announce to the subject person that he is subject person that he
is subject for arrest, then introduce yourself. 2. Subject person
should be frisk for in concealed weapon. 
3. Other police officer should be on guard. 
4. Let the subject person to position in a wall, search method. 
7.BOATS AND AMPHIBIANS VEHICLES 
In some areas surrounded with water including inland waterways, various
types of sea or watercrafts may be commissioned for  police services especially where
smuggling of undocumented aliens and illegal contraband are common place. 
8.PLAINCLOTHES PATROL 
This type of assignment is particularly effective for saturation coverage of high
crime areas. It provides extra coverage without  necessarily alarming the populace
with the unusual number of policemen. For this kind of patrol, policemen should wear
whatever  clothing is appropriate and should fit the activity being covered. 
9.CANINE PATROL- refers to the patrol officer w/ a dog. Ex. Sniffing Dog. 
10.DECOY PATROL- a strategy of patrol w/c means of deception/trick. 
12. FIXED SURVEILLANCE 
Usually undertaken either in person or with the use of cameras or monitors, or
stop-frame photography, it makes it possible for  the police to watch several locations
at the same time immediate response if necessary. Various types of listening and
viewing devices  are now in use in order to supplement routine patrol in line with the
concept of proactive patrol. 
PATROL AND INSPECTION 
The suppression and unwholesome influence is accomplished by the preventive
activities of inspection and patrol. It is  important to have regular inspection and
supervision of bars, night clubs and other establishments such as pool and billiard
halls, and  other commercial recreation to include other establishments being
frequented by the youth. 
Other kinds of inspection in patrol 
1. Building inspection 
2. Crime follow-up 
3. House inspection/visitation 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

4. Miscellaneous inspection 
ATTRACTIVE NUISANCE VS PATROL HAZARD 
Attractive nuisance- a known doctrine of law wherein an individual is said to
maintaining in his premises (business or  residential) a condition, instrumentality
machine, or other agency that is considered dangerous to young children because of
their  inability to appreciate peril. Reasonably, the children may be attracted to such
premises and be unnecessarily exposed to danger. 
Patrol hazard- this term is frequently used to describe a specific condition or
place that requires the patrol officer’s special  attention. The hazard may be a bar
houses where fights frequently occur, an abandoned house or building frequented by
suspected person, public lavatories or even sleazy movie houses. 
BASIC PATROL PROCEDURES 
A. Foot Patrol: 
1. Policeman should develop the friendly attitude while on foot patrol because they are
performing the additional task of  community relations in addition to their usual
patrol duties. 
2. They are to maintain a free flow of pedestrian traffic, which is just as important
as vehicular traffic. 3. When pounding their assigned beat, they should not develop
a pattern or a routine, which will make them vulnerable, but they  should also see
to it that they are able to saturate their AOR. 
4. The entire duty time of policemen belongs to the department and to the people in
general, therefore, it should be spent  accordingly. 
5. When patrolling at nighttime, policemen are to approach each building with
caution, always assuming the possibility that a  felon may be lurking inside. 
6. He should know the personalities in his AOR specially the wanted persons, the
known felons, drug users and pushers and the  establishments, which are usually
prone to armed robbery or burglary. 
7. In daytime patrol, the patrol officer is to walk closest to the curb. But during night
patrol, he is to walk farthest from the curb.  The reason for this is that during
daytime, police visibility is prime and foremost while during the night police
visibility is only  secondary to the augment of surprise, which should always be in
favor of the patrol officer. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

8. Patrol officers should always remember that police mean service and protection as
well. Thus, they are never to hesitate to offer  their services especially if it is
consistent with the objectives of law enforcement.
The Traditional Foot Patrol 
1. Clockwise patrol pattern 
o Short beats ideal for foot patrol 
o Rectangular/square sized beats 
2. Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern 
o The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristics of an are
to be patrolled. 
3. Zigzag or Free-wheeling Patrol Pattern 
o Patrolling within the perimeter not at random by with definite target
location where presence of patrol officer is  necessary. 
4. Criss-cross Patrol Pattern 
o Hazard oriented patrol. 
PATROL DRIVING 
1. While on vehicle patrol, policemen should get out of the car frequently in order
to be visible and accessible to the public. 2. When conducting solo patrol, the
patrol officer should maintain frequent contact with communication personnel and
other field elements. When working in pairs or more, patrol officers are to work as
a team for purposes of field contacts, citation issuance,  routine inspections and
response to call for assistance. 
3. Operate the vehicle at normal speed consistent with traffic conditions. A patrol
vehicle driven at high speed during patrol is of  no value to the citizenry who are to
be served and protected. 
4. Patrol the district in such a way that the police is to be visible to the greatest
number of people. Frequently turning corners and  covering the side streets as well
as the main thoroughfares. 
5. Whatever patrol method is being used, police patrollers should see to it that it is
done in an irregular and unpredictable manner. 6. The entire district should be
given ample attention with emphasis on those places that are considered as police
hazards or prone  to criminality. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

