ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4 BUILDING SUBJECTED

TO EARTHQUAKE LOAD USING MAT LAB SOFTWARE

A project report
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA,
KAKINADA
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
G. MAHENDRA KUMAR (20485A0121)
B. KEERTHI SREEE (20485A0104)
V. INDRA (20485A0165)
D. SHIVAJI (20485A0116)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. K. NAGARJUNA M.Tech
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SESHADRI RAO GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomus With Permanent Affiliation To JNTUK, Kakinada,
Accredited by NAAC with “A” grade)
Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village
Gudlavalleru-521356
2021-2022
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SESHADRI RAO GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village
Gudlavalleru-521 356
2021-2022

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3
BUILDING SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOAD USING MAT LAB
SOFTWARE” that is being submitted by Mr G. MAHENDRA KUMAR (20485A0121)
, Mrs B. KEERTHI SREE (20485A0104), Mr V. INDRA (20485A0165) & Mr D.
SHIVAJI (20485A0116) in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of B A C H E
L O R O F T E C H N O L O G Y i n C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G of
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA
during the academic year 2021-2022 is a record of bonafide research work carried out by
them under our guidance and supervision.

Mr K.NAGARJUNA, M.Tech Dr. A. SREENIVASULU

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
Students will be able to

1. Survey, plot and prepare layout for buildings, dams, canals and highway alignments
and conduct geotechnical and geological investigations of the project.
2. Test, analyze and design various substructures and superstructures by considering
the environmental and societal issues.
3. Organize various construction projects considering modern construction techniques,
equipment and management issues.
PROJECT MAPPING
Note: Tick Appropriate category.
Application Product Research Review
Classification of
Project 🗸
Student will be able to
Course Outcomes
Outcome 1 Work in a team and select the broad statement of the problem for
project work
Outcome 2 Review and evaluate the available literature on the chosen problem
Outcome 3 Formulate the methodology to solve the identified problem
Outcome 4 Develop a mathematical or engineering model
Outcome 5 Use of various techniques, engineering knowledge and skills, and
modern engineering tools for analysis and design of structures.
Outcome 6 Validate the obtained data with standard norms and prepare the report

CO-PO Mapping
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 1 3 2 3 2
CO 2 3
CO 3 3 2 2 3 1
CO 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2
CO 5 3 2
CO 6 3

Note: Map each project outcomes with POs and PSOs with either 1 or 2 or 3 based on
level of mapping as follows:1-Slightly (Low) mapped 2-Moderately (Medium) mapped 3-
Substantially (High) mapped.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With a profound sense of gratitude, we sincerely thank Sri. NAGARJUNA.K. Assistant
professor for his support, suggestions, commitment, and devotion throughout the course of work. His
unconditional care, meticulous supervision, sparkling interpretation, and cheerful wisdom have given
us the necessary inspiration. We remain indebted to his forever for the extraordinary care and concern
bestowed on us.

We feel elated to extend our floral gratitude to Dr. A. SREENIVASULU, head of the civil
engineering department, for his encouragement all the way during the project. His annotations and
criticisms are behind the successful completion of project work.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our profound sense of gratitude to our
principal Dr.G.V.S.N.R.V.PRASAD for providing us all the required facilities.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our profound sense of gratitude to our vice
principal Dr. P. KODANDA RAMA RAO for providing us all the required facilities.

Our sincere and heartful thanks to the Dr. S. R. K. REDDY adjunct professor in the
department of civil engineering for giving his valuable supports and suggestions helped us a lot to
extend our project to great extent.

We express our sincere thanks to our Parents, Friends who are the constant source of
inspiration and encouragement throughout the work.
Finally we like to thank one and all who directly or indirectly helped us in making the project
reality.

G. MAHENDRA KUMAR (20485A0121)

B. KEERTHI SREE (20485A0104)
V. INDRA (20485A0165)
D. SHIVAJI (20485A0116)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No
Table of contents i
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
List of Graphs v
Abstract vi
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 General Consideration 2
1.3 Main objective of the design 2
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
Chapter 3 SEISMIC TECTONICS 8
3.1 General 8
3.2 Structure of Earth 8
3.3 Global Seismiotectonics 9
3.4 Seismotectonics of the Indian Subcontinent 12
3.5 Earthquake Mechanism 13
Chapter 4 PRESENTATION OF PROBLEM 17
4.0 Mathematical Model 17
4.1 Structure Model 17
4.1.1 General 17
4.1.2 Preliminary Data 18
4.1.3 Preliminary static Analysis 20
4.1.3.1 Load Distribution from Slab 20
4.1.4 Calculation of Equivalent u.d.l on Beams 20
4.1.5 Calculation of Ultimate Load & Axial Load 21
4.1.6 Calculation of Final Moments along Transverse Direction 22
4.1.7 Calculation of Final Moments along Longitudinal Direction 23
Chapter 5 DESIGN OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 25
5.1 Design of columns 25
5.1.1 Introduction 25
5.2 Design of column calculations 27

i
 5.3 Design of beams 29
5.3.1 Introduction 29
5.4 Design of beam calculation 32
5.5 Design of slab 35
5.5.1 Introduction 35
5.6 Design of slab calculation 37
5.7 Design of footing 42
Chapter 6 RESPONSE OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS 45
6.1 General 45
6.2 Building model 46
6.3 Seismic analysis of structure for fixed base condition 47
6.3.1 seismic weight 47
6.3.2 Calculation of seismic weights 47
6.3.3 Seismic Weights at roof Level 48
6.3.4 Seismic Weights at floor Level 49
6.4 Calculation of Stiffness 50
6.4.1 Stiffness 50
6.5 Free Vibration Analysis 51
6.5.1 Introduction 51
6.6 Seismic Analysis 55
6.6.1 Mass Matrix & Stiffness Matrix for Fixed Base Condition 55
6.6.2 Mass Matrix & Stiffness Matrix for 4 Storey Structure 55
Chapter 7 MATLAB SOFTWARE 56
7.1 Introduction 56
7.2 MAT LAB input 56
Chapter 8 CONCLUSION 59
8.1 Conclusions 59
8.2 Scope of Future Work 59
Appendix– I LOAD CALCULATION ON CRITICAL COLUMN B3 60
Appendix – II MAT LAB INPUT FOR 10 & 15 STORIES STRUCTURE 64
REFERENCE 67

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title Page No
3.1 Sectional View of Earth 6

