Introduction of The Book of Revelation

RLGB 303 Daniel and Revelation CPAC 1 st Semester, 2016
Introduction of the book of Revelation

Rafael J. Carado, MA-R
TITLE
 The Greek word Apokalupsis, “Apocalypse”, “Revelation”, means literally, “an
unveiling”, “an unfolding” of the future.
AUTHORSHIP
 The author calls himself only as John in the book (1:1)
 it has been traditionally assumed that the writer was John the Beloved (see also
EGW)
DATE
 In this study the Domitian date is accepted, A.D. 96.
HISTORIC BACKGROUND
For the first time the issue of emperor worship among Christians became crucial.
Emperor of Rome demanded that he might be worshiped by all including the Christians. Of
course, the Christian populace did not obey him along this matter. For refusing to worship the
emperor they were accused of Atheism. A great many of the faithful ones suffered physical and
mental tortures. John the beloved, one of the leaders of the Christians, was apprehended.
Refusing to bow down to the emperor John was thrown into a boiling cauldron of oil. His
enemies thought to silence his powerful lips and to see him die, but the God of heaven protected
His faithful servant. Bewildered his enemies released him with instruction to stop preaching
about Jesus Christ. But the mighty man of God was not to be silenced; he continued his devoted
witnessing for his Master. Again the hand of persecution got him, and this time his enemies
banished him in the lonely land of Patmos, a criminal’s land. There his mortal enemies thought
that he should be isolated and be silenced forever. But God who saw what was the best for His
loving servant and for His beloved church here on earth, had a better plan. There in the rocky
island of Patmos God unfolded to John the history of His persecuted church throughout the ages.
Here in the revelation a glorious view of the Lord Jesus Christ is depicted. It is a sharp contrast
of Christ’s activity in the gospels. In the Revelation John is taken into the paradise of God to
behold His throne and to see the lovely Jesus. Jesus Christ triumph over His enemies is portrayed
vividly giving comfort to the church.
DESTINATION
This book is the addressed to the seven churches of Asia-presently, Turkey. But why the seven
churches of Asia Minor?
1) Because of the circular road that linked them.
2) The churches were under John’s care and that they were under the special care of the
Lord.
3) For symbolic purposes:
 Jesus saw that the conditions of these seven churches were typical of the
conditions of the churches in the Christian eras.
 E.G. White states that the seven churches are symbolic of the churches in the
history of the Christian churches or periods.
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THEME
1) the great controversy between Christ and Satan with particular focus upon the end of the
world, the triumph of Christ over His enemies
2) the restoration of Eden home
3) It also pictures divine love in action throughout the ages.
THE APOCALYPTIC BEATITUDES----3

Like the Sermon on the Mount the Revelation breathes the benediction of heaven. Note these
beatitudes:
1. Blessed is he that reads and that they hear. Rev. 1:3
2. Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord. Rev. 14:13.
3. Blessed is he that watches and keeps his garments. Rev. 16:15.
4. Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper. Rev. 19:9.
5. Blessed and holy is he that has part in the first resurrection. Rev. 20:6.
6. Blessed is he that keeps the sayings of the prophecy of this book. Rev. 22:7.
7. Blessed are they that do His commandments. Rev. 22:14.
CHAPTER 1 – THE GLORIOUS AND LOVELY JESUS

SYMBOLS:
1) Seven – completeness, perfection
2) Seven candlesticks – seven churches
3) Key – power and jurisdiction
4) Two edged sword – Christ authority to judge, His power to execute judgment
5) Seven stars – leaders or ministers of the seven churches
TITLE: Two meanings of the title “The Revelation of Jesus Christ”
(1) something belonging to Jesus
(2) Jesus Christ being revealed
The Channel of Prophecy (1:1)
1) God the Father
2) Jesus Christ
3) His angel or messenger (Gabriel)
4) His prophet
5) To the readers (church)
Blessing of the Reader
Rev 1:3 spells blessings: read, hear, and keep the words of the prophecy.
Designations of Jesus Christ
1) Faithful witness
2) First begotten from the dead
3) Prince of the kings of the earth
4) Alpha and omega, beginning and ending
 Alpha – first letter of the Greek alphabet.
 Omega – last letter of the Greek alphabet.
5) The Almighty
6) Have the keys of hell and of death
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Lord’s Day
The bible points to one day as God’s day, and that is the Seventh Day. God made this day
holy by sanctifying and blessing it (See Gen. 2:1-3). The Lord’s Day during John’s day
must be the seventh day of the week.-----Rev 1:10
Description of Jesus Christ
Jesus is here described in this chapter not as the lowly earthly travelers of the man of Judah, but
as the king of Kings and Lord of Lords with His marvelous heavenly glory.
CHAPTER 2-Love Letters from Jesus
The seven churches

In chapter 1:13, John saw Jesus walking in the midst of the seven churches. This is very
meaningful for God’s people. It means that Jesus will share their experiences and understanding
their needs. This indeed is a source of comfort especially in times of persecution.
Here in chapter 2 we shall study the trials and triumphs of God’s Church during the
various periods of the Christian church. Whatever experiences the church was called to pass the
Lord is with them. Christ’s parting promise was, “Lo I am with you always, even unto the end of
the world.” Matthew 28:20.
1. Ephesus (2:1-7) “desirable” 27-100 A.D. – apostolic period
Characteristics of the city

 Important seaport in Asia Minor
 Good harbor
 Leading commercial city
 Gateway to the province of Asia during John’s day
 A city adorned with beautiful temples like that of Diana
Establishment of the church
The church at Ephesus was founded by Paul, the Evangelist.
Commendation – verse 2, 3.
1) unflagging zeal
At that time of John, Timothy was probably the church pastor. It was a working church,
toiling hard for God.
2) Church members were loyal to the pure doctrines of the church.
3) Word of God the standard of their faith.
4) Hated the Nicolaitanes
-- A Gnostic sect--a part of the Gnostic movement which generally believed in salvation
by knowledge. This Gnostic sect, the Nicolaitanes, taught the following:
a. deeds of the flesh do not affect the purity of the soul and hence has nothing to do
with salvation.
b. believed in a community of wives.
c. adultery and fornication are nothing.
d. ate flesh offered to idols.
Reproof (v. 4)
Lost its first love, which mean the following:
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1) love for God

2) love for the truth
3) love for the brethren (their fellow church members)
4) their fellow men in general
“The light of the whole life died when love is done.”
Counsel (v. 5)
1) remember – they have forgotten. They must not lost sight of their original lofty
standard and lovely relationship with the Lord.
2) repent – this is important, what they have neglected to do must be reported off.
3) return – like the prodigal son the counsel was to return, return home to their original
love relationship with God and with the brethren.
Promise (v. 7)
To those who overcome the tree of life is promised.
Apostolic church
The characteristic of the church at Ephesus was the characteristic of the church at the
apostolic times. The disciples after the Pentecostal shower went with power to proclaim the
wonderful news of man’s salvation in Christ Jesus. Paul did much to extend the boundaries of
the church to the Pagan population of the then Roman empire.
2. Smyrna (vv. 8-11) “sweet smelling” 100-313 A.D.—period of martyrdom

Name is derived from myrrh, an Arabian tree. This tree was used for aromatic purposes.

 situated north of the Ephesus
 known as the city of life—the city suffered from sieges, massacres, earthquakes, fires,
plagues, but it still lives.
 ornament of Asia--It was a beautiful city during John’s time.
 crown of Iona--known as such because of its beautiful skyline seen from the distance.
 No one knows who founded the church at Smyrna.
Commendation (v. 9)
Case of Polycarp.
a) an outstanding martyr of the church.
b) according to some church fathers at that time, John the beloved himself
consecrated Polycarp as bishop of Smyrna.
c) The state, government, required him to worship Caesar but he refused.
d) Polycarp’s refusal cost his life.
e) Polycarp was burned at the stake at Smyrna.
Note: When Polycarp was about to be brought to the stake, he requested that he die with
legs turned upward because, he said, he was not worthy to die with his head towards the
sky like his master Jesus Christ.
It was persecuted church
a) Literally – literally there was persecution among members of the local church. One such
victim was Polycarp.
b) Symbolically – the Christian church after the apostolic church was persecuted church. Note
the emperors who were violent persecutors or the monarch:
(1) Trajan – A.D. 98-117.
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(2) Hadrian – 117-138 A.D.

(3) Marcus Aurelius – A.D. 161-180.
(4) Decius – A.D. 249-251.
(5) Valerian – 253-259 A.D.
The last was conducted a systematic persecution of the church. They were truly rich in faith, in
love, and in the service of the Lord. These were noble to the Lord.
No Reproof
It was a blessed church. The faithful witness saw nothing to rebuke a long-suffering church.
Counsel (v. 10)
1) Ten days (years) tribulation--are applied to the period of terrible persecution from
A.D. 303-313. This period was the height of Christian persecution by the Romans.
Emperor Diocletian continued the persecution suffered by the Christians.
2) “Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer.”
3) “Be faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.”
Promise (v. 11)
“Shall not be hurt of the second death.”
Period
This was the age of martyrdom. Many give their lives for Christ during this period. Note some of
the major reasons for pagan Rome in persecuting the Christians.
1. Christians were politically suspect because they spoke of the kingdom with Christ as its
ruler.
2. Christians refused to worship Roman gods and the emperor who wanted homage from
their subjects.
3. As good Christians they could not participate in much of the public life of their time.
There were many ceremonies for pagan gods as public official. For this reason the
Christians refused to participate with the pagans.
4. Economic reasons:
Priests and idol makers could not look on disinterestedly while their business goes down.
These pagans who became Christians forsake their image idols of woods or stones. Patrons
or costumers became few. Business wise it was not good. Christians were made as
scapegoats for great calamities, such as famine, earthquakes, and pestilence. The pagans
believed that those were punishments meted out by their god because they have forsaken the
Greece-Roman gods. The Christians were becoming numerous and popular. There was fear
among the emperors that as Christians become more and more numerous that the time would
come that they would reign over the pagans and paganism would eventually be exterminated.
3. Pergamos (vv. 12-17) “height or elevation” A.D. 313-538---period of compromise

▶ situated on a plateau 1000 feet above sea level.
▶ a royal city. It was made the capital of the province of Asia. Kings made their palaces
there.
▶ was a city of temples. Most important was the temple of Zeus.
▶ famous school of medicine indicated there. The emblem of this school of medicine was
the serpent twined around the pole. This emblem has come down to us today as the
emblem of medical profession.
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▶ was a great educational center.