7. Always assume the possibility that a crime will be committed in the most
illogical places at the most unusual times of the day. 8. Put on seat belt as a habit.
Patrol officers who enforces, the law on the wearing of seat belt lose their credibility
if people will  see them not wearing the seat belt themselves. 
9. Keep awake. Patrol driving whether night or day is usually monotonous. Thus, the
policeman on patrol should adopt acceptable habits of keeping awake while on
patrol as it concerns not only his personal safety but the efficient performance of
his duty as  well. 
10. Set the example among other motorist of obedience to all traffic rules and
regulations particularly the traffic lights signal, speed  limits and the general road
rules. 
11. Police patrol vehicles should always be parked in the proper or legal manner
unless an emergency situation exists. Car keys  should never be left in the cars
ignition since criminals are expected to be capable of restoring to even the least
expected. 
THE REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE PATROL 
Reactive Patrol- This is a patrol activity, which consist of driving around the district
waiting for something to happen. Its not very  different from the stereotype old- time
policemen who just set sensibility and affordability of this scheme is not being
questioned because  of budgetary constrains and skyrocketing prices. Under the
reactive type, police patrols were restricted only to answering to service. 
Proactive Patrol- an alternative patrol system which means the fielding of the field
units in their respective area of responsibility with  prescribe objectives and verifiable
tasks schedule for the day to augment the calls and other on sight activities that
make’s up the officer’s  day. 
ESSENTIALS FOR AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS IN PATROL 
The police department being emergency service. All forms of its communications
must be geared or adopted to emergency  conditions and in top operating conditions at
all times. The assurance of such a condition will be attained only if the following
criteria  are meet. 
1. Training- as much as practicable messages should be confronted and updated to
uniform or standard procedures and latest  developments. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

2. Dependability- the police communications system must be totally dependable

under both emergency and routine conditions.  Secondary system must be
available on back up or stand-by, basis and they must be totally operational. 3.
Security- it must be safe and secured from attack or any sabotage to disable the
organization’s vital functions or from natural  disasters force may occur. 
4. Accessibility or adaptability- all operational units of the organization must have
convenient access to every type of  communication medium that is essential to its
efficient operation. 
5. Speed- maximum utilization of all available form of communication must be done
in order to assure speed in message  transmissions. 
6. Confidentiality- much of the information in police custody are private and
personal in nature as it relates to victims and accused  persons. Such as the case.
It is imperative that their confidentiality is maintained. 
Objectives in Disaster Response 
1. Identify the nature and extent of the problem. 
2. Communicate information immediately. 
3. Administer immediate first aid/rescue operation if necessary. 
4. Establish command post. 
5. Contain the area. 
6. Establish/open emergency escape passage. 
7. Evacuate victims, survivors to safe area 
8. Establish public information desk. 
9. Coordinate with other agencies involved. 
10. Allow entry access of authorized persons only.
11. Record the event. 
Objective at Scenes of Unlawful Assembly 
1. Maximum tolerance 5. Dispersal if necessary 
2. Containment of activity 6. Arrest of law violators 
3. Dialogue 7. Re-entry prevention 
4. Establish priorities. 
Keys to Effective Police Action Labor Strikes 
1. Complete fairness and objectivity 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