3.2 Breakup of the Pangaea and The Continental Drift 7

3.3 Tectonic plate map 8

3.4 Earthquake mechanism 12

3.5 P-Waves 13

3.6 S-Waves 13

3.7 Love Waves 14

3.8 Rayleigh Waves 15

4.1 Plan of a Residential Building 18

4.2 Load carried by supporting beams A & B 20

4.3 critical Column B3 21

4.4 Kani’s Method 22

5.1 Reinforcement details of columns 28

5.2 Cross-section of T beam 30

5.3 Reinforcement details of beam 34

5.4 Division of slab 36

5.5 R
r einforcement of slab 41

5.6 Reinforcement of footing 44

6.1 Building model 47

6.2 Time period vs stories 54

6.3 Base shear vs stories 54

6.4 Displacement vs stories 55

iii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No Title Page No

3.1 The Major Earthquakes of the World 11

3.2 Major Earthquakes Occurred In Indian Subcontinent 12

4.1. The dimensions and size of individual elements 18

4.2 Properties of Materials & Gravity Loads 19

4.3 The Distribution values are used the analysis of columns 20

4.4 Load on Critical Column B2 21

4.5 Beam Moments 23

6.1 seismic weight at roof level 48

6.2 seismic weight at floor level 49

6.3 stiffness and mass values 51

iv
 LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph No Title Page No

7.4 Time Period(Sec) vs No of Stories 54

7.5 Base Shear(KN) vs No of Stories 54

7.6 Displacement(mm) vs No of Stories 55

v
 ABSTRACT

With the advent of advanced technology, civil structures such as high-rise

buildings and long span bridges are designed with increased flexibility, increasing
their susceptibility to external excitation. Therefore, these structures are
vulnerable to excessive modes of vibration under the effect of a strong wind and
earthquake. To protect such civil structures from significant structural damage,
the seismic response of these structures is analysed along with wind force
calculation and forces such as support reactions and joint displacement are
calculated and included in the structural design for a vibration resistant structure.

The primary objective of this project is to create an earthquake resistant

structure by undertaking seismic study of the structure by static equivalent
method of analysis and carry out the analysis and design of the building using
STAAD Pro software. For this purpose, a G+3 residential building plan is
considered. Seismic calculations are conducted for earthquake zone 3, The
structural safety of the building is ensured by calculating all acting loads on the
structure, including the lateral loads caused due to seismic excitation The basic
parameters like time period, frequency, base shear and storey displacement.

vi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
In order to design a structure to resist wind and earthquake loads, the forces are to be
specified. The exact forces that will occur during the life of the structure cannot be
anticipated. Many tall buildings are built worldwide, especially in Asian countries, such
as china, Korea, Japan and Malaysia. From structural engineer’s point of view high rise
building (or) multi-storeyed building is one that, by virtue of its height, is affected by
lateral forces to an extent that they play an important role in the structural design.
The governing criteria for carrying out dynamic analyses for earthquake loads are
different from wind loads. According to the provisions of Bureau of Indian Standards for
earthquake load, IS 1893(Part 1):2002, height of the structure, seismic zone, vertical and
horizontal irregularities, soft and weak stories influence the dynamic analysis for
earthquake load. The contribution of the higher mode effects are included in arriving at
the distribution of lateral forces along the height of the building. As per IS 875(Part
3):1987, when wind interacts with a building, both positive and negative pressures occur
simultaneously, the building must have sufficient strength to resist the applied loads from
these pressures to prevent wind induced building failure. Loads exerted on the building
envelope are transferred to the structural system and they in turn must be transferred
through the foundation into the ground, the magnitude of the wind pressure is a function
of exposed basic wind speed, topography, building height, internal pressure, and building
shape.
When a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the
foundation and soil, and thus changes the motion of the ground. It means that the
movement of the entire ground structure system is influenced by type of soil as well as by
the type of structure.
With the advent of advanced technology, civil structures such as high-rise buildings and
long span bridges are designed with increased flexibility, increasing their susceptibility to
external excitation. Therefore, these structures are vulnerable to excessive modes of
vibration under the effect of a strong wind and earthquake. To protect such civil
structures from significant structural damage, the seismic response of these structures is
analysed along with wind force calculation and forces such as support reactions and joint

1
 displacement are calculated and included in the structural design for a vibration resistant
structure.
The primary objective of this project is to create an earthquake resistant structure
by undertaking seismic study of the structure by static equivalent method of analysis and
carry out the analysis and design of the building using STAAD Pro software. For this
purpose, a G+3 residential building plan is considered. Seismic calculations are
conducted for earthquake zone 3, The structural safety of the building is ensured by
calculating all acting loads on the structure, including the lateral loads caused due to
seismic excitation The basic parameters like time period, frequency, base shear and
storey displacement.

1.2. General Considerations

 The structure consists of ten stories which are intended to serve office purposes.
 The floor diaphragms are assumed to be rigid.
 Preliminary sizes of structural components are calculated for gravity loads only.
 Ground vibrates in all directions during earthquakes. The horizontal component of the
ground motion is generally more predominant than that of vertical components during
strong earthquakes. Hence, for analysis purpose, at any one time, it is assumed that only
one horizontal component acts in any one direction.
 Seismic loads are considered to be acting in the horizontal direction along one of the two
principal directions and not along the vertical direction.
 In actual practice, in RC multi-storied buildings, part of the slab constitutes the beam
portion. This beam portion possesses considerable rigidity when compared with the
columns. For practical purposes, the displacement due to wind or earthquake, the joints
rotate very little and this rotation can be neglected. The displacement is purely
translational. Such an arrangement can be considered as springs in parallel.
 For all structural elements, M20 grade concrete is used.
 Steel is considered to be of Fe 415 grade.

1.3. Main objective of the Design

 To have structures that will behave elastically & survive without collapse under major
earthquakes, that might occur during the life time of the building.