▶ seat of Satan--doubtless the place must have been the area where many an evil plot was
formed against the Christians.
 Babylonian cult founded in Pergamos.
a) a college for the cult established
b) Babylonian mysteries flourished there
c) ruling monarch was head of the system
d) “Pontifex Maximus” was one of his titles
(a) pont means a bridge.
(b) factio means make.
(c) maximus means greatest.
e) Put together, the Greatest Bridge builder.
 When the kings of Pergamos surrendered his kingdom to Romans, the whole
cult Babylonian religion was transferred to Rome. The pope subsequently adopted
the title as one of his great titles. He claims to be bridge between heavens and
earth. It is interesting to note such.
Establishment of the church
No one knows who founded the church. At the time of Christ it was a flourishing church.
Commendation (v. 13)
1) holdest fast my name.
2) did not deny God’s faith.
Antipas is mentioned in this verse as having slain among them. It is interesting to
observe that even in the very midst of Satan’s seat. There were men commended for their
courage. Their noble example was noted by Jesus. As to Antipas history does not have
such a name, but tradition says that he was slowly baked in a brass bull that was heated
until it was red-hot. This name might well be a symbolic name representing all the
martyrs of that time.
Reproof (vv. 14, 15)
1) In the OT times Balaam was interested only in advancing his own interest and not the
interest of God and His people. The analogy here suggests that there were some in
Pergamos who were interested in their selfish advancement and not of the church.
2) Ate things sacrificed unto idols
One reason why Daniel did not partake of the meats of Nebuchadnezzar was that they
were offered the idols. The law prohibits such.
3) Fornication
Some members were fornicating. God took note of this. This kind of teaching belongs to
things earthly, sensual, and devilish. God frowns at this. They were to do away all of
these. God hates them.
Counsel (v. 16)
The counsel for the church is to repent. It was this that they needed most.
Promise (v. 17)
1) This manna was a type of Christ, the living bread. Only as they fed on this bread could
they be like Him.
2) White stone--this is a symbol of triumph and victory. Those who will repent will be
triumphant in Christ Jesus.
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Period
This era belongs to the period of compromise. This fits that period in the Christian era were there
was a political religious compromise. Constantine the Great began that compromising business.
He followed a policy of blending paganism and Christianity together in order to strengthen all
the elements in his vast domain. Persecution stopped but the Christians followed the emperors
method. As a result Christianity and paganism were wedded ending in a honeymoon. This was
bad for the church.
4. Thyatira (vv. 18-29) “sweet savour of labor” 538- 1517 A.D.—period of dark ages

 Seleucus, one of the Alexander’s generals, built this city.
 Place was intended to be a garrison or cavalry outpost.
 Later it became a manufacturing city.
o brass and bronze instruments were made in that city. Was place of foundries.
o fame for dyeing clothes.
 Apollo’s, the sun-god, temple was built there. Temple had a commanding place in the
city.
Establishment of the church.
1) Lydia, a convert of Paul at Philippi, was apparently a representative of one of the
industries in Thyatira, Acts 16:14.
2) Tradition says that after her conversion she became a good missionary lady to Thyatira.
Through her patient efforts a church was founded there.
Commendation (v. 19)
1) charity and service
2) faith and patience
3) last to be more than the first
Reproof (v. 20-23)
1) That woman Jezebel
 Jezebel was a Phoenician princess
a) Ahab, king of Israel, married her
b) This marriage was unfortunate
 Jezebel introduced Baal worship in Israel and led the nation into
spiritual adultery (1 Kgs 18:13; 19:1,2;21:5-16,23-25; 2 Kgs 9:30-37)
2) Apostasy rampant in Thyatira
 The charge against Jezebel indicated false doctrinal teachings being entertained by the
church members. This was dividing the church which called for reproof.
 Applied to the Thyatira period of church history, the figure of Jezebel represented that
insidious and deceptive power that eventually produced that great apostasy of the
medieval period.
 Ahab and Jezebel
Their marriage, Jezebel believer of Baal and Ahab a believer of God Jehovah, was a type
of the time when paganism and Christianity had their successful marriage. This
successful partnership is seen in the history, the Catholic Church, of medieval times. It
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was a marriage in doctrines with pagan and Christian teachings being taught as part of the
great doctrinal beliefs of the church.
Counsel (v. 25)

“Hold fast till I come.”
Promise (vv. 26, 27, 28)
1) Power over the nations
Those who opposed the authority of the church were condemned by the Roman Catholic
Church as heretics deserving of death. Hence they were persecuted by that church. But
Christ promise to them was that they would have power over nations.
2) The morning star
(1) In the Scripture the star is none other than Christ. Rev. 22:16; 2 Peter 1:19. This
means that their only hope is Christ.
(2) The morning star may also refer to the Protestant reformation. At that time the
heralds of the reformation such as John Wycliffe and John Hus plus others appeared in
the horizon bringing hope to the church persecuted.
Period
This was the age of Papal supremacy and also the dark ages. This is the longest period
thus far. The undisputed ruler at this period was the Pope of Rome. He beat the emperors and
kings in the diplomatic game of the nations and the world age at time. He ruled as if he were a
civil and political ruler of his time. The contest between the emperors and popes at that time was
intense with the papacy gaining the upper hand.
CHAPTER 3 – LOVE LETTER FROM JESUS II
5. Sardis (vv. 1-6) “that which remains” 1517-1798 A.D.—period of reformation

 stood at an elevation of 1,500 feet.
 became later as the capital of the kingdom of Lydia.
 coined money believed to have originated right there.
 because of its height and position, it was thought to be an impregnable city.
 attacked of Cyrus II the Great.
 Sardis is sometimes known as the “city of death.”
Commendation (v. 4)
1) A few names not defile their garments
These were the noble few but commendable ones. They stood fast in Christ name.
2) The implied meaning of verse 4 is that many started right and well but few remained
steadfast.
Reproof (v. 3)
1) “Hast a name that thou livest, and are dead.”
Sardis is living to her past reputation which was not right.
2) “Not found thy words perfect before God.”
The zeal of Protestantism at the beginning of the 16th century began to wane as the years
went by. The perfection and purity of life they have set before them was lost.
Counsel (vv. 2, 3)
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▶ be watchful, hold fast, repent
Promise, verse 5.
1) “Clothed in white raiment.” What they need is purity of faith.
2) Name not taken out of the book of life.
These only to those who repent and hold fast. God takes note of our name if we have
sorrow for sin and endure in our Christian life.
6. Philadelphia (vv. 7-13) “brotherly love” A.D. 1793-1844—period of mission

▶ Founded by Attalus Philadelphus, for whom it was named.
▶ Attalus named it in honor of his brother Eumenses II.
▶ Located on a beautiful valley.
▶ 4) Intention of the founder was to make it the center of the Greek civilization
and the means of spreading the Greek culture.
▶ Underwent several changes in name, today its name is Alasehir.
Church
No one knows how the Christian church was founded there. But at the time of John there
were faithful believers in that beautiful city.
Christ introduced to this church (v. 7, 8)
1) “He that is holy.”
2) “He that is true.”
3) The one who has the key of David.
4) One who opens and no man shuts.
5) One who shuts and no man opens.
Commendation, verse 8, 9.
1) “Set before thee an open door.”
The open door spoken off here is the great opportunity open for gospel evangelism. The
preaching of the Wesley, Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards and many others prepared the way for
modern missions. Note the following historical facts:
(1) 1793 – William Carey went to India.
(2) 1807 – Robert Morrison as a missionary to China.
(3) 1817 – Robert Moffat to Africa.
(4) 1841 – David Livingstone to Africa.
(5) 1804 – British and Foreign Bible Society.
(6) 1816 – American Bible Society.
(7) 1817 – John Williams to the South Seas.
These blazed the way to missions never entered before. These will never be shut. This was the
church of Philadelphia.
2) Had kept Christ word.
Church was faithful to the wills of the master.
3) Not denied His name.
The strong missionary push of the church strengthened the faith of His people. God’s
name was truly honored.
Reproof
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The faithful witness gave no rebuke to the church. Its name was a beautiful symbol of the
affection which characterized the believers.
Counsel (v. 11)

Hold fast. The church had to continue the good, good work holding fast the faith of the
Holy one. This is not only for them, but also to all believers in Christ in all ages.
Promise (v. 12)
1) Pillar – symbolic of dignity, beauty, permanence, stability, and strength. This is a
tremendous promise for the church. God’s church must be a symbol of dignity, stability,
permanence, and strength in a world of wickedness.
2) Name of my God
Let this be our deep and abiding concern to have Christ’s name in our mind.
3) Name of the city
Our destination is New Jerusalem. We are labeled for it. This is our home.
7. Laodicea (vv. 14-22) “Judging of the people” 1844 – Second coming—period of judgment

 Located at the junction of two important roads.
 Rich faming districts surrounded it.
 A city of wealth.
o Valuable wood produced in the valleys around.
o Large markets available.
o Banking exchange.
o Manufacturing interest.
o Black garments an evidence of their wealth.
o Leading health resorts.
o Lukewarm baths available.
o City was well-ordered and successful.
Because of their tremendous wealth, the citizens were proud, haughty, arrogant, and self-
satisfied.
Christ introduced
1) The Amen--this is a declaration that Christ is the truth. Whatever He says it must be
accepted without question.
2) Faithful and true witness.
3) Beginning of God’s creation.
Christ is prime mover, the first cause. From Him all things came into existence.
Commendation
There is nothing to commend on Laodicea. The church had taken the materialistic views
of the world so that they were in jeopardy. This called forth the rebuke of the Lord.
Reproof, verses 15-17.
1) Lukewarm, neither cold nor hot.
(1) Cold – denotes a state of unfitness and discomfort coldness. A person with such a
condition will not long remain. There is such a grouping and seeking after
something better – a striving to improve oneself. Spiritually, a cold situation
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would denote a destitution of love, joy, happiness, brotherly affection, kindness,