2. Establish contact with employer and strike to point out that the police role is to
protect lives and property and to enforce  the law. 
3. Seek the cooperation of all parties of the dispute. 
PRELIMINARY SEARCH – should be made immediately upon arrest and probably
in the presence of a witness. COMPLETE SEARCH – Is conducted in a close room
only the subject and one officer, one subject should be search one at a time. WALL
SEARCH – Most effective method of conducting preliminary search. 
Procedure in Conducting Wall Search 
1. Remove subject headgear examine for concealed weapon. 
2. Hold between the shoulder places down to the waste and up the right
side of arm feet. 
3. Feel the right arm to the wrist and outside and inside clothing. 
4. Feel the throat and waist. 
5. Empty all pockets. 
6. Search carefully of the vicinity of the room. 
7. Search down inside of right legs to the ankle check bottom of towers
socks and feel inside, the top of the shoes. 8. Search up the outside of
right leg. 
9. Follow some procedure on the left leg. 
HAND CUFFING 
1. 1st ORDER 
- Face the wall and spread angle position with both hand and foot spread sideward
as much as possible and foot for enough  from wall to ensure that suspect is
out balanced. 
2. 2nd ORDER 
- Place right hand on the spinal to the back fastens handcuffing. 
3. 3rd ORDER 
- Lean head on the wall and place left hand off the spinal to the back
fasten their handcuff double lock handcuff. FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVE OF
POLICE PATROL 
1. Preventive Enforcement – Falls under the heading of protection and involves
the prevention of crime through the noticeable  presence of police vehicles and
personnel. This had been regarded as the soundest of all criminological theories. 2.
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

Selective Enforcement – The basis of w/c is to go where the trouble is or where

the trouble is likely to occur. Has proven to  be very effective technique in the
patrol procedure. If certain area is subject to a high crime rate, the patrol cars
spend a greater  part of their patrolling time in that area. 
3. Traffic Enforcement – It is strongly dependent upon personal contact between the
patrol officers and the violations, but the  important thing is that the violator is
stopped and the violation is brought to his attention. 
4. Emergency Call for Service – One of the duties and purposes of patrol is the
handling of emergency calls for service. The  police vehicle had been equipped as
an emergency vehicle, and special laws had been passes exempting the police
officer from  the normal rules of the road when responding to emergency, since the
handling of emergency calls for service is one od the  basic duties of the patrol
officer, he should be trained in first aid and water lifesaving emergencies. 
5. Routine Calls for service – Routine calls account for the majority
of services provided by the patrol division.
TERMS/DEFINITION/DIFFERENTIATION 
POLICE OMNIPRESENCE – it is the impression created in the minds of law
abiding and would be criminals alike that the  police are always available to
respond to any situation at a moment’s 
Notice 
PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE TYPES OF PATROL – proactive patrol is an
alternative patrol system which means the  fielding of patrol elements in their
respective AOR with prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks to be accomplished
to augment  their response to call for assistance and other on sight activities.
Under the proactive type, police patrols were increased beyond  normal levels
while under the reactive type; police patrols were restricted only to answering calls
for service. 
CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIME REPRESSION – in crime prevention the police
objectives is to prevent crime before it  occurrence. In crime repression where
crime has already occurred or crime has been committed. The police actions
consist of  identification, apprehension and criminal prosecution. The impact of
this particular action lie in the impression left in the criminal  mind that “crime
does not pay.” 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

LINE AND STAFF FUNCTION – line functions, such as patrol and criminal
investigation, are those that are directly  responsible for accomplishing police
goals and objectives. Staff, auxiliary or support functions are those that are
designed solely 
to support and enhance the operations of line units. They usually include
records, communications, personnel, training property  maintenance, and the
like. 
HIGH VISIBILITY AND LOW VISIBILITY PATROL – high visibility patrol
involves the increase in the deployment of  patrol forces in order to enhance
their different effort. Low visibility patrol is designed in order to increase the
abilities of the  police to apprehend criminals who have already committed or
are in the process of, committing crime. 
PATROL – is the backbone of the police department primarily charged in carrying
out of the objectives of the police, through it’s  round the clock area of operation
for crime prevention and control. 
- Called as “backbone” because it is the unit consist bigger of policemen. 
- As “round the clock” because it is continuous operation although it is divided
several shifting. 
- As “operation” because the main task of police is for crime prevention and
control. 
BEAT - entire area covered by patrol officers divided by several blocks. 
POST – fix area where patrol officers perform patrol. 
ROUTE – refers to the rotation of the police officers duties. 
POLICE PLANS AND OPERATION 
PLANNING – Is the process determining the problem of the organization and
coming up with proposed resolution and finding the  best solution. 
- Is the conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or objectives? 
- The process of preparing for the change and coping with uncertainty
formulating future causes of action, the process of  determining the problem
of the organization and coming up with proposal resolutions and finding best
solutions. - The process of combining all aspects of the department and
realistic anticipation of future problems, the analysis of  strategy and the
correlation of strategy to detail. 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