2
 To avoid collapse during major earthquakes, members and structures must be ductile
enough to absorb and dissipate energy by post elastic deformations.
 Yielding should be confined to beams while columns remain elastic. This is known as
strong - column, weak- beam approach.
 Structural systems that confine several lateral loads or subsystems generally have been
observed to perform well during earthquakes.
 Redundant structural system permits re-distribution of internal forces in the event of
failure of key elements.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE STUDY
Ibrahim, et.al (April 2019): Design and Analysis of Residential
Building(G+3):
• After analyzing the G+3 story residential building structure, conducted that the
structure is rate in loading like dead load, live load, wind load and seismic loads.
Member dimensions (Beam, column, slab) are assigned by calculating the load type
and its quantity applied on it. Auto CAD gives detailed information at the structure
members length, height, depth, size and numbers, etc. STADD Pro. has a capability to
calculate the program contains number of parameters which are designed as per IS 456:
2000. Beams were designed for flexure, shear and tension and it gives the detail
number, position and spacing brief.
Deevi Krishna Chaitanya, et.al (January, 2017): Analysis and Design of
a (G+3) Multi-Storey Building Using STAAD Pro:
• For analysing the structure all possible loads are considered to see whether the
structure is safe against loading. There are many strategies for analysis of various
frames like kani’s methodology, cantilever methodology, portal methodology and
Matrix methodology. The dead load &live loads are applied. Then, the design for
beams, columns, footing are done. STAAD.Pro is a very powerful toll which can save
time. They used static indeterminacy methods to calculate numbers of unknown forces.
Distributing known fixed and moments to satisfy the condition of compatibility by
Iteration method.
Vidya V, B.K.Raghuprasd, Amaranth k.Seismic Response of High Rise
Structure Due to the Interaction between Soil and Structure.
In this paper the response of the high rise structure due to the interaction between
soil and structure are analyzed. In this study fourteen storied moment resting building
with four basement floors under different boundary conditions subjected to earthquake
loading is analyzed. The soil- structure interaction altars the response characteristics of a
structure because of massive and soil nature, due to this base shear, time period, storey

4
drifts, and maximum storey displacement increased; and also as depth of foundation
increases all the above said response factors increases due to increase of contact area
between soil and structure. Hence soil – structure interaction on effects need to be
considered while designing buildings for its better performance.
K. Rama Raju, M.I. Shereef, Nagesh R Iyer, S. Gopalakrishnan et. al.
(2013). Analysis And Design of RC Tall Buildings Subjected To Wind
And Earthquake Loads.
In this paper analysis of tall buildings subjected to wind load seismic loads.
Studied the limit state method of analysis and design of a 3B+G+40-storey reinforced
concrete high rise building under wind and seismic loads as per IS codes of practice is
described. Safety of the structure is checked against allowable limits prescribed for base
shear, roof displacements, inter-storey drifts, and accelerations prescribed in codes of
practice and other relevant references in literature on effects of earthquake and wind
loads on buildings.
Dr. K. R. C. Reddy, Sandip A. Tupat et. al. (2014) .The Effect of Zone
Factors on Wind and Earthquake Loads of High-Rise Structures.
Presented a comparative study of wind and earthquake loads to decide the design
loads of a multi-storeyed building. In that multi-storeyed building is analyzed for
earthquake loads in various zones based on IS 1893 and for wind loads IS 875 code is
used. The wind loads are estimated based on the design wind speed of that zone with a
variation of 20%. The wind loads so obtained on the building have been compared with
that of earthquake loads. Finally, it is found the wind loads are more critical than the
earthquake loads in most of the cases.
Mr. S.Mahesh & Mr. Dr.B.Panduranga Rao et. al. (2014).Comparison
of analysis and design of regular and irregular configuration of multi
storey building in various seismic zones and various types of soils using
ETABS and STAAD.
Studied a residential of G+11 multi-storey building for earth quake and wind load
using ETABS and STAAS PRO V8i. Assuming that material property is linear static and
dynamic analysis is performed. These analysis are carried out by considering different
seismic zones and for each zone the behaviour is assessed by taking three different types

5
of soils namely Hard, Medium and Soft. Different response like story drift, displacements
base shear are plotted for different zones and different types of soils.
B.Neelima, B.Pandu Ranga Rao, P.Kodanda Rama Rao
S.R.K.Reddy .Earthquake Response of Structures under Different Soil
Conditions.
In this paper Earthquake response of structures under different soil
conditions .The influence of soil-structure interaction is compared with the results
obtained when the structure is assumed to be fixed at the base. In the present study, it is
observed that the fundamental natural frequencies increase and base shears decrease with
the increase of soil stiffness and this change is found more in soft soils. Time period for
buildings with cellar are observed more compared to the building with-out cellar. The
displacement values increase with the decrease of soil stiffness, which is mainly
attributed due to the rocking effect of the soil. It is necessary to consider soil-structure
interaction effect when structures rest on loose soils.
Dheeraj Sangtiani, Abhijeet Singh Tomar, Vardhman Jain.Study on
Behavior of Building under Different Soil Conditions.
In this paper study on the behaviour of building under different soil conditions.
The response of the structure G+13 multi-storey building using the ETABS 2016 v
16.0.0. Soft-ware.The analytical analysis was done using the very severe seismic
condition (zone -5) as per IS1893-2000(part-I) and static wind load loads using IS 875-
1989(part-III).Time period depends on height and the lateral dimension of the building.

Horizontal seismic coefficient [ S a ¿ value more in loose soil compared to medium & hard
g

soils. Top storey lateral displacement is more in soft soil while less in the hard soil. Base
shear is more in the case of soft soil and less in the hard soils.
Ketan Bajaj, JiteshT Chavda, Bhavik M Vyas.Seismic Behaviour of
Buildings on Different Types of Soil.
Buildings are subjected to different earthquake loading and behave differently
with diversification in the types of soil condition, such as dense soil, medium and soft
soil. Different soil properties can affect seismic waves as they pass through a soil layer.
When a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the foundation
and soil, and thus changes the motion of the ground. It means that the movement of the
whole ground structure system is influenced by type of soil as well as by the type of

6
structure. As the seismic waves transfer from the ground which consist of alteration in
soil properties and performs differently according to soils respective properties. In this
study, different soil strata are taken and corresponding base shear and lateral
displacement is determined with variation in floors as G+4, G+5 and G+6 and zone as 3,
4 and 5. IS1893: 2002 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures” gives
response spectrum for different types of soil such as hard, medium and soft. A building is
modelled in SAP-2000 having different Winkler’s springs as its foundation
corresponding to different soil properties. This research has immense benefits in the
Geotechnical Earthquake engineering field.
Whitman,R.V.& Richart,F.E.Design Procedures for Dynamically
Loaded Foundation Engg.Division. Assuming the foundation of the structure
with isolated footings, translational and rocking stiffness formulas are suggested and also
a fictitious mass to be added to the soil-structure model in time domain to reduce the
error caused by frequency dependent nature of the response. This added mass helps to
have consistent results obtained between experiments and analytical models in the range
of desired frequencies. The idealization of soil is represented in mass - spring - dashpot system.