etc. Usually, when a Christian endeavor to gain them.
(2) Hot – spiritually, it denotes intense zeal for God. The whole affection is drawn out for
God and His cause. This is a noble trait.
(3) Lukewarm – suggests indifference and self-satisfaction. There is that feeling of
contentment.
2) Increased with goods.
(1) doubtless some of the Christians were well to do.
(2) Pride of their wealth led to spiritual bankruptcy.
Note: Wealth is good; wrong view and use of wealth is dangerous. This will load
to lukewarmness.
3) Need of nothing
Because of their wealth, they felt satisfied. Such a situation could hardly be improved.
4) Knows not
“He knows not, and knows not that he knows not, is well nigh hopeless.”
5) Naked.
Laodecian did not realize her true condition. Before God, Laodicea is wretched,
miserable, and naked.
6) Modern Laodicea.
How is it with modern Laodicea? Is the church materialistic to a point that the spiritual
condition is low so as not to recognize its true picture? Perhaps is a need for revival and
reformation to awaken the church.
Counsel, verse 18
1) Buy of me gold tried.
Salutation is free but Laodicea must give up her past life of self-satisfaction and get what
Christ offers. He offers gold that is faith, faith that is tested in the experience of affliction.
A tested faith is like a brilliant, dazzling gold.
2) White raiment.
This is the righteousness of Christ. What a sharp contrast of Laodicea’s open boastfulness
of their wealth but actually naked before the Lord. Christ’s righteousness in us is what
modern Laodicea needs today.
3) Eye salve.
Spiritual grace or discernment is heaven’s antidote for Laodicea’s blindness. Having this
will enable them to know what is right and to see their own true condition as followers of the
master.
Objective of discipline, verse 19.
1) I rebuke – Christ rebukes in order to bring conviction to those who err. It is also intended
to encourage believers to follow a new course of direction in their Christian life.
2) I chasten – the chastening of the Lord is His expression of absolute love to sinners with
the intention that they repent of their wrong courses.
3) Zealous – to them is the heavenly admonition to be zealous - - that is “to experience the
warmth and enthusiasm that comes with true repentance, consecration, and devotion to
Christ.”
Christ standing at the door, verse 20.
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Christ does not force Himself into the door of our heart. He waits and waits whether He
has a place in that heart.
Promise, verse 21.
Sit with Christ in His throne.
CHAPTER 4 – The Vision of the throne.
1. A door opened.
This is not the opening of heaven itself as in the case of Stephen, but some place in heaven was
opened. John was allowed to behold what was taking place.
2. Things hereafter.
One great object of the revelation is the presentation of future events which will inform, edify
and give comfort to God’s true church.
3. Description of the throne.

Here in vision John saw a picture of God’s throne and its marvelous glory. Here we have a
glimpse of the heavenly throne. Note particularly the crystal sea of glass, a far contrast of our sea
here in this polluted earth.
4. Twenty-four elders.
Who are they? Chapter 5:9 suggest of their origin. The dominant view is that these elders are
literal saints in heaven who accompanied Jesus to heaven during His ascension, see Matthew
27:52, 53; Ephesians 4:8.
5. Four Beasts.
The four beasts are not explained here. Perhaps these beings are literal or not at all. The forms
chosen by heaven for this presentation were doubtless designed to symbolize messengers of
heaven in their varied offices, capabilities, intelligence and adaptabilities.
6. Full of eyes.
This denotes intelligence and ceaseless vigilance of heavenly beings.
7. Living creatures rest not.

We complain in this earth because of the many religious worship we do- morning and evening,
etc. If ever worship is to be a pleasure in heaven let us make this a way of our life in this earth.
CHAPTER 5 - The Book and the Lamb.

1. The book.
1) The book is a book of destiny, a sealed book.
2) Challenge made, “who is able to open the book?”
3) No one could open it.
2. The tears of John, what does it mean?

1) John greatly affected as no one could open the book.
2) That shows the tremendous importance of the book.
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A BOOK OF DESTINY.
1) Book contained the future story of the church.
2) This shows that we can only know the future as God sees fit to reveal it, beyond that no more.
3) John’s tears, remember their reader that the revelation was not written without tears, and
without tears it cannot be fully understood. Let us therefore frustrate ourselves before God for
blessings to understand this Revelation that we may know how to relate ourselves with the
events, counsels, instructions and promises given in the book.
3. The Lamb of God is Worthy to Open.

1) He is the Lion of the tribe of Judah, Gen. 49.
2) Root of Judah, Isa. 11:1,10; Rev. 22:16.
3) Lamb who was slain, Isa. 53:7; John 1:29.
4. Book concerns the redemption of man.

1) When Jesus took the book, there was immediately a chorus of praise.
2) Response is “host redeemed unto God by the blood.”
3) This is a wonderful truth. He alone paid the price of our redemption by His blood
is able to save.
4) The price came by blood through sacrifice.
5. Song of Redemption and Universal praise.

1) Song of joy and gladness rings through out heaven.
2) Reason behind this is what the Lamb could do redeemed man from the earth by
His blood.
3) Someday, dear reader, you and I will sing that blessed song of Moses and the Lamb.
4) Song of Moses is a song of deliverance, song of the Lamb is the song of
salvation and redemption in Christ Jesus.
CHAPTER 6 – The Opening of the Book.

1. Introduction.
The seven seals represent events of a religious character, and contain the history of the church
from the opening of the Christian era to the second coming of Christ. It is a story of the
redemption of man.
2. The seals.
1) First seal, verse 1, 2.
a. White – purity of faith
b. Bow – conquest
c. Crown – victory
d. A white horse bearing a rider who carries a bow.
e. Date: 27-100 A.D.
f. Period: The Apostolic age.
a) The apostolic church armed with the spirit of God went conquering.
b) Gospel or good news was preached to every creature under heaven.
(Col. 1:23; AA. 48,578).
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c) The purity of the faith of the apostles proved an effective weapon for
the extension of the gospel. Christianity became popular.
2) Second seal, verse 3, 4.

a. Red – corruption of the faith.
Various heresies came upon the next church. Some members of the church
accepted them and their introduction to the church started the bankruptcy of the once
pure church.
b. Date: 100-313 A.D.
c. Period: Age of Martyrdom.
a) Church experienced religious upheaval because of the introductions of
heretical ideas.
b) Pagan emperors persecuted the Christians.
c) Many of them died as martyrdom of the church.
3) The third seal, verse 5, 6.

(1) Black – indicating defeat.
(2) Balances – denotes unity of state and religion, this point Christianity
was legalized. Christianity became close to the state.
(3) Wheat and barley – members of the church became materialistic. This
was a dangerous trend.
(4) Oil and wine – the graces of the spirit-faith and love. In the face of
materialism God wanted faith and love to be preserved.
4) Fourth seal, verse 7, 8.

(1) Pale – a color of fear and death.
(2) Kill with sword, hunger, death.
Kill with the sword would indicate warfare. What follows war would be
hunger and eventually death. This was what happened during this period
of the dark ages.
(3) 4th part of the earth.
This signifies the area which this power had jurisdiction.
(4) Date: 538-1517.
(5) Period: This was the era of papal supremacy. In secular history this is
called dark ages.
5) Fifth seal, verse 9-11.

a. An altar and under were souls.
Here John saw a symbolic vision.
b. Their cry – how long oh Lord?
They had gone down to the grave in the most ignominious manner. This was true during
the protestant reformation and catholic Counter Reformation. Many died in the name of
religion.
c. Little season.
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God’s response was meaningful. They would rest for a little season, for the fight
between good and evil must go on to demonstrate the evil character of Satan and to
vindicate the justice of God.
d. White robes.
This presents God as recognizing them as conquerors. They have demonstrated their
undying loyalty to God and God honored them. The good Lord is not blind to the
sacrifices of His dear people.
e. Rest until.
This is an assurance that the fight will continue until righteousness shall have
prevailed. Other will carry on the struggle they begun.
6) Sixth seal, verse 12-17.

There is no doubt that the scenes presented here depict the signs of the second coming
of Christ. A great earthquake is introduced here. Following are some of the signs:
a. Earthquake – Nov. 1, 1755
b. Sun became dark – May 19, 1780
c. Moon black – May 20, 1780
d. Stars fell – Nov. 13, 1833
e. Nature in great commotion
f. The question, verse 17.
The great of His wrath is come, and who shall be able to stand? Yes, who shall be able to
stand when God’s wrath is finally poured upon this sin-sick earth? Note the answer as found in
chapter 7.
CHAPTER 7 – The Sealed Multitude.

Collateral reading:
a. My first vision – early writings, 13-20.
b. The sealing – 5T, 207; EW. 36-38.
1. Holding of the four winds, verse 1-3.

a. Four angels on four corners of the earth.
These represent divine agencies holding back the forces of evil.
b. Four corners – four points of the earth, universal.
c. winds – political turmoil, strife, wars, destruction.
d. Devastating forces restrained by angels.
a) Among nations.
b) in nature.
“When God shall bid His angels loose the winds, there will be such a scene of strife
as no pen can picture.” 6T 408.
e. Purpose of holding the winds.
a) sealing of God’s servants.
b) God’s work not finish yet.
2. Seal and the sealed, verse 4-12.

a. A seal.
a) Seal denotes ownership and authencity and authority.
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b) Characteristics / features seals.

1) Name – Ferdinand Marcos.
2) Office – President.
3) Territory – Republic of the Philippines.
b. Sealed numbers, the 144000; the meaning.
Is it literal or symbolic?
1) Literal. Only the Jews would be saved and in each tribe there would be 12000.
2) Symbolic. Representation from all individual Israel, this would include modern
Israel.
3. General Notes.
Let us avoid being dogmatic about the 144000. The following counsels should guide our
presentations:
1) “Let no man attempt to number Israel today.” PK. 189.
2) “It is not His will that they shall get into controversy over questions which will not help them
spiritually, such as, who is to compose the hundred and forty-four thousand. This those who are
the elect of God will in a short time know without question.” E.G. White.
3) “There are differences of opinion as to precisely who form the last generation of the saints
will constitute the 144000. Lack of more definite information such as would be needed to arrive
at dogmatic conclusions on certain points has led many to give emphasis not to who the 144000
are, but what they are – that is, the kind of character God expects them to possess-and to the
importance of preparing to belong to that guileless throne.” SDA Bible Commentary, Vol. 7,
p.783.
4) Characteristics of the 144000.