- The use of rational design or pattern for all department undertakings rather
than relying on chance. - The act of determining policies and guidelines for
police activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards  for
such activities and operations in the department. 
- The conceptual idea or doing something to attain a goal or objective. 
- The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal of objective. 
PLAN- An organized schedule or sequence by methodological activities
intended to attain a goal and objectives for the accomplishments of
missions or assignment. 
POLICE PLANNING: 
- Is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for
policy formulation and decision affecting law  enforcement. 
- Is an attempt by administration to allocate anticipated
resources to meet anticipated service demand? OBJECTIVE- A specific
commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of
time. GOAL- A general statement commitment to achieve a
measurable result within a specific period of time. STRATEGY- Is a
broad design, method; a plan to attain a staged goal or objectives. 
TACTIC- it is a specific design, method or course of action to attain a
particular objective in consonance with strategy. PROCEDURE- a
sequence of activities to reach a point or to attain that, which is desired. 
POLICY- a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human affairs. 
GUIDELINES- A rule of action for the rank and file to show them how they are
expected to obtain the desired effect. 
GENERAL EMERGENCY PLAN- set of procedures to meet varying degree of
emergency while at the same time providing  continuing police coverage of areas
not affected by the emergency. 
SPECIFIC EMERGENCY PLAN- a sub type of plan to meet unusual need, which is
similar to general emergency plan but it is  basically for certain specific situation. 
POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING- is the process of formulating coordinated
sequence of methodical activities and the  allocation of resources to line units in
order that it can attain mandated objectives or mission. 
Objectives of Police Planning 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on result. 

2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decision. 
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the
organization. 
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction. 
5. To modify the day-to-day operation for future management. 
6. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishment or individual
performance. 
7. To provide decision making w/ flexibility. 
8. To increase employee involvement and to improve communication.
Responsibility in Planning 
1. Broad External Policy Planning- is the responsibility of the legislative branch
of the government. The main concern of  the police in this external policy
planning is assisting the legislature in the determination of police guideline,
through the  passage of appropriate laws or ordinances for the police to
enforce. 
2. Internal Policy Planning- is the responsibility of the CPNP and other chiefs of
the different units or headquarters within  their area of jurisdiction to achieve
the objectives and mission of the police organization. 
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAN 
A. According to Coverage: 
1. Local plan 
2. Regional plan 
3. National plan 
B. According to level of time 
1. Strategic or Long-range Plan- plan that determine the organizational long-
term goal with the resources expected to be  available. 
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Plan- plans which determines quantity
of efforts and accomplishment. 3. Operational or Short-Range Plan- plans
those addresses immediate needs or which are specific and how it can be 
accomplished on time with available resources. 
TYPESOF POLICE PLAN 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

1. Policy or Procedural- plans related to standard operating procedures to guide

policemen in their routine and field operation  and in some special operation. 
a. Office Procedure- are procedures for reporting regulation and records
division operation. 
b. Field Procedures- are procedure to be followed in conduction raids, arrest,
stopping suspicious person, using physical  force, and restraining devices. 
c. Headquarters Procedure- are procedures to duties of personnel concern, which
may include in the manual. Ex. How to  use the telephone, the use of fax
machine, police radios etc. 
d. Special Operating Procedures- are procedure pertaining to the
organization of special units like SWAT. 2. Tactical Plans- are procedure for
coping with specific situations at known location. Included in this category are
plans  dealing with attacks against building with alarm system and police
headquarters by lawless element. It also includes about  blockade, jail
emergencies, and special community events, such as public gatherings. 
3. Operational Plan- plans for the performance of the primary police functions
like patrol, investigation, traffic, vice and  delinquency control. 
a. Regular Operating Programs- plans designed to meet everyday year-round
needs. 
b. Meeting Unusual Needs- those designed to meet unusual need, the result
of intermittent and usually unexpected  variations in activities that
demand their attention. 
4. Extra Department Plan- plans for emergencies, which require the
involvement of the community to help the police in  achieving their objectives.
It can be disaster management, or solving great in traffic and in organized
crimes. 5. Management Plan involving the following: 
a. Budget Planning- present the future money needs for personnel, materials
and other needs 
b. Accounting procedures- expenditure reports provided to assist
in the making of administrative decision. c. Specific and
Purchasing Procedures. 
d. Personnel Planning- consist of procedures by w/c PNP personnel are recruited,
utilized and treated in their employment.  It also includes the methods of
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