7
 CHAPTER 3
SEISMIC TECTONICS

3.1 General
The study of seismology requires an understanding of internal structure and behavior
of earth, particularly as they relate to earthquake occurrences’ seismicity depends mainly
on the aspects of geology, which is the science of the earth’s crust and also calls upon
knowledge of physics of the earth as a whole i.e.Geophysis.The particular aspect of
geology which sheds more light on the source of earthquakes is tectonics, which concern
the structure and deformations of the crust and processes that accompany it .The relevant
aspect of tectonics is now often referred to as seismotectonic.
Although, earthquakes are complex phenomena, advances in seismotectonic have
produced a good understanding of the mechanisms and rate of occurrence of earthquakes
in most seismically active regions of the world. Geology tells us the overall underlying
level of seismic hazard, which may differ from the available evidence of historical
seismicity, notably in area experiencing present day quiescent periods.
3.2 Structure of the Earth
The crust of earth has gradually cooled down over geological periods and this process
is still continuing. The interior parts of the earth are at high temperatures resulting in
building up in the tensions on the surface of the earth, which leads to the development of
fault zones. The earth is roughly spherical with an equatorial diameter of 12,740 km .and
a polar diameter of 12,700 km.The higher equatorial diameter is due to higher equatorial
velocities of the earth’s rotations. The earth weight about 5.5 x 1021 tonnes and average
specific gravity is about 5.5.Scince the specific gravity of rocks near the earth’s surface
range from 2.7 to 3.0higher specific gravities are implied at greater depths. One of the
important achievements in seismology was determination of the internal structure of the
earth. The sectional view of the earth is shown in figure 1.
The earth has been differentiated into four components as follows.
i. Inner core about 1290km.radius with 30000c
ii. Outer core about 2200km.thickness with 25000c
iii. Mantel about 2900km.thickness with 20000c
iv. Crust about 5-40km.thickness with 250c at surface of earth.

8
 Fig.3.1.Sectional view of Earth
The inner core is solid with heavy metals like nickel and iron and possessing high
specific gravities ranging from 9.0 to 15.0.The crust consists of light materials like
basalts and granites. Granites overlie basalts at continental locations. The granitic crust
stands high with respect to basaltic ocean crust because its lower density makes it
buoyant, there by supporting the high topography.Surface of the earth is at two
predominant levels; continents, which are high-standing, with the mean land surface
840m above the sea level, and ocean basin, which are at a mean depth of 3700 m below
sea level.
Since the crust is exposed to oceans and atmosphere, it is cooler than the
materials below it. In addition to being thinner, the oceanic crust is generally more
uniform and denser than the continental crust. The outer core is liquid in form and the
mantle materials are in a viscous and semi-molten state and has the ability o flow.
3.3 Global Seismiotectonics:
The plate tectonic theory explains several aspects of earthquake
occurrence. This theory assumes that the outer shell can be divided into number of rigid
plates which move as units .The face of the earth with land mass separated by oceans as
we see today is not what it was some 225 million years ago. The land was a single
continent called “Pangaea” 225 million years ago during Permian period. Later the
Pangaea split into two land masses such as Laurasia and Gondwada about 200 million
years ago during Triassic period. During Jurrassic and cretaceous periods these land

9
 masses have been further subdivided into various continents. The breakup of Pangaea and
the continental drift that led to present day continents are in figure.2.

Fig.3.2. Breakup of the Pangaea and the continental Drift.

The tectonic plate map of the world showing seven large plates indicating
subduction zone and directions of plate movements is presented in figure.3.The
boundaries of plates are of four principle types such as
i. Divergent zones, where new plate material is added from the interior of the earth.
ii. Subduction zones, where plates converge and the under-thrusting one is consumed.
iii. Collosion zones, former subduction zones where continents riding on plates are colliding.
iv. Transform faults, where two plates are simply gliding past one another, with no addition
or destruction of plate material.
Tectonic plates have been described as rigid, virtually undistorted plates
and the world’s principle zone of seismicity have been shown to be associated with the
interaction between the plates; Wallace R.E (1981).The major earthquakes of the world
are listed in table.3.1

10
Table 3.1 The Major Earthquakes Of The World
Sl. No. Year Location Magnitude Death Toll
1 893 India 8.2 1,80,000
2 1556 China 8.0 5,30,000
3 1755 Portugal 8.6 60,000
4 1783 Italy 7.5 50,000
5 1811 Missouri 7.9 Several
6 1819 India-Cutch 8.3 1,500
7 1857 California 8.5 Less
8 1872 California 7.0 27
9 1886 South Carolina 8.7 110
10 1897 India-Shillong 7.9 1,542
11 1906 Californa 7.5 700
12 1908 Italy 7.9 83,000
13 1923 Japan 8.3 99,000
14 1934 India – Bihar -Nepal 7.1 10,300
15 1940 California – El centro 8.5 9
16 1950 India – Arunachal 9.5 1,526
17 1960 Chile 9.2 2,230
18 1964 Alaska 7.2 131
19 1964 Japan- Nigata 7.5 26
20 1967 Venezula 6.5 266
21 1967 India - koyna 6.3 1200
22 1971 California-San Fernando 6.6 65
23 1975 China 7.3 1,300
24 1976 China- Tangshan 7.8 7,00,000
25 1985 Mexico 8.1 9,500
26 1989 California-Loma Prieta 7.1 63
27 1994 California- Northbridge 6.8 61
28 1995 Japan-Kobe 6.9 5,300
29 2001 India- Bhuj 7.9 40,000
30 2004 Indonesia – Sumatra 9.3 1,5000
31 2010 Haiti 7.3 2,00,000

11
 32 2010 Chili 8.8 891
33 2011 Japan-Honshu 9.0 1000

3.4 Seismotectonics of The Indian Subcontinent:

The tectonics of the shilling plateau, which experienced a magnitude 8.7
event in 1897,is distinctly different from that of regions to its north, south and west. The
Hindukush and Pamir knot regions are characterized by the junction of several tectonic
featheres.This plate boundary region experiences high levels of seismicity varying from
shallow to intermediate depth earthquakes. The major earthquakes occurred in the Indian
subcontinent are presented in table3.2.The other potential tectonic feathers in the
Northwest Indian region are the transverse fault systems known as the Chamam fault, the
Kirthar and Sulaimam ranges.
Table 3.2 Major Earthquakes Occurred in Indian Subcontinent
Year Region Magnitude Death Toll
1819 Kutch 8.0 2,000
1885 Sopare, J & K 7.0 2,000
1897 Shillong 8.7 1,542
1905 Assam 8.0 19,500
1918 Assam 7.6 NA
1930 Bihar-Nepal 7.1 NA
1934 Andamanls 8.3 10,300
1941 Assam 8.1 NA
1943 Arunachal 7.2 NA
1950 Gujarat 8.5 1,526
1956 Konya,Maha 7.0 113
1967 Uttrrkashi,UP 6.3 1,200
1988 Latur,Maha 6.4 900
1991 Jabalpur,MP 6.6 2,000
1993 Chamoli,UP 6.3 9,748
1997 Bhuj (Gujarat) 6.0 38
1999 Chamoli,UP 6.8 100
2001 Bhuj(Gujarat) 7.9 40,000