1) Have the Father’s name in their forehead, Rev. 14:1. AA.591.
2) Have God’s law in mind, Heb. 10L6; E.W.58.
3) Holy life and character, Rev. 14:5; T.M. 445, 446.
4) Pass through the time of Jacob’s trouble, E.W. 36, 37.
5) Come out of great tribulation. Rev. 7:14; G.C. 640.
6) First fruit unto God. Rev. 14:4.
7) They are the living when Jesus comes. 1T 59, 60.
8) They will sing a new song no man could learn. Rev. 14:3.
9) Without guile, Rev. 14:5.
10) They will follow the Lamb whithersoever He goeth, Rev. 14:4.
11) They are sealed, E.W. 15; Rev. 7:4.
12) Wash by the blood of the Lamb, E.W. 17.
13) They only will enter the holy temple, E.W. 19.
14) Their names engraved on tables of stone in the holy temple. E.W. 19.
15) Wear garments of white, E.W. 19.
16) God shall dwell with them, E.W. 16.
17) They shall stand with Jesus on Mt. Zion, G.C. 649.
18) Stand in perfect square on the sea of glass, E.W. 16, 1T. 61.
19) They have an experience no other men had, G.C. 649.
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20) Stood without intercessor during God’s final judgment. G.C. 649.
21) Serve God day and night, in His temple, G.C. 649.
22) Shall hunger and thirst no more for God shall lead them to living waters (G.C., 649)
23) Had known the evil of sin by their own painful experience. G.C. 649.
24) Wear bright crowns, E.W. 16.
25) Not defile with women, Rev. 14:4.
26) Witness the plagues of God poured upon wicked men. G.C. 649.
27) Privilege of visiting other worlds, E.W. 40.
28) Perfectly united, LT. 59.
5. Victory celebration in heaven, verses 9-17.

a. Innumerable multitude before the throne.
1) Palms in their hands, a sign of victory.
2) Wash their robes in the blood of the Lamb.
3) Sang a song of victory.
4) Remain in the deliverance of God’s cover.
5) Lord satisfy all their needs.
“The characters formed in this life will determine the future destiny. When Christ shall come, He
will not change the character of any individual. Precious probationary time is given to be
improved in washing our robes of character and making them white in the blood of the Lamb.”
4T 429.
CHAPTER 8 – COLLAPSE OF ROME

1. Silence in heaven.
a. An awesome expectation of what is to follow-that is the blowing of the trumpets.
b. Coming of Christ with His angels.
Generally Seventh-Day-Adventist favor the second view.
2. Incense – the prayers of the saints.

An angel is seen adding incense for the prayers of Israel. This scene is a picture of the prayers of
the saints as Christ intercedes for them. He mingles His merits “with the prayers of the saints,
which are thereby made acceptable with God.”
THE SEVEN TRUMPETS

1) First trumpet.
1) leader – Alaric
2) tribe – Visigoths.
3) date – A.D. 410.
2) Second trumpet.
1) leader – Genseric
2) tribe – Vandals
3) date – 455 A.D.
3) Third trumpet.
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1) leader – Atilla
2) tribe – Huns
3) date – 451 A.D
4) Fourth trumpet.
1) leader – Odoacer
2) tribe – Huns
3) date – 476 A.D.
Odoacer deposed the last Roman emperor of Tome. Note the following symbols:
a. sun – emperor
b. moon – consuls
c. stars – senators
This trumpet describes the fading away of the above government luminaries.
5) Trumpets focused on Western Rome.

The first trumpets (four) are focused on the gradual decline of the government of Western Pagan
Rome. Subjects began to rise against her until her star finally went down in the horizon.
Politically Rome was down.
CHAPTER 9 – Moslem world predicted.

1. Fifth trumpet.
Most Bible scholars agree that the fifth and the sixth trumpets are focused on Moslem
movements.
a. locusts – denote Moslem Arabs.
b. bottomless pit – Arabian deserts.
c. scorpions – hostility of the Arabs to subjugate peoples.
d. horses – Arabian military units.
e. crowns – Arabian turban, a national headdress of the Arabians.
f. five months – year day principle this will be 150 years, see below:
g. note:
1) Muhammad – founder of the Islam religion.
2) Arabs became militant and went to conquer.
3) Religion introduced with the use of force.
2. Sixth trumpet
a. 4 angels loosed – has reference to the four leading sultanies of the Ottoman Empire: Aleppo,
Iconium, Damascus, Baghdad.
b. The one day, one month, one year, and half, an hour prophecy.
One day – 1 yr.
One month – 30 yrs.
One year – 360 yrs.
One hour – 15 days
391 yrs. 15 days
c. General note: The following interpretations of the fifth and sixth trumpets are from the note of
Josiah Litch, one of Miller’s associates in the Second Advent movement in the United States.
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1. July 27, 1299 – battle of Bapheum.

Bapheum battle was the first attack by the Ottoman Turks on Byzanrine Empire.
2. 1449 – collapse of the Byzantine power.
Litch believed that between 1299 and 1449 the Ottoman Turks tormented the empire of
Constantinople, a total of 150 yrs. as said by the prophecy.
3. 391 and 15 days.
From July 27, 1449, which Litch took as the beginning of the sixth trumpet, he added 391 and 15
days. This brought him to July 12, 1840. The remaining 15 days carried him to August 1 of the
same year that is August 11, 1840. Litch, by this computation of prophecy predicted that the
Turkish empire would end on that date specified.
4. London Convention.
By this convention the independent powers of the Turkish empire came to an end. The powers of
Europe ended it. Litch interpretations exercised a wide influence upon the midst of those people
in America who were interested in the mille rite movement.
5. The fifth and sixth trumpets depict the rise and denomination of the Moslem religion. The
continents of Asia and Africa are specifically areas of concentration of the Moslem religion of
Modern times. At times they are known as the Arab world. Trumpets show a pageant conquest
and later defeat.
CHAPTER 10 – THE OPEN BOOK

1. Mighty angel.
The description of the angel here fits the description of Jesus. See Matthew 17:2 and 1
Thessalonians 4:16.
2. Feet on land and sea.

This indicates several possible interpretations:
1) implies a worldwide proclamation of the gospel.
2) implies Jesus power and authority over the world.
3) controversy becoming stronger.
The fact that Christ Himself came down from heaven for the controversy indicates that the
warfare with the evil forces is becoming more and more intense as the controversy comes to its
close.
4) Seven thunders.
John bidden not to reveal the content of the thunders. The following is a statement from Mrs.
White. “The special light given to John which was expressed in the seven thunders was a
delineation of events which would transpire under the first and second angel’s messages. It was
not best for the people to know these things, for their faith must necessarily be tested. In the
order of God most wonderful and advanced truths would be proclaimed.” E.G. White comments,
SDA Bible Commentary, vol. 7, p. 971.
5) Time no longer.
After the 2,300 days or nights prophecy there is no more prophetic time.
6) Little book.
The close book of Daniel is to be unsealed. The particular focus is the end of the 2,300 years.
The proclamation of the coming of Jesus and its continuance even after 1844 is hereby revealed
in this chapter.
7) Sweet as honey.
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A picture of the event about and after 1844. The advent people were glad of the great thought
that Christ is coming on October 22, 1844, but they were disappointed. It was a bitter experience
for them.
8) The great commission.
Must “prophecy again.” The disappointment must not be cherished. Must go and prophecy or
teach people to be Christ’s disciples.
CHAPTER 11 – THE TWO WITNESS

1. The rod.
This is a symbol of judgment. Worshippers are to be judged. ”Every case is coming in review
before god; He is measuring the temple and the worshippers therein.” 7T.219.
“Here is the work going on, measuring the temple and its worshippers to see who will stand in
the last day.” 7T.972.
2. Two witnesses.
a. The two witnesses here are the old and new testaments.
b. 1,260 days refer to the supremacy of Rome when the Bible was prohibited. It was indeed in
sackcloth. The papacy tried to hide the truth from the people.
c. Olive trees symbol of the sources of divine power contained in the Word.
d. Power to shut heaven. God’s word is powerful. Old testament experiences are replete with
these. Moses, Elijah, Elisha, etc. are samples of what God could do.
e. Witnesses killed.
1) bottomless pit – France. This was France, in the days of the French revolution when
Atheism was prevalent in the land.
2) 3 ½ years.
a) Nov. 11, 1793. The French assembly passed a decree suppressing the
Bible. In its place the goddess of reason was honored.
b) June 1797 – that was 3 ½ years after the same assembly passed living
tolerance to the scriptures.
3) Witnesses received.
After the suppression of the Scripture the Bible became very popular in France.
3. Seventh trumpet.
When Christ comes all earthly opposition are totally crushed. The kingdoms of the world are
laid ruin by Christ’s eternal kingdom. Christ is always victor.
CHAPTER 12 – GOD’S CHURCH AFFLICTED

I - Symbols used.
1. Woman- signifies the church (2Cor. 11:2; Jer. 6:2; Isa. 2-4:5, 6; Rev. 19:7, 8).
2. Lewd, corrupt, apostate woman – apostate church (Rev. 17:1-5; Jer. 3:1, 8; Isa. 50:1).
3. Victorious woman – pure and true church.
4. Sun – glory of God as revealed in the gospel (Mal. 4:2; john 8:12; 19:5).
5. Moon – types and shadows in O.T; Mosaic laws.
6. Crown of 12 stars – 12 apostles.
7. Dragon – Satan, Pagan Rome, Papal Rome.
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As used in the Revelation one must distinguish from the primary and secondary applications.
The context is a guide along this line.
II – Chapter 12 represents activities of the prince of evil against the government of God and His
people. It is a drama of four acts:
1. The origin of sin and the beginning of controversy in heaven.
2. The attack of Christ when He lived among man.
3. Persecution of the church in the subsequent countries.
4. Final war on the remnant church.
III – The Woman, verse 1.

The woman portrayed here is symbolic church of both the old and the New Testament.
1. Sun – this is the glory of the true church. The pure and unadulterated gospel of the Lord Jesus.
Christ has always been the cloth of God’s true church until the end.
2. Moon – the Mosaic laws given by god served as the foundation of the true church.
3. 12 stars – since the focus of chapter 12 is the Christian church, it is safe to assume that the 12
stars are the 12 apostles who continued the work since Jesus ascended to heaven. Some scholars
have noted that 12 is God’s kingdom number. Note.
1) Old Testament – 12 tribes
2) New Testament – 12 apostles
3) New Jerusalem – (heaven)-12 foundations
4) New Jerusalem – 12 gates
5) Church Triumphant – 12 thrones
4. Travailing in birth, verse 2.

Since God made the first promise of the coming of the Messiah in Eden, the people of God had
anxiously been awaiting the long awaited promise. Finally, Christ came of a woman made under
the law, Gal.4:4.
5. The Dragon, verse 3.

John introduced the dragon as “sonther wonder.” The woman was introduced as a “great wonder
in heaven”. Both are introduced as wonders. The forces of good and evil are wonders. Both have
impacts in the lives of men. One leads to life eternal, the other to eternal destruction.
1) The dragon.
a. Primarily – this refers to Satan.
b. Secondarily – may refer to pagan Rome or Papal Rome.
c. Seven heads.
(1) Seven hills of Rome. Rome sits on seven hills. They are:
a) Palatine
b) Aventine – covered with ancient ruins
c) Aeolian
d) Esquiline
e) Vininal – industrial districts
f) Quirinal – center of the modern city
g) Capitoline – center of Roman life
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(2) Seven powers of the world through which Satan work.