development the potential of the personnel so that they can get maximum
satisfaction of  their work and contribute there best to the organization. 
e. Organization Plan- a basic organization plan of the department must be
made poster for guidance of the force, which  should be accompanied by duty
manual definite relationship between the component units in terms of
responsibilities. 
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PLAN 
1. Clearly define objectives 
2. Simplicity, direction and clarity 
3. Flexibility 
4. Attainable  
5. Provides standard of operation 
6. Economy in terms of resources needed for implementation 
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANS 
1. It reflects the experience or the line officers. 
2. It incorporates the findings of the police statisticians. 
3. It contains the conclusion of the crime analyst. 
4. It incorporates the counsel of the staff officers 
5. It includes the advices of the organic personnel and units involved in planning. 
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING 
1. Condition- Political atmosphere 
- Public opinion 
- Ideological aspiration 
- Peace and order situation 
- National community ethics, behavior and discipline 
2. Time  
a. Time available to establish plan before putting it into effort 
b. Time when the plan effects.
c. Time interval that must be provided in the plan 
d. Time allowed for revising or modifying the plan. 
3. Resources available- man power, money and materials. 
4. Skill and attitudes of management- refers to the level of experiences of the
personnel who are involved in the preparation  of the plan and those who will
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

execute the plan. Applicability of good management principles shall be exploited.

5. Social and political environment- refers to social and political practices, w/c
will be affected by the plan or plan affecting  these practices, beliefs and norms of
society. 
6. Physical Facilities- refers to machinery, instrument or tools in the attainment
of the goals pf the plan. A certain system or  structural design in order to meet
expected results. 
7. Collection and analysis of data- ready resources and basis of good decision-
making by the makers of the plan may be  properly obtained through
research and other means of information gathering techniques. 
PARTS OF A POLICE OPERATIONAL PLAN 
1. Security Classification 
2. Number of copies and pages 
3. Name of headquarters 
4. Plan Title or Name 
5. Reference  
• The source of authority in formulating a plan based on: 
a. Organizational Policy or Guidelines 
b. Orders of Superior Officers or Authorities 
c. Documents, maps, book, etc. 
6. Situation- General situation and specific situation 
7. Mission 
8. Task Allocation 
9. Coordinating Instructions- refers to the manner of giving alarm or signal when
encountering such problems, which needs  immediate action. 
10. Command- refers to the relationship between operating personnel
or units with that of Police Headquarters. 11. Signal- defines
communication network, which is to be used during a particular
operation like using passwords. 12. Signature 
13. Distribution- refers to what unit will be given copies of plan. 
A- All units 
B- Selected units 
C- Very selected units 
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

D- Only  
• The source of authority in formulating a plan based on: 
d. Organizational Policy or Guidelines 
e. Orders of Superior Officer or Authorities  
f. Documents, maps, book, etc. 
STEPS IN PLANNING 
1. Frame of Reference- this shall be based on a careful view of the matters relating
to the situation for which plans are being  developed. Opinions or ideas of person
who may speak with authority on the subject and the views of the police
commander,  other government officials and other professionals shall be
considered. 
2. Clarifying the Problem- this call for identification of the problem, understanding
both its record and its possible solution. A  situation must exist for which
something must and can be done. 
3. Collecting all Pertinent Facts- no attempt shall be made to develop a plan until
all facts relating to it have been carefully  reviewed to determine the modus
operandi, suspects, types of victims and such matter as availability, deployment
and use of  present personnel shall be gathered. 
4. Analyzing the Problem- after the date have been gathered a careful analysis
and evaluation shall be made. This provides the  basis from which a plan or plans
are develop. Only such facts as may have relevance shall be considered. 5.
Developing Alternative Plans- in the initial phases of plan development, several
alternative measures shall appear too  logically comparable to the needs of a
situation. As the alternative solutions are evaluated, one of the proposed plans
shall usually prove more logical than the others. 
6. Selecting the most Appropriate Alternative- a careful consideration of all facts
usually leads to the selection of the “Best”  of alternative proposals. 
7. Selling the plan- a plan, to be effectively carried out, must be accepted by
persons concerned at the appropriate level of the  plan’s development. For
example, in robbery case, the patrol division head may be preparing the plan. 8.
Arranging for the execution pf the Plan- the execution of a plan requires the
issuance of orders and directives to units and  personnel concerned, the
establishment of a schedule and the provision of manpower and requirement for
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