12
3.5 Earthquake Mechanism:
Earthquakes occur suddenly at irregular intervals in space, size and time.
In order to quantify the seismic hazard at any given region, it is necessary to identify the
size and distributions of seismic activity in the surrounding region, Borg H.R.(1998) .The
location of earthquake is normally specified in terms of the location of its epicenter and it
is necessary to use accepted descriptive terminology. Earthquake result from rupture of
the rock along the fault. The point at which the rupture begins and seismic waves first
emanate is called focus or Hypocenter and the point on the earth surface vertically above
the epicenter. The distance of location of site, where intensity is measured from epicenter
is called Epicenter distance .The distance of the site on the surface of the earth from focus
is called Focal distance. The mechanism of earthquake is shown in figure.3.3.

Fig.3.3.Earthquake Mechanism

The subsoil underneath the foundation of structure can be represented

dynamically employing the theory of elastic, homogeneous and isotropic half space.
According to this theory, the acceleration of ground surface is due to various seismic
waves generated by the fault rupture .The strain energy released during an earthquake
travel as seismic waves in all directions within the solid earth (Hemmady
A.K.R.1996).These waves are refracted and reflected at each interface of different
soil/rock media and reach the ground surface. These waves are two types
i. Body Waves
a. Primary Waves (P-waves)
b. Secondary Waves (S-waves)

ii. Surface Waves

c. Love Waves (L-waves)

13
 d. Rayleigh Waves (R-Waves).

a).P- Waves.
The P-wave also knows as primary, compressional or longitudinal wave.
It causes a series of compressions and dilations of material through which it travel and is
the fastest wave arriving first at the site.P-waves also travel through both solid and
liquids.since,soil and rock are relatively resistant to compression and dilation effect, the
P-wave will have least impact on ground surface movements as shown in figure.3.4.

Fig.3.4.P-Waves
b).S-Waves:
The S-wave is also known as secondary, shear or transverse wave. It
causes shearing deformations of materials through which travels. Since liquids have no
shear resistance, S-waves travel only through solids. The shear resistance of soil or rock
is usually less than compression or dilation resistance resistance and hence S-wave
travels slowly than P-waves. Soil is normally weak in shear resistance and these waves
have greater impact on ground surface movements as shown in figure.3.5.

Fig.3.5.S-Waves

14
C).Love Waves
Love waves are transverse waves that vibrate the ground in the horizontal direction
perpendicular to the direction that the waves are traveling. They are formed by the
interaction of S waves with Earth's surface and shallow structure and are dispersive
waves. The speed at which a dispersive wave travels depends on the wave's period. In
general, earthquakes generate Love waves over a range of periods from 1000 to a fraction
of a second, and each period travels at a different velocity but the typical range of
velocities is between 2 and 6 km/second. Love waves are transverse and restricted to
horizontal movement - they are recorded only on seismometers that measure the
horizontal ground motion

Figure 3.6 love waves

Another important characteristic of Love waves is that the amplitude of ground vibration caused
by a Love wave decreases with depth - they're surface waves. Like the velocity the rate of
amplitude decrease with depth also depends on the period.
d).Rayleigh Waves
Rayleigh waves are the slowest of all the seismic wave types and in some ways the
most complicated. Like Love waves they are dispersive so the particular speed at which
they travel depends on the wave period and the near-surface geologic structure, and they
also decrease in amplitude with depth. Typical speeds for Rayleigh waves are on the
order of 1 to 5 km/s. Rayleigh waves are similar to water waves in the ocean (before they
"break" at the surf line). As a Rayleigh wave passes, a particle moves in an elliptical
trajectory that is counterclockwise (if the wave is traveling to your right). The amplitude
of Rayleigh-wave shaking decreases with depth.

15
Figure 3.7 Rayleigh waves

16
 CHAPTER- 4

PRESENTATION OF PROBLEM

4.0 Mathematical Model

4.1 Structure Model

4.1.1General

The governing criteria for carrying out dynamic analysis for earthquake forces is
different from wind forces. According to the provisions given in IS 1893(Part 1):2016,
parameters like, height of the structure, seismic zone, vertical and horizontal
irregularities, soft/weak storey influence the dynamic analysis against earthquake loads.
The contribution of the higher mode effects are included in arriving at the distribution of
lateral forces along the height of the building. However, as per IS 875(Part 3):1987, when
wind interacts with the building, both positive and negative pressures occur
simultaneously and the building must have sufficient strength to resist these pressures.
The magnitude of the wind pressure is a function of basic wind speed, topography,
building height, internal pressure, and building shape.

When a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the

foundation of soil, and thus changes the motion of the ground. It means that the
movement of the entire ground and structure system is influenced by the type of soil as
well as by the type of structure. Hence, the behaviour of soil at the foundation level under
the action of seismic forces is the most important factor to be considered in the analysis
particularly in loose soils.

The main objective of the study is to carry out seismic analysis on a G+3 storied
building when similar building rest on different soils and the results are compared with
those obtained when the building is assumed to be fixed at the base.

17
 Fig.4.0. PLAN AT FLOOR LEVEL

Fig.4.1. COLUMN BEAM LAYOUT OF BUILDING.

18
4.1.2 PRILIMINARY DATA

The plan of an residential building 8.51m x 7.37m size is shown in fig 6.1 .The
dimensions and size of individual elements are presented in table 6.1 and the properties of
materials and gravity loads are presented in table 6.2

Table-4.1.The dimensions and size of individual elements

PARAMETER DIMENSIONS

Height of the Building 15

Height of the Each Storey 3m

No. of Storeys 5

Column Size 0.3mx0.6m

Beam Size

Longitudinal Beam Size 0.23mx0.45m

Transverse Beam Size 0.23mx0.45m

Slab Thickness 0.13m

Parapet Wall Height 1m

External Wall Thickness 0.23m

Internal Wall Thickness 0.115m

Use IS 1893 Part 1 (2002) & IS 875-1987(Part-3) Code Are

Used Earthquake Load & Wind Load Analysis

Proposed Software Staad. Pro

19
 Table-4.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS & GRAVITY LOADS

PROPERTY OF MATERIAL LOADS

Grade of Concrete M25

Grade of Steel Fe 415

Unit Weight of Concrete 25 kN/m3

Unit Weight Of Brick 19 kN/m3

Live Load (Floor Level) 3 kN/m2

Live Load (Terrace) 1.5 kN/m2

Floor Finish Load 1 kN/m2

Terrace Finish Load 1.5 kN/m2

4.1.3 Preliminary Static Analysis

4.1.3.1 Load Distribution from Slab

The distribution of the loads is calculated by using the IS: 456-2000 codal provisions
shown in figure 4.2 and simple mathematical expressions are in the table 6.3.

20
 Fig-4.2. Load Carried By Supporting Beams A&B

Table-4.3 The Distribution Loads In Simple Mathematical Expressions

Bending Moment Shear Force

Triangular w Lx w Lx
3 4

{( [ ] )}
2
w Lx 1 Lx

Trapezoidal
2
1−
3 Ly
w Lx
2 Ly [L
L y− X
2 ]
Load calculations sheets that are prepared for each beam connected to the critical column
A2, C2, B2, B3. are presented in APPENDIX I. Loads obtained from bending moment
consideration are used for analysis of the beams and the loads obtained from shear force
consideration values are used the analysis of columns.

4.1.4 Calculation of equivalent U.D.L on beams

Loads onto beam are considered as
Trapezoidal section of slab / triangular section of slab or both from one side
 From Wall, if any
 Self-weight of rib of Beam

21
 Parapet wall at roof level
The load calculation on B2 column is presented in table 6.4
ELEVATI BEA BEA BEA BEA SELF LOA CUMULATI
ON M M M M WEIGH D VE
B3B4 B3C3 B3B2 B3A3 T IN LOAD
KN KN KN KN OF KN KN
COLUM
N
KN
25.8 27.7 42.3 35.7 144.4
15 13.5 144.41
0 1 8 4 1
29.9 32.2 54.5 41.5 171.8
12 13.5 316.29
9 3 8 8 8
29.9 32.2 54.5 41.5 171.8
9 13.5 488.17
9 3 8 8 8
29.9 32.2 54.5 41.5 171.8
6 13.5 660.05
9 3 8 8 8
29.9 32.2 54.5 41.5 171.8
3 13.5 831.93
9 3 8 8 8
Total load on footing 831.93

Table 4.4.Load on critical column B3

Total Load On Column B3 = 831.93kN

4.1.5 Calculation of Ultimate Load & Axial Load

22
 Fig-4.3. CRITICAL COLUMN B2

W L2 28.98 x 3.82
Fixed Moment of Beam A2B2 =+ =+ = + 34.87 KN-m
12 12
2 2
WL −27.24 x 4.02
Fixed Moment of Beam B2 C2 =- = = -36.68 KN-m
12 12

Net Moment = + 34.87-36.68 = -1.81 KN-m

Net Moment = -1.81KN-m

Load on Column B6 [P] = 562 KN

Ultimate Uniaxial Load [Pu] =1.5x562 = 843KN

The Load Calculation On Critical Column B2 results are presented in appendix-I

4.1.6 Calculation of final moments along transverse direction

By Using Kanis Method

Fig.4.4.KANIS METHOD

Final Moment = Fixed End moment + (2 X Near end contribution) + Far End
Contribution

23
 Table-4.5. Beam Moments
Beam Moment In KN-m
MAB -32.058
MBA +32.058
MBC -18.692
MCB +18.692
MDE -38.022
MED +38.022
MEF -21.73
MFE +21.73
MGH -38.022
MHG +38.022
MHI -21.73
MIH +21.73
MJK -38.022
MKJ +38.022
MKL -21.73
MLK +21.73
MMN -38.022
MNM +38.022
MNO -21.73
MON +21.73
4.1.7 Claculation of final moments along longitudinal direction
+ve Moment M= 38.022 kN-m
-ve Moment M= 38.022 kN-m
Analysing Both Longitudinal Direction and Transverse Direction Moments to Get
Maximum +ve Moment = 38.022 kN-m
Maximum -ve Moment = 38.022 kN-m
Maximum +ve Ultimate Moment Mu = 57.033 kN-m
Maximum -ve Ultimate Moment Mu = 57.033 kN-m

DESIGN MOMENT KN-m

+Ve Ultimate Moment 57.033

24
-Ve Ultimate Moment 57.033

25
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF G+4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
5.1DESIGN OF COLUMNS

5.1.1 INTRODUCTION
 A column is designed as a structural member subjected to compression force in a
direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. Vertical members from multi-storied buildings
are column member subjected to compressive loads from floors and beams. As per IS:
456-2000, the columns or struts are defined as compression members, the effective
length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. When the effective
length of compression members does not exceed three times the least lateral dimensions,
then such compression member is called a pedestal.
 When the compression members are overloaded, then their failure may take place in
direct compression (in crushing), excessive bending combined with twisting. The failure
of columns depends upon their slenderness ratios. The load required to cause those
types of failures decreases as the length of compression member increases, cross
sectional area of members remaining constant. Therefore, the columns are classified as
short and slender (long) members.
 The compression members are considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
(lex/D) and (ley/b) are less than 12, where lex and ley are the effective lengths with
respect to the major axis. In the short reinforced concrete columns, the lateral deflections
are not significant. The columns and the compression members are treated as slender
when the slenderness ration is more than 12. However, the slenderness ratio of columns
should not exceed 60. In the slender reinforced columns, the lateral deflections have an
importance on the strength of the columns.

26
5.1.1 IS: 456-2000 Code provisions for design of Column:
The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% of the
gross cross-sectional area of column & shall not be greater than 4% of the gross cross-
sectional area of column.
In any column that had a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based on the area of concrete required to
resist the direct stress and not on the actual area.
 The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided shall be four in rectangular
columns and six in circular columns.
 The diameter of the bars shall not be less than 12 mm.
 Pitch and diameter of lateral ties

Pitch-The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the
following distances:
 The least lateral dimension of the compression members;
 Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be
tied; and
 300 mm diameter the diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not
less than one fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case
less than 16 mm.

27
5.2 Design of column
Given

Width of the beam(b) =300mm

Overall depth (d) =600mm

Load on the column=843 kN

Factored load (Pu)=1.5 x 843 kN

Length =3000mm

Effective length (l eff)=0.65*3000=1950mm

Take M2 grade of concrete &Fe 415 Steel

Check For Slenderness Ratio:

L eff/d=1950/300

=6.5<12

So It is Short column Has to be designed

Minimum Eccentricity=l/500+Least lateral dimension/30

= 1950/500+300/30

E min = 13.39 mm

E min/D = 13.39/300

=0.046<0.05

Hence Design a Axially Loaded Short column is satisfactory

Fixed end moment for beam B₃

wL ² 25.01× 4.232
Mb₃-a₃= 12 = 12

= 37.29 kN-m

W = equivalent load due to BM consideration

30 X 60³
¿ ]C = = 1800
12∗300

28
 1.25 X 23 X 45³
¿ ]B = = 1516.12
12∗423

37.290 X 1800
Moment in column Mc = = 16.30 kN-m
1800+1800+516.12

Mu = 16.30 X 1.50 = 24.45 kN-m = 25 kN-m

Pu = 831.90*01.5 = 1247.89 kN-m = 1218 kN-m

Pu 1218 X 10³
= = 0.237
fck X b X d 25 X 300 X 550

Mu 25 X 10⁶
= = 0.009minimu area of steel
fck X b X d ² 25 X 300 X 550 ²

d´ 50
For = = 0.1 ( Assume d ´ = 50 mm)
d 550

d´
From SP 16 charts Fy 415 & =0.1
d

p
=0%
fck

There fore provide minimum area of steel

Minimum area of steel from IS 456 2000

0.8 % of gross cross-sectional

0.8
X 300 X 600=1440 mm ²
100

Lateral Ties:

1) Día/4 =16/4=4mm
2) 6mm
Hence provide 6mm Día Bars
Pitch Of Ties:

1) D=300mm
2) 16*diameter=16*16=256mm
3) 300mm Whichever is less
Hence provide 4bars of 6ϕ@256mmc/c

29
 Fig 5.1 Reinforcement details of column

5.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS

5.3.1 Introduction

 Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that cause
bending moment and shear force along their span. These are generally supported
on bearing walls or columns and are subjected to roof or floors loads and are
reinforced to take up stresses.
 The reinforced concrete breams in which the steel reinforced is placed only on
tension side are known as singly reinforced beams. The failure of singly
reinforced beams may be caused in one of the two ways either in compression or
in tension. In case the cross-sectional area of the steel bars provided for

30
 reinforcement is moderate or small, at some values of the load, the steel bars will
attain their yield point. When it yields, the depth of neutral axis reduces. That is
the strength increases in the lever arm and the moment of resistance in the
remaining compressions zone of the concrete increases to such a degree that the
crushing of the concrete (the secondary compressions failure) begins only at a
load only slightly larger than that which caused the steel bars to yield. Such a
yield failure at the steel bars is preferred as it is gradual with adequate working of
collapse.
 In case the cross-sectional area of steel reinforcing bars is large or the normal
cross-sectional area of steel reinforcing bars of high strength is provided, the
compression strength of concrete will be exhausted prior to the steel bars start
yielding. In such a case, the depth at neutral axis increases considerably. It causes
an increase in the compressive force. The failure of concrete in compression
occurs by crushing. The crushing failure of concrete is sudden, explosive in
nature and occurs without warning and hence it is not preferred.
 If a beam is limited in cross-section and ending moment is more than the moment
of resistance of the singly reinforced section, the concrete can develop the
compressive force to resist the given bending moment. In such a case, the beams
are strengthened by providing reinforcement in compression zone and the
resulting section is called doubly reinforced beam.
 IS: 456-2000 Codal Provision for Design of Beam
 The slab shall be cast integrally with the web, or the web and the slab shall
be effectively bonded together in any other manner; and
 If the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the beam, transverse
reinforcement shall be provided as in Fig 5.3; such reinforcement shall not be
less than 60 percent of the main reinforcement at mid span of the slab.

31
 Fig :5.2 Cross Section Of T Beam

5.3.2 Tension Reinforcement Minimum reinforcement:

The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than-that given by the
following:
AS =0.85bdw/fy Where
AS = minimum area of tension reinforcement
b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T beam d = effective depth, and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2
Maximum reinforcement:

The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bD. 80
Transverse Reinforcement in Beams For Shear and Torsion:

The transverse reinforcement in beams shall be taken around the outer-most tension and
compression bars.
In T-beams and I-beams, such reinforcement shall pass around longitudinal bars
located close to the outer face of the flange.

32
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement:
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member
shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at
45◦, where d is the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the
spacing exceed 300 mm.
Minimum shear reinforcement:

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
ASv/bSv > 0.4/0.87fy
Where
Asv = cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear, bsv = stirrup spacing along
the length of the member,
fy = yield strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm
Distribution-of tensional reinforcement:

The spacing of the stirrups shall not exceed the least of X1, X1+Y1/4and 300 mm, where
X1and,Y1are respectively the short and long dimensions of the stirrup.

33
5.4 Design of beam Calculation

Calculation of moment on beams

wl ² 25.5 X 4.23²
Beam DE = = = +57.03 kN-m
8 8

wl ² 25 X 3.23²
Beam EF = = = +32.60 kN-m
8 8

On span DE

Max +M =57.07-38.02 = +19.01 kN-m

On span EF

Max +M =32.30-21.73 = +11.52 kN-m

On span DE

-Mu = -38.02 x 1.5 = -57.02 kN-m

+Mu = +19.01 x 1.5 = +28.5 kN-m

On span EF

34
 -Mu = -21.73 x 1.5 = -32.5 kN-m

+Mu = +11.52 x 1.5 = +17.28 kN-m

Assume Beam size 0.23x0.45m

Mu limit = 0.138 Fck bd²

= 0.138 x 25 x 230 x 450

= 109.2 kN-m

Beam EF (At supports)

Mu 57.03∗10⁶
R= =¿ =1.5
b∗d ² 230∗400²

Pt =0.466%

Area of steel = 482.31 m²

Beam DE (At mid span)

Mu 28.5∗10⁶
R= =¿ =0.77
b∗d ² 230∗400²

Pt =0.221%

Area of steel = 228.735 m²

Beam EF (At supports)

Mu 32.5∗10⁶
R= =¿ =0.88
b∗d ² 230∗400²

Pt =0.261%

Area of steel = 270.13 m²

Beam EF (At mid span)

Mu 17.28∗10⁶
R= =¿ = 0.46
b∗d ² 230∗400²

Pt =0.127%

35
 Area of steel = 131.445 m²

Factored shear force = WuL/2 = 30.47*4.03 /2= 61.39 KN

Nominal shear stress (Ʈv)From pg - 72

Ʈv = Vu/bd = 61.39*103 / 230*300

= 0.89 N/MM2

Now % of tension reinforcement

P = Ast/bd *100 = (565.5/(230*300)) *100 = 0.81 %

Design shear strength of concrete (Ʈc) From pg - 73 table 19 IS 456 2000 for M20

Ʈc = 0.57 N/MM2
Ʈv > Ʈc
Shear reinforcement has to be designed In this case we shall provide vertical stirrups
Now shear resistance of concrete Vuc = Ʈc bd= 0.57*230*300
Vuc = 39.93 KN

Now, shear to be carried by stirrups Vus = Vu - Vuc = 61.39 -39.93

Vus = 21.46 KN

Provide 8 mm Ø 2 legged stirrups as vertical stirrups Asv = π/4 *82*2 = 100.53 mm2
Spacing of 2 legged stirrups (pg-73) Vus = 0.87fyAsvd / Sv
21.46*103 = 0.87*415*100.53*300 / Vus

SV = 507.40 mm c/c Asv/bsv >= 0.4 / 0.87fy(pg-48)

Sv = Asv0.87fy / 0.4*b= 100.53*0.87*415 / 0.4*230
= 394.53 mm c/c 0.75d = 0.75*300 = 225 mm

36
Provide 8 mm Ø 2 legged stirrups @ 225 mm c/c.

Fig 5.3 Reinforcement details of beam

37
 5.5 DESIGN OF SLAB
5.5.1 Introduction
 Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and carrying distributed
loads primarily by flexure. A slab can be subjected to various kinds of external forces in
plane, across the plane or about the plane. Each type of force can generate a system of
internal forces in plane, shear, flexure and torsion.
 Slabs in multi-storied buildings also act as deep horizontal girders to resist wind and
earthquake forces in addition to supporting normal loads on its surface. Slabs action as
rigid diaphragm of large stiffness reduces lateral deformation of multi- storied frames.
 The principle type of loading considered on a slab is uniformly distributed load due to
self weight, finishes and live load. IS-875 provides the recommended loading standards.
 The flexure action of slab due to the imposed loads depends on the condition of support
and aspect ratio (ly/lx) of the slab. Based on this, the slabs are classified as One-way
slabs, simply supported, cantilevered or continuous bending in one direction only (ly/lx>
2).
 Two-way slabs, simply supported, cantilevered or continuous bending in two directions
only (ly/lx ≤ 2).
In the design of slabs, bending moments are derived from coefficients given in appendix
C of IS: 456- 2000 for various end conditions.

5.5.2 IS: 456-2000 Code Provision For Design of Slab:

 The clear cover for the tensile reinforcement should not be less than 20mm. or
diameter of the bar.
Slabs spanning in two directions:
 Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle strips and edge
strips as shown in Fig. The middle strip being three-quarters of the width and
each edge strip one-eighth of the width.

38
 Fig :5.4 Division Of Slab Into Middle And Edge Strips

 The maximum moments calculated apply only to the middle strips and no redistribution shall be made.
 Tension reinforcement provided at mid-span in the middle strip shall extend in the lower part of the slab to
within 0.25 l of a continuous edge, or 0.15 l of a discontinuous edge.
 Over the continuous edges of a middle strip, the tension reinforcement shall extend in the upper part of the
slab a distance of 0.15 l from the support, and at least 50 percent shall extend a distance of 0.3 l.
 At a discontinuous edge, negative moments may arise. They depend on the degree of fixity at the edge of
the slab but, in general, tension reinforcement equal to 50 percent of that provided at mid-span extending
0.1 l into the span will be sufficient.
 The minimum area of steel should not be less than 0.15% of gross cross sectional area, in case of mild steel
bars; whereas, it is 0.12% of gross cross sectional area in case of HYSD bars,diameter of reinforcement
bars shall not exceed 1/8th of total thickness of slab. Maximum size of coarse aggregate shall not exceed
1/4th of total thickness of slab. Commonly 20 mm are used.
 The horizontal distance between two parallel bars shall not less than the greatest of the following:
 The diameter of bar if the diameters are equal or the diameter of the largest bar if the diameters are
unequal.
 5mm. more than the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.

39
 5.6 Design of Slab
Consider Room Size :-

Step 1 :-

ly=3.80 lx=3.56m

ly/lx=3.8/3.56

=1.06<2
Hence it is design a Two Way Slab
Step 2 :-

LY/d =32 (for ssb)

d=lx/32

=118.75mm

D=120mm

d’=10mm

D=d’+d =10+120 =130mm

Step 3 :-

Effective Span lx = lx+d

=3.56+(130*10^-3)

=369m

Ly=ly+d

=3.80+(130*10^-3)

=3.93m

Step 4 :-

Loads:-

a) Self weight of Slab = 0.14*1*25 = 3.5 KN/m^2

Total = 3.5+3+1 =7.5KN/m^2
Factored Load ‘w’ = 1.5x7.5

W=11.25 KN/m^2

40
Step 5 :-

Design of moments :-

(Bending moment and ShearForce)

Moments :-

Mx= αxWlx^2

My= αyWly^2

To find αx :-

ly/lx =1

αx=0.047(As per IS 456-2000) table -27

Mx =αx Wlx^2

= (0.047)(11.25)(3.56)^2

Mx = 6.70 KN-m

To find αy :-

ly/lx = 1

αy=0.035 As per Is 456-2000 table 27

My = αyWlx^2

=0.035*11.25*(3.8)^2

My =4.99 KN-m

Among Mx & My which is max that is taken as Momentum

M = 6.70 KN-m

Shear force =wl/2

Vu=11.25*3.56/2

=20.02 KN

To Check Depth :-

Mu,Lim =0.138 fckbd^2

6.70*10^6=0.138*20*1000*d^2

d = 49.49<120mm

Hence Safe

41
Step 6 :-

Tension Reinforcement :-

Along x- direction

Mux= 0.87fyAstd[1-Astfy/bdfck]

6.70*10^6=0.87x415xAstx130 [1-Ast(415)/(1000)(130)(20)]

Astx = 156.25 mm^2

Astmin = 0.12% gross Area

= (0.12*100x10^3)/100

= 120mm^2

Assume 8mm Dia metre

n*π/4*10^2=156.25

n=1.98

say n=2

ast(prov)=2*π/4*10^2

=157.07>req

=ast(prov)>ast(req)

Hence ok.

1)Spacing of bars

= ast/Ast*1000

=π/4*10^2/156.25*1000

=501.15mm

2) 3*d=3*130

=390mm

3)300mm which ever is less

hence provide 2bars 8mm dia