Suggested powers are:
a) b)
(1) Egypt (1) Babylon
(2) Assyria (2) Persia
(3) Babylon (3) Greece
(4) Persia (4) Roman Empire
(5) Greece (5) Papacy
(6) Roman Empire (6) United States
(7) Papacy (7) Restored Papacy
c) d)
(1) Babylon (1) Babylon
(2) Persia (2) Persia
(3) Greece (3) Greece
(4) Roman Empire (4) Roman Empire
(5) Papacy (5) Papacy
(6) Revolutionary France (6) Republicans
(7) United States (7) Restored Papacy
Satan had work through the above powers to accomplish his evil designs. Whatever power one
chooses, Satan has successfully used it.
d. Ten horns – generally these refer to the 10 tribes of Pagan Rome. There are those
who see in these a different view - - ten horns to refer to minor political powers through which
Satan work throughout the ages.
e. Crowns – badge of royalty.
6. His tail draw, verse 4, 5.

a. This means Satan influencing ⅓ of God’s angels to join him. In open rebellion against God’s
creation, do they were cast down to earth.
b. Dragon before the woman.
1) primarily – this is pagan Rome. Rome tried to kill Jesus, the child.
2) secondarily – this is Satan using Pagan Rome to kill the infant Jesus.
7. Woman in the wilderness, verse 6.

When Christ left for heaven, the true was persecuted by Pagan and papal Rome. The church was
in hiding at that time for 1260 years. Hiding places were usually in the rocky defiles of the Alps.
8.”War in heaven”. Verse 7-10.

a. Michael – Jesus Christ.
b. Dragon – Satan.
c. Because Lucifer wanted equality with God, he rebelled against his creator. Together with the
angels who sympathized with him, they were cast out of heaven.
d. Satan found himself master of the earth and so he turned his vengeance to those who claim to
follow Jesus. He is known “the accuser of our brethren.”
9. “Blood of the Lamb”, verse 11-14.
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a. Those who were victorious against Satan won because they made use of the blood of the lamb.
This blood was their strong defense against the wide of evil. Faithfulness even unto death was
their noble mark.
b. A warning note is given in verse 12. His time is short so he comes with all his tricks to deceive
people.
c. Dragon.
1) primarily – Satan
2) secondarily – Pagan Rome
10. Remnant church, verse 15-17.

a. Serpent – this is Satan known sometimes as serpent.
b. Flood means destruction accomplish in:
1) persecution of the church through the 1260 years.
2) introduction of false doctrinal beliefs.
c. Earth – the earth is said to have helped the woman. There are four interpretations of this:
1) Alps – the hiding place of the church.
2) New world particularly the United States of America.
3) Protestant reformation.
4) Archeology
5) Printing press
d. Dragon.
1) primarily – Papal Rome
2) secondarily – Satan
e. War with the Remnant church.
1) Here is a scene of continuous activity against the church becoming more and more
intense as time closes. The object of his wrath is God’s Remnant church.
2) Characteristics of the true church.
(1) keep the commandments of God
(2) have the testimony of Jesus Christ
CHAPTER 13 – THE BEAST AND HIS NUMBER

1. The leopard beast, verse 1, 2.
a. Sea – beast came out of a nation of peoples and tongues.
b. blasphemy – doubtless represent the blasphemous titles of the beast.
c. leopard beast – none other than the papacy. The other features of the beast indicate that it
has the nature of a bear or Babylon, Persia and Greece respectively.
d. Dragon gave him his authority.
The dragon here is pagan Rome. Papal Rome succeeded Pagan Rome. A.C. Flick, The
Rise of the Medieval Church, p. 150, said: “out of the ruins of political Rome, arose the great
moral empire in the giant form of the Roman Church.” Popes came to the throne of the Caesars.
Since then they tried to exercise control in matters political and religious and over the minds of
men.
2. Wounded head, verse 3-6.

This prediction met its fulfillment in 1798 when general Berthier entered Rome and
declared the end of the political rule of the papacy. Following year Pope Pius VI died in France.
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a. Healed – Papal life was revived gradually; in 1929 the Lateran treaty restored power of
the pope. Pope was given power to rule the Vatican City.
b. The rests of the verses were discussed in previous studies.
3. Another beast, verses 11-18.

a. earth – represent a sparsely settle region.
b. This earth is the United States of America.
c. The United States arose in the new world not in the old world with its vast multitude but
in a world with few inhabitants.
d. Two horns:
1) civil or republican
2) religious or Protestantism
e. The Lamb
The United States is symbol of youthfulness and peaceful intent. This country started and
nation with the purpose of living peacefully with the rest of the countries of the world.
f. Dragon.
Here the country speaks like a dragon. It is not applicable to the country presently
because it continues to maintain the principles of freedom contained in her noble
constitution. But the time is coming when that country will repudiate her laws and follow
the footsteps of the dragon. Let us watch this interesting development.
4. United States and papacy, verse 12-16.
1) A reversal of policy is here predicted for the United States of America.
2) A union of policy between the U.S. and papacy is here brought to view.
3) United States spearheads and champions the cause of the papacy.
4) Focal point of issue is the day of worship.
5) Result – the world will pay attention to the activities of the United States and will obey
her dictates and commands. State and church will unite and that cherished religious
freedom will be lost.
6) Mark – a badge of loyalty to the beast.
5. Number of the beast, verse 17, 18.
1) buy or sell – this economic sanction is made in order to secure obedience with the
dictates of the United States. This will bring in the death decree. God’s loyal people will
be affected by this.
2) Number 666.
3) The beast or papacy in several instances has already been identified. The number simply
confirms or brings to a focus identity provided.
1) Various interpretations of the number:
(1) Lateinos – this means the “Latin – speaking man” or the Latin Church. Here are the
numeral values of the component letters:
L - 30
A - 1
T - 300
E - 5
I - 10
N - 50
O - 70
24
S - 200
666
(2) The Greek for the Latin kingdom is HRLATINE BASILEIA

H - 0
E - 8
L - 30
A - 1
T - 300
I - 10
N - 50
E - 8
B - 2
A - 1
S - 200
I - 10
L - 30
E - 5
I - 10
A - 1
666
(3) The church in Italy, which is the Roman church, was known in her Greek name
Italika Ekklesia.
I - 10
T - 300
A - 1
L - 30
I - 10
K - 20
A - 1
E - 5
K - 20
K - 20
L - 30
E - 8
S - 200
I - 10
A - 1
666
(4) “The title of the pope of Rome is Vicarius Filii Dei, and if you take the letters of his
title which represent numerals and add them together, they come to 66” Our Sunday
Visitor. Note its numeral computation:
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V - 5
I - 1
C - 100
A - 0
R - 0
I - 1
U - 5
S - 0
F - 0
I - 1
L - 50
I - 1
I - 1
D - 500
E - 0
I - 1
666
NOTE – The difference in numeral values respecting the letters is in their own language –
Vicarius Filii Dei is Latin while Italika Ekklesia is Greek.
6. Numbers in Hebrew minds.

(1) Six when alone is a number of unrest. Triple it, 666, meant eternal rest.
(2) Seven when alone is a number of perfection. Triple it, 777, meant eternal
perfection.
(3) Eight the number of victory. 888 meant eternal victory.
(4) He phren a Greek phrase which means the natural mind or the carnal mind is:
H - 0
E - 8
P - 500
H - 100
R - 0
E - 8
N - 50
666
(5) STAVROS – the “CROSS”

S - 0
T - 6
A - 1
V - 400
R - 100
0 - 70
S - 200
777
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THE CROSS IS THE NUMBER OF ETERNAL PERFECTION.
(6) JESOUS – Name of Jesus

J - 10
E - 8
S - 200
O - 70
U - 400
S - 200
888
This is the number of endless victory. In Christ Jesus we have eternal triumph which number
would you want to possess? Let us all choose the number of Christ Jesus, the number of victory.
For those who shall be victorious shall stand with Jesus before His throne and on that crystal sea
of glass through all ages.
CHAPTER 14 – Heaven’s Final Warning and Appeal.

1. Victorious 144,000, verse 1-4.
2. The messages of the three angels, verse 6-12.

a. first angel
1) angel – messenger. A messenger must have a message.
2) messages:
a) fear God and give glory to Him.
b) hour of His judgment has come.
c) worship Him that made heaven and earth, etc.
3) destination – the everlasting gospel unto all the earth.
4) historical note.
The Millerites, from 1831 to 1844, preached the coming of Christ in connection with
the close of the 2,300 days. This marks the beginning of the first angels’ messages.
b. Second angel
1) message – the fall of Babylon.
Babylon is a symbolic term for any fallen or apostate organization.
2) Use of the term.
Babylon literally “gate of the gods” Babylonians thought their gods communed with them in
Babel. The Hebrews though used the term derogatorily with their word balal meaning to confuse.
In the New Testament Babylon is used in the latter sense. Any departure from the simple and
pure teachings of the scripture is labeled in Babylon. This is specifically true in the book of
revelation.
Historically, the Millerites preached the soon coming of Jesus and the judgment, but the majority
of Protestant churches rejected them thus they were counted with Babylon. The relevance of this
message for today is evident among the churches.
3) Reason for the fall – wine of her fornication. Apostate churches have one thing in common –
false doctrinal beliefs. This is part of their nature hence the fall.
In addition, when the church unites with the state to enforce her erroneous teachings then that
church commits adultery or fornication.
c. Third angel
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1) This is a warning against any worship of the beast and his image.
2) beast – this is no other than the leopard beast – papal Rome.
3) Image of the beast – this is apostate Protestantism, the United States. It is also union of church
and state.
4) Mark of the beast.
a) sign of allegiance to Rome, G.C., p. 449.
b) papal Sabbath, Sunday – Ev. p. 234.
5) Punishment.
To those who will receive the mark of the beast will have complete destruction. The figure of an
unending punishment for the wicked is not supported by Scripture.
6) Patience of the saints, verse 12.
The statement implies a terrible and fearful struggle with the beast and his image. But by the
grace of God they endured patiently maintaining their integrity and absolute fidelity to Christ
Jesus. They kept His commandments and His faith under trying and difficult circumstances.
3. In the Lord, verse 13.

Those who die in the Lord during the conflicts are pronounced blessed.
4. Verses 14 – 20 is a symbolic vision of the coming of Jesus. This is an interesting to observe

because after the three angels’ messages the next scene is the coming of the Lord. This only
indicates that the messages are warning proclamations given to the whole world before Jesus
comes. And these messages are given with much urgency as shown by the angels. These angels
were not walking or running but were flying.
CHAPTER 15 – The Bowls of God’s Wrath

This chapter introduces the seven last plagues, God’s unmingled wrath. His divine wrath will be
poured out after Christ finishes His work in the heavenly sanctuary. Also included in this chapter
is a scene of multitude standing as victors on the sea of glass. What a contrast with the plagues!
To those who will patiently endure the afflictions wrought by the beast and his image, they shall
surely be victorious, triumphant indeed with the Lamb.
CHAPTER 16 – The Seven Last Plagues Afflict the Wicked

When Christ’s work of ministration in the heavenly sanctuary is finally finished, God’s mercy
will no longer plead for the wicked inhabitants of this world. This globe will then be plunged
into unprecedented turmoil with the wicked becoming more and more wicked with their
nefarious evil deeds and designs. From God’s eternal throne comes a portion of their
punishment, the plagues, a part of their due reward. But what an ugly reward! Rewards for their
loyalty to the beast.
1. First plague – noisome and grievous sore. The plagues are not universal. Who will be the
busiest fellow that time? Perhaps the medical scientist and medical practitioners.
2. Second plagues – blood upon the sea. People along the coastal shore will be hard hit for this.
The fishermen will then wonder about the future of the business.
28
3. Third plagues – blood upon rivers and fountains of water. What will happen to the farmers
who for long depended upon rivers for water irrigation? Will the rice survive bloody water? But
note. The plagues will affect all people regardless of rank position, and wealth. They be no
respecter of persons.
4. Fourth plagues – terrible heat from the sun. Wicked responded with blasphemy to God. When
the Holy Spirit is withdrawn from men, they cannot think of repentance and if ever they repent it
is because of fear and not from sincere and humble heart. Remember Judas.
5. Fifth plagues – darkness in the kingdom of the beast. Note that the beast is punished with
darkness. The kingdom of spiritual darkness will receive darkness. He that will give darkness
will bear darkness.
6. Sixth plagues – battle of Armageddon.

1) There are three views regarding Armageddon.
a. Political-Military battle between the nations of the world.
b. Spiritual battle between right and wrong, between Christ and Satan.
c. A combination of A and B.
Whether it is political, military, or spiritual battle remains to the seen. All we know is that it is
future.
2) Three unclean spirits (frogs).
a. papacy or papal Rome.
b. Apostate Protestantism
c. Spiritism or paganism.
Since these all come from the dragon (Satan) this implies that there will be unity among the
three. They shall totally opposed Christ’s followers.
3) Note verse 11. People continue to blaspheme God because of the sores. This is an indication
that the effect of the plague and perhaps the interval between the plagues are short.
7. Seventh plagues – hail.

a. It is done.
“This statement terminates the time of Jacob’s trouble, delivers the saints, and ushers in the
seventh plague.”
b. The convulsion of nature follows, verses 19-20.
CHAPTER 17 – The Unity of Church and State.

After the heavenly visitor presented the scenes of the plagues to the wondering John at Patmos, he
now presents additional details as to the cause of these punishments. Chapter 16 and 17 are one in
substance, chapter 17 being a part of the seventh plague.
1. Angel with the seven vials.
The angel invited John to see the judgment of the woman who committed fornication with the
nations of the world. The descriptions of the woman is her seductive in wooing the peoples of the
world to false doctrine beliefs.
2. Whore.
29
Here is an ugly description of an adulterous woman, yet, she is said to exercise control over
peoples and nations. The leaders of the world have placed their authority at her own disposal.
3. Made drunk.
This indicates that the leaders who united with the woman were deceived by her.
4. Woman sitting upon the beast.

a. Woman – represents apostate religious organization.
b. Beast – represents political powers – Satan works through these agencies to achieve his evil
intentions.
c. The scene as shown to John is arresting. The woman sits upon the beast. The implication is
clear. The woman, an apostate church, exercises direct control over the state. This union of church
and state is powerful. When this happens, the church will pursue with absolute intensity her
ingenious evil designs to stump upon any who will oppose her will. God’s loyal people will be the
object of her diabolical acts.
5. Mother of harlots.
a. Mother – Roman Catholic Church.
b. Her daughters – apostate Protestantism and other religious bodies who consorted with her.
6. John wondered with great admiration, verse 6.

John was invited by the angel to witness the to be given to Babylon, and he expected to see the
complete ruin of the woman. Instead he saw a woman brilliantly arrayed and intoxicated setting
upon a fearsome beast. The meaning of what he saw made him wonder. Here is a church who
claims Christ and apostolic origin uniting with the political powers of the earth. These powers she
uses at her own description to persecute God’s true church. The blood of the saints and martyrs of
God makes this woman smile. No wonder this woman was admired by John. The crimes of this
harlot woman are:
a. Seduction – seducing the leaders of the world to a union with her to further her evil ambitions,
see verse 2.
b. Oppressive disposition – sitting upon may peoples oppressing them, see verse 1.
c. Contributing to human delinquency. Makes the nations of the world drunk with the wine of her
political policy. By her false and erroneous teachings, she contributed to the corruption of the
world.
d. persecution – by being drunk with the blood of the saints, a serious crime is registered in the
book of heaven against her.
e. Murder and attempted murder. Plotted the murder of Christ bride the woman of chapter 12.
7. The angel’s interpretation of the beast and woman, verse 8-18.the angel now recounts the career
of the beast.
a. Was, is not, is the eighth, 1 king, verse 8-11.
The expressions here are arresting and yet very meaningful. Prophecy has predicted the powers to
come upon the world’s stage of action in the affairs of men. They are:
1) Babylon (Daniel 2 and 7).
2) Medo-Persia (Daniel 2 and 7).
3) Greece (Daniel 2 and 7).
30
4) Pagan Rome (Daniel 2 and 7).

5) Papal Rome (Daniel 7, 8 and Revelation 13).
6) Democracy (Republicanism) as symbolized by the United States of America (Revelation 13
as the 2 horned beast).
7) Restored Papacy (The wounded institution comes back to life).
8) The union of papacy, apostate Protestantism, Spiritism, or Paganism, and the state.
538 1798 1929

| | | |
| | | |
| | | | Spiritism, Papacy
| | | | Apostate
| | | | Protestantism,
Pagan Rome |Papal Rome | Democracy (V.S.)| Restored Papacy| State United
Fourth head |power that “was” | Power “is not” | Power “yet is” | Power “to come”
4th head | 5th head | 6th head | 7th head | 8th head
8. One mind.
All these political and religious agencies have been under the direction and guidance of the great
deceiver of men, Satan. They all have “one mind” or one intention- with Christ but shall overthrow
them.
9. Short peace.
Prophecy predicts that the eight powers will continue only for a short time. The union therefore
will be short live and then the downfalls come. The woman is forsaken of her friends, verse 16.
God’s persecuted people will triumph over her.
CHAPTER 18 – Come out Her My people.

1. Another angel from heaven.
This angel joins his voice top that of the three flying angels in Revelation 14 until it swells into a
loud cry. Loud cry has reference to the final warning and message to be given by God’s loyal
people. The latter rain will give them power to convey God’s message to the world. See EW. 277-
279, GC. 603, 604, 614, 615, 653.
2. Come out of her my people.

God’s plaintive plea is for the sincere ones who are still in Babylon to come out and join God’s
faithful, commandment keeping people. Before the final verdict is given to this mother of harlots,
God extends His call for Babylon’s true worshipper to identify themselves with the remnant
church.
3. Destiny of Babylon, verses 6-24.

Mystical Babylon finally receives her reward - - absolute destruction. Her alliances will forsake
her that day.
4. The following are descriptions of mystical Babylon as revealed in the revelation:

1) Her identity and character.
31
a. Meaning of the name.

(1) Mystery Babylon – Rev. 17:5.
(2) great city – 18:18.
b. apostate organization.
(1) great whore, Revelation 17:1-5
(2) mother of harlots
c. wholly corrupt in character, 18:2; 14:8.
d. marked by luxury and pride, 18:7, 16.
2) Her ambitions and objectives.
a. to rule the world, 17:18, 14; 18:7.
b. to persecute the saints, 17:6; 18:24.
3) Her accomplishes.
a. Demonic spirits.
(1) habitation of devils, 18:2.
(2) spirit of devils, 16:13, 14.
b. Great powers of earth, 17:3, 8, 11.
c. All nations, 17:12; 18:3, 9.
d. Other apostate religious organizations.
(1) harlots, 17:5.
(2) false prophets, 19:20.
(3) image of the beast, 13:14.
e. Leaders of earth, 18:23; 18:17.
f. Peoples of earth, 14:8; 18:3; 17:2, 8.
4) Her strategy.
a. universal religious-political union, 17:3, 7, 9; 18:9; 17:12, 13.
b. policy and teachings, 17:4; 14:8; 19:2.
c. satanic deception like mirages, 16:14; 18:23; 13:13, 14; 18:11.
d. absolute control of men’s minds, 17:1, 8, 15.
5) Her fate.
a. God arraigns Babylon, 16:17, 19; 17:1; 18:8.
b. Her alliances, accomplishes turn against her, 17:13, 16, 17; 18:8.
c. her inhalation is absolute, 18:21; 16:19; 18:8, 10, 17, 18.
d. Punishment is appropriate to her crimes, 18:6, 7.
f. Accomplishes lament her, 18:10, 11, 15-19.
g. A song of victory over Babylon, 19:2; 18:20.
6) God’s warning to His people.
a. Angel lightened the earth with his glory, 18:1, 2.
b. Come out of her my people, 18:4.
CHAPTER 19 – “King of Kings, and Lord of Lords”

1. The victory chorus, verses 1-4.
With the final defeat of evil heaven’s people will rejoice. A song of praise to God echoes from
heaven’s dome for God has judged the wicked righteously and He is conqueror.
2. The marriage supper of the Lamb, verses 5-9.
32
What a privilege to attend that supper prepared by the king of kings and master of all masters. This
is just the beginning of more suppers with our beloved Redeemer. In the eternity to come our
blessed Savior will forever rejoice because we have chosen to be there and by His wonderful grace
we have gained the final victory. While still on earth let us “lift Him up” in our personal life and to
others. He is the groom, we are the bride. Let us prepare to meet Him.
3. True sayings of God, verse 9.

John was bidden to write that those who will be called to the marriage supper of the lord Jesus
Christ are blessed. And further that these sayings are true, true from God Himself.
4. Worship God, verse 10.

The aged apostle, thankful of the revelation given him, fell at the feet of the angel to worship him.
But the angel told him not to worship him because, he, the angel, is also a servant like John.
Instead, the angel directed him to worship God. Surely, we must thank and worship God for His
goodness to us in revealing the future of His church.
5. King Jesus rides as Conqueror, verse 17-20.

This supper is a different ones as contrasted with the previous one attended by the saints. Fowls of
the air are invited to feast upon the flesh of dead indicating that this is a feast of fowls upon the
flesh of wicked people. This is known as the “supper of the great God” who is of course Satan.
This feast comes after the ascension of Christ and the saints to the New Jerusalem in heaven, the
Paradise of God.
CHAPTER 20 – The one Thousand Years

1. Dragon Satan confined to this earth, verses 1-2.
When Christ and the righteous saints are gone to heaven, Satan and his angels are left on earth.
Because of the brightness of the glory at His second coming, the wicked human beings died. Thus
the earth is depopulated and the fowls eat the flesh of wicked men. Since no living human beings
will be there, Satan’s activity of tempting people cease. He has no one to tempt thus he is
described as “bound” to a thousand years of inactivity here on earth portrayed by John as the
“bottomless pit.”
2. Saints in heaven for 1000 years, verse 4.

The saints are in heaven engaged in an act of investigating the records of men. This will enable
them to know and be confirmed of the justice of God. See 1 Cor. 6:2, 3; D.A., p 58, G.C., p 660-
661.
3. Satan is loosed, fire comes down, verse 5-15.

After 1000 years Satan becomes active, why? Christ and the saints descend from heaven and
Christ resurrects the wicked dead. Satan rounds them up to fight against Christ and his saints. But
fire comes down from Christ and burns them. This is the final punishment and the end of the
Armageddon. Christ finally triumphs and the saints rejoice.
4. Note the events during the 1000 years.

a. Events at the beginning of the 1000 years:
1) Seven last plagues poured upon the wicked.
33
2) Armageddon preparation.
3) Christ’s second coming.
4) The wicked die.
5) Righteous dead resurrected.
6) The righteous, both living and resurrected dead, ascend to heaven with Christ.
b. During the 1000 years:
1) In heaven saints are engaged in judgment of the wicked.
2) They shall enjoy the bless of New Jerusalem.
3) Satan, on earth, is confined. It is desolate.
c. Events at the close of 1000 years.
1) Christ and the saints descend.
2) Holy city follows.
3) Wicked dead are resurrected.
4) Satan and his angels are loosed. He marshals the wicked and attacked the saints inside the
Holy city.
5) Fire comes down and destroy the wicked.
6) Fire purifies the earth. Note that Christ will not destroy the earth but purifies it from sin.
Sin is the last to be destroyed.
CHAPTER 21 – A NEW EARTH

1. A new earth and the home of the saved, verses 1-8.
After the earth is purified by fire, it shall be new indeed. The earth’s former marred state is
changed and new elements take the place of the old ones. A perfect earth comes into being. This is
the home of those who are saved by the blood of the Lamb.
a. Tears no more.
In that earth made new tears will be no more, because the very root of tears which is sin is rooted
out. All things are passed away.
b. Promise, verse 7.
He who overcomes shall inherit all things. Not a few things but all. What a privileged! Christ our
Savior is generous indeed. Now He is preparing all these up yonder.
c. They that be burned in the lake of fire, verse 8.
Those who will be thrown into the lake made up of fire are those who do not obey God’s laws.
2. The new and holy Jerusalem, verse 9-27. The following are the descriptions of the city.
a. A great city.
b. Has the glory of God, its living.
c. Wall great and high.
d. Twelve gates, each has an angel.
e. Each gate has a name taken from the twelve tribes of Israel.
f. Wall has twelve foundations having the names of the twelve apostles.
g. City lies foursquare.
h. Measurement each way is 1500 miles.
i. Thickness of the city is 216 feet across.
j. Building of the wall is Jasper.
k. City is pure gold.
l. Foundations of the city are of 12 precious stones. Stones are:
34
1) Jasper
2) Sapphire – sky blue stone
3) Chalcedony – greenish color
4) Emerald – bright green color
5) Sardonyx – red brown gem
6) Sadius – reddish color
7) Chrysolite – yellow color
8) Beryl – sea green color
9) Topaz – either yellow or gold color
10) Chrysophrasus – apple green gem
11) Jacinth – purple colored gem
12) Amethyst – purple color
m. Twelve gates verse of 12 pearls.
n. Street of the city of pure gold and was transparent like glass.
o. No temple there for the Lord is the temple.
p. No need of the sun and moon because God’s glory is the light there.
q. No light there.
r. Those who will be there are those whose names are written in the book of life.
3. A most beautiful city.

Gold, a most precious stone, will be under the feet of the redeemed. Many have given their lives
just for this stone yet it is common up there, valuable stones are rare here but numerous yonder.
You will be rich, brother, there.
CHAPTER 22 – At Last with Our Redeemer Forever

1. Pure river.
a. pure – the pollution and contamination of water so common on this earth are gone. The river is
just what you dreamed long, long before.
b. river of life – its water is sometimes known as the water of life. Perhaps the water imparts
vitality and strength to the body.
c. clear as crystal – a crystal is transparent. It is a totally different river. Apparently, there is in it an
element that when one bathes he feels a most invigorating sensation imparted.
2. Tree of life.
a. found in the midst of the street. Note also that the river runs through the middle of the street.
This must be the biggest avenue in the New Jerusalem.
b. base trunks of the tree found on either side of the river, but united on top forming a beautiful
arch and one lovely tree.
c. tree has 12 kinds of fruits per year.
For each month there is one fruit. Whether the October fruit is the same fruit the following October
we do not know.
d. healing of the nations.
This statement has evoked a lot of discussions among Bible students. Will there be sickness there?
Of course, none. But what is to be healed? Of course in that land of joy and gladness the redeemed
will partake of the tree of life to give them freshness of body, vigor, vitality, and strength. NOTE:
35
The reader is directed to the “Comprehensive Index, to the writings of Ellen G. White”, Volume 3,
pp. 2852, 2853 to read for himself the references of the functions of the tree of life.
3. No more curse.
This earth is cursed. When fire shall purify it, even the remnant of course will forever be gone.
God’s throne will be there and His people shall worship Him.
4. The redeemed shall see His face.

Blessed forever. To see his lovely and ever smiling face will be a joy everlasting and everlasting.
5. General close of Probation, verse 11.

This close of men’s probation comes when the Savior leaves the most holy place. When this takes
place, mercy and love will no longer plead for the guilty race and the whole world will be plunged
to unprecedented chaos as no man had ever known before. Wicked men will become more wicked
and they will do more wickedly. But God’s people will become more righteous and more righteous
until their final glorification.
6. The Invitation, verse 17.

The invitation of the Spirit of the Lord is for the bride (the church) to come. To those who will
listen, to those who thirst and to everyone who will want to accept the call, the water of life is
offered free.
7. Warning, verse 18.

Jesus Christ authenticates the message of the book. A warning is issued from Him for anyone who
will add or subtract anything on the book. Mrs. White say: “We cannot with impurity trample upon
the word of God.” QUOTED.
8. Assurance.
Jesus assurance is to come quickly. With John on Patmos isle let us say, yes, Lord even now.
9. John’s immediate reply.

“Even so, come, Lord Jesus.”
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GENERAL NOTE
What a blessed day that was when John became a captive of God’s power that Sabbath day at
beautiful Patmos. With the eyes single only to the interest of His precious church here on earth,
Christ revealed the pathways the church would go. We see her triumphs and falls, her victories
and defeats but all through these Christ was with His loving church. The future of His church
seems apparently with His gloomy, but with King Jesus as her general she will never fail. When
the controversy will finally end, Christ will lead His triumphant church into that most lovely
place, the Paradise of God. There sin and sinners shall be no more. There joys and gladness shall
be forever more. There His loving face we shall constantly behold through out ages of ages. The
following lines inspire vision splendid:
“We must be there. We must bask in the forgiving smiles of God. To whom we have become
reconciled, and sin no more, we must have access to that exhaustless fount of vitality, the fruit of
the tree of life, and never die. We must repose under the shadow of its leaves, which are for the
service of the nations again grow weary. We must drink from the life-giving fountain, and thirst
nevermore; we must walk on its golden sands, and feel that we are no longer exiles. We must
exchange the cross for the crown, and feel that the days of our humiliation are ended. . . . we
must exchange the toil worn, dusty raiment of our pilgrimage and glorious vesture of immorality,
and feel that sin and the curse can nevermore us. O day of rest and triumph, and every good,
delay not thy dawning. Let angels be quickly sent to gather the elect. Let the promise be fulfilled
which bears in its train there matchless glories.” Uriah Smith.
Yes, dear student, we must all be there.
***END***
37
APPENDIX C
Summary of Important Dates Used In This Syllabus
1. 612 B.C. - fall of Nineveh, capital of Assyria,

Nabopolasssar with media affected the downfall
2. 605 B.C. - Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. Daniel taken as captive. First
captivity of Judah.
3. 597 B.C. - second captivity of Judah.
4. 586 B.C. - third captivity of Judah. Ark hidden in a cave never to be recovered up to
this day. Solomon’s temple burned by the Babylonian army.
5. 539 B.C. - Cyrus II effected the fall of Babylon. Beginning year of Persian Empire
(modern Iran).
6. 537 B.C. - Cyrus II decreed for the return of the Jews to Judah, first decree.
7. 520 B.C. - Darius I issued another decree for the return of the Jews, second decree.
8. 457 B.C. - Artaxerxes made a decree for the Jews to return. Complete restoration
provided in the decree. 2300 days prophecy starts from this year.
9. 408 B.C. - Jerusalem built in troublous time.
10. 331 B.C. - Alexander humbled Persia. Greece became next world power.
11. 168 B.C. - Greeks defeated by the Romans at the battle of Pydna.
12. 27 A.D. - baptism of Jesus at Jordan. Ephesian church or apostolic period starts
here.
13. 31 A.D. - Christ crucified at Calvary-the cross.
14. 34 A.D. - Stephen stoned to death. End of 490 years. Gospel to the Gentiles.
Rejection of the Jews as a nation by God.
15. 100 A.D. - end of the apostolic era. Church of the Smyrna begins.
16. 313 A.D. - end of 10 years period of persecution. End of Smyrna.
17. 538 A.D. - Arians drive out of Rome by the army of Belisarius, general of emperor
Justinian. Birth of papacy.
18. 476 A.D. - Odoacer dethroned last Roman emperor. End of papacy.
19. 1517 - birth of the Protestant reformation. Luther posted 95 theses at church door
of Wittenberg.
20. 1798 - end of 1260 year/day prophecy in the scripture. Beginning of the judgment
day in heaven.
38
APPENDIX D
For The convenience Of the Student the Following List of POPES are here Given:
NAMES OF POPES DATES

St. Peter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . died 67
St. Linus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67-76
St. Cletus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76-88
St. Clement I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-97
St. Evaristus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-105
St. Alexander I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105-115
St. Sixtus I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115-125
St. Telesphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125-136
St. Hyginus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136-140
St. Pius I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-155
St. Anicetus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155-166
St. Soter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166-175
St. Eleutherius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175-189
St. Victor I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189-199
St. Zephyrinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199-217
St. Callistus I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217- 222
St. Urban I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222-230
St. Pontian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230- 235
St. Anterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235-236
St. Fabian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236-250
St. Cornelius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250- 253
St. Lucius I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 -254
St. Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254-257
St. Sixtus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257-258
St. Dionusius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259-274
St. Felix I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275- 283
St. Eutychian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275-283
St. Caius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283-296
St. Marcellinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296-304
St. Marcellus I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308-309
St. Eusebius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -309
St. Melchiads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311-314
St. Sylvester I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314-335
St. Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -336
St. Julius I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337-352
St. Liberius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352-266
St. Damascus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384-399
St. Siricus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399-401
St. Innosent I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401-417
St. Zosimus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417-418
St. Boniface I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418-422
39
St. Celestine I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422-423

St. Sixtus III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432-440
St. Leo I the Great) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440-461
St. Hilary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461-468
St. Simplicius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468-483
St. Felix III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483-492
St. Gelasius I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492-496
Annastasius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496-498
St. Symmachus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498-514
St. Hormisdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514-523
St. John I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523-526
St. Felix IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526-530
Boniface II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530-532
John II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533-535
St. Agapitus I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535-536
St. Silverius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536-537
Vigilius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537-555
Pelagius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556-561
John III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561-574
Benedict I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575-579
Pelagius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579-590
St. Gregory I (the Great) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590-604
Sabinian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6046-606
Boniface III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -607
St. Boniface IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608-615
St. Deusdedit (or Adeodatus) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615-618
Boniface V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619-625
Honorius I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625-638
Severenus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -640
John IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640-642
Theodore I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642-649
St. Martine I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649-654
St. Eugene I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654-657
St. Vitalian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657-672
Adeodatus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672-676
Donus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676-678
St. Agatho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678-681
St. Leo II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682-683
St. Benedist II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684-685
John V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685-686
Conon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-687
St. Sergius I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687-701
John VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701-705
John VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705-707
Sisinnius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -708
Constantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708-715
40
St. Gregory II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715-731

St. Gregory III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731-741
St. Zachary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741-752
Stephen II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -752
Stephen III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752-757
St. Paul I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757-767
Stephen IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768-772
Adrian I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772-795
St. Leo III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795-816
Stephen V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816-817
St. Pascal I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817-824
Eugene II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824-827
Valentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -827
Gregory IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827-844
Sergius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844-847
St. Leo IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847-855
Benedict III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855-858
St. Nicholas I (the Great) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858-867
Adrian II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867-872
John VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872-882
Marinus I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882-884
St. Adrian III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884-885
Stephen VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885-891
Formosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891-896
Boniface VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -896
Stephen VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896-897
Romanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Theodorus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
John IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898-900
Benedict IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900-903
Sergius III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904-911
Anastasius III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911-913
Lando . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..913-914
John X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914-928
Leo VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
Stephen VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928-931
John XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931-935
Leo VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936-939
Stephen IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939-942
Marinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942-946
Agapitus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946-955
John XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955-964
Benedict V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
Leo VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964-965
John XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965-972
Benedict VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973-974
41
John XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974-983

John XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983-984
John XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985-996
Gregory V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996-999
Sylvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999-1003
John XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
John XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004-1009
Sergius IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009-1012
Benedict VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012-1024
John XIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024-1032
Benedict IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032-1045
Gregory VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045-1046
Clement II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046-1047
Damascus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
St. Leo IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049-1054
Victor II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055-1057
Stephen X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057-1058
Nicholas II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059-1061
Alexander II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061-1073
St. Gregory II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073-1085
B. Victor III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086-1087
B. Urban II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088-1099
Paschal II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099-1118
Gelasius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118-1119
Callistus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119-1124
Honorius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1124-1130
Innocent II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130-1143
Celestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143-1144
Lucius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144-1145
B. Eugene III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145-1153
Anastasius IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153-1154
Adrian IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154-1159
Alexander III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159-1181
Lucius III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181-1185
Urban III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185-1187
Gregory VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187
Clement III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187-1191
Celestino III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191-1198
Innocent III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198-1216
Honorius III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216-1227
Gregory IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227-1241
Celestino IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
Innocent IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243-1254
Alexander IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254-1261
Urban IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261-1264
42
Clement IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265-1268
B. Gregory X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271-1276
B. Innocent V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276
Adrian V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276
John XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276-1277
Nicholas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277-1280
Martin IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281-1285
Honorius IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285-1287
Nicholas IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288-1292
St. Celestine V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Boniface VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294-1303
B. Benedict XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303-1304
Clement V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305-1314
John XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316-1334
Benedict XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334-1342
Clement VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342-1352
Innocent VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352-1362
B. Urban V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362-1370
Gregory XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1370-1378
Urban VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1378-1389
Boniface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389-1404
Innocent VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404-1406
Gregory XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406-1415
Martin V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417-1431
Eugene IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431-1447
Nicholas V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447-1455
Callistus III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455-1458
Pius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1458-1464
Paul II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1464-1471
Sixtus IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1471-1484
Innocent VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484-1492
Alexander VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492-1503
Pius III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503
Julius II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503-1513
Leo X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513-1521
Adrian VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1522-1523
Clement VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523-1534
Paul III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1534-1549
Julius III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1550-1555
Marcellus II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Paul IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555-1559
Pius V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559-1565
St. Pius V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566-1572
Gregory XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572-1585
Sixtus V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585-1590
Urban VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1590
43
Gregory XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1590-1591

Innocent IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591
Clement VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592-1605
Leo XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605
Paul V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605-1621
Gregory XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621-1623
Urban VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623-1644
Innocent X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1644-1655
Alexander VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655-1667
Clement IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1667-1669
Clement X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1670-1676
Innocent XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676-1689
Alexander VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1689-1691
Clement XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691-1700
Innocent XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1700-1721
Benedict XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721-1724
Clement XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724-1730
Benedict XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1730-1740
Clement XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740-1758
Clement XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1758-1769
Pius VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769-1774
Pius VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775-1799
Leo XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800-1823
Pius VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823-1829
Gregory XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829-1846
Pius IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1846-1878
Leo XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1878-1903
St. Pius X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903-1914
Benedict XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914-1922
Pius XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922-1939
Pius XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939-1958
John XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958-1963
Paul VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963
44
REFERENCES
Anderson, Roy Allan. Unfolding the Revelation. Mountain View California: Pacific Press
Publishing Association, 1961.
Bainton, Roland. The Horizon History of Christianity. New York: American Heritage
Publishing Co., Inc., 1964.
Dreyer, F. E. And Weller, E. Roman Catholicism In the Light of Scripture
Farrow, John. Pageant of the Popes. Minnesota: Catechetical Guild Educational Society,
1950
Froom, Le Roy Edwin. Movement of Destiny. Washington, D. C. Review and Herald
Publishing Association, 1971
Heick, Otto. A History of Christian Thought. Vols. I & II. Philadelphia: Fortress Press,
1965.
Ott, Ludwig. The Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma. Cork, Island: The Mercier Press,
Limited, 1955.
Pelikan, Jaroslau. The Riddle of Roman Catholicism. New York: Abingdon Press, 1959.
Qualben, Laers. A History of the Christian Church. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons,
1958.
Shaff, Philipp. History of the Christian Church. Vols. 1-7. Grand Rapid, Michigan: Wm.
B.Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1910.
Smith, Uriah. The Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation. Mountain View California:
Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1944.
Tos, Howard. Highlights of Church History. Chicago: Moody Press 1960.
Walker, Williston. A History of the Christian Thought. New York: Charles Scribner’s
Sons, 1959.
White, Ellen. The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan. Mountain View
California: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1950.
__________. Early Writings. Washington, D. C. Review and Herald Publishing
Association, 1945.
__________. Evangelism. Washington, D. C. Review and Herald Publishing Association,
1946.
COMMENTARY
Nichol, Francis, ed. Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Vols. 1-7. Washington, D.
C. Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1957.
45
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Introduction of The Book of Revelation

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RLGB 303 Daniel and Revelation CPAC 1 st Semester, 2016

Introduction of the book of Revelation

THE APOCALYPTIC BEATITUDES----3

CHAPTER 1 – THE GLORIOUS AND LOVELY JESUS

CHAPTER 2-Love Letters from Jesus

The seven churches

1. Ephesus (2:1-7) “desirable” 27-100 A.D. – apostolic period

Characteristics of the city

1) love for God

2. Smyrna (vv. 8-11) “sweet smelling” 100-313 A.D.—period of martyrdom

Characteristics of the city

(2) Hadrian – 117-138 A.D.

3. Pergamos (vv. 12-17) “height or elevation” A.D. 313-538---period of compromise

Characteristics of the city

▶ was a great educational center.

Characteristics of the city

Counsel (v. 25)

CHAPTER 3 – LOVE LETTER FROM JESUS II

5. Sardis (vv. 1-6) “that which remains” 1517-1798 A.D.—period of reformation

Characteristics of the city

▶ be watchful, hold fast, repent

6. Philadelphia (vv. 7-13) “brotherly love” A.D. 1793-1844—period of mission

Characteristics of the city

Counsel (v. 11)

Characteristics of the city

would denote a destitution of love, joy, happiness, brotherly affection, kindness,

3. Description of the throne.

7. Living creatures rest not.

CHAPTER 5 - The Book and the Lamb.

2. The tears of John, what does it mean?

3. The Lamb of God is Worthy to Open.

4. Book concerns the redemption of man.

5. Song of Redemption and Universal praise.

CHAPTER 6 – The Opening of the Book.

2) Second seal, verse 3, 4.

3) The third seal, verse 5, 6.

4) Fourth seal, verse 7, 8.

5) Fifth seal, verse 9-11.

6) Sixth seal, verse 12-17.

CHAPTER 7 – The Sealed Multitude.

1. Holding of the four winds, verse 1-3.

2. Seal and the sealed, verse 4-12.

b) Characteristics / features seals.

4) Characteristics of the 144000.

5. Victory celebration in heaven, verses 9-17.

CHAPTER 8 – COLLAPSE OF ROME

2. Incense – the prayers of the saints.

THE SEVEN TRUMPETS

5) Trumpets focused on Western Rome.

CHAPTER 9 – Moslem world predicted.

1. July 27, 1299 – battle of Bapheum.

CHAPTER 10 – THE OPEN BOOK

2. Feet on land and sea.

CHAPTER 11 – THE TWO WITNESS

CHAPTER 12 – GOD’S CHURCH AFFLICTED

III – The Woman, verse 1.

4. Travailing in birth, verse 2.

5. The Dragon, verse 3.