carrying out of the  plan. Briefing shall be held and assurance shall be received
that all involved personnel understand when, how, and what iso  be done. 
9. Evaluating the effectiveness of the Plan- the results of the plan shall be
evaluated. This is necessary in order to know  whether or not the plan was correct,
whether or not the correct alternative was chosen, which phase was poorly
implemented,  and whether additional planning may be necessary. In addition, the
effects of the executed plan on other operations and on  total police operations
shall be determined. Follow-up is the control factor for effective command
management. 
Public Safety- is a generic term, which covers the end- result of law enforcement,
crime prevention and control, maintenance of peace  and order, fire safety protection
and jail management and penology. 
Public Safety Services- are the services and function performed by the PNP,
BFP, BJMP and social defense in general whose  functions are national in
scope.
Public Safety Doctrines- are body of principles officially acceptable and taught
about as the best way of conducting public safety  namely; law enforcement, crime
prevention and control, maintenance of peace and order, fire safety protection and
jail management  and penology and social defense in general. 
Doctrines- is that which is taught or set for acceptance or belief, that which is held
to be true by any person, sect, school specially in  religion, or tenet, or body of
tenets. 
PNP Doctrine- is an authoritative statement of principles prescribing the proper
acquisition, use and employment of PNP human and  material resources to achieve
planned objectives. 
CATEGORIES OF DOCTRINES 
A. Primary Doctrines 
1. Fundamental Doctrine- are the basic principles in planning, organization
and management of the PNP in support of the  overall pursuits of the PNP
visions, mission, strategic plan and for the attainment of the national
objectives. 2. Operational Doctrines- are the principles and rules governing
the planning, organization, direction and employment of  PNP in the
accomplishment of basic security operational mission in the maintenance of
 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

peace and order, crime  prevention and suppression, internal security and
public safety operation. 
3. Functional Doctrines- are principle that provide guidance for the
specialized activities of the police in the fields of  personnel, intelligence,
training, logistics, planning, etc. 
B. Secondary Doctrines 
1. Complementary Doctrine- are doctrines formulated jointly by two or more
bureaus in order to affect a certain operation  with regard to public safety and
peace and order. 
2. Ethical Doctrine- are those, which define the fundamental principles,
governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior  and ethical norm of the
PNP. 
Basis of Police Doctrine 
- Police doctrines are primarily based on the vision and mission of the police
organization. 
Sample of Doctrine 
1. Doctrine of Command and Responsibility 
2. Doctrine of Maximum Tolerance 
3. Doctrine of Public Accountability 
4. Doctrine of Transparency 
5. Doctrine of Poisonous Tree 
NINE PRINCIPLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ENUMERATED BY SIR ROBERT
PELL, THE FOUNDER OF THE  BRITISH POLICE SYSTEM 
1ST Principle- Prevention of crime is the Basic Mission of the Police. 
2nd Principle- Police must have full Respect of the LAW. 
3rd Principle- A Citizen’s Respect law develop his Respect for the police. 
4th Principle- Cooperation of the Public Decreased as the Use of Force Increase. 
5th Principle- Police Must Render Impartial Enforcement of the law. 
6th Principle- Physical Force is Used Only as a Last Resort. 
7th Principle- The police are the Public and the Public are the Police. 
8th Principle- The Police Represent the Law. 
9th Principle- The Absence of Crime and Disorder is the Test of the Police
Efficiency.
LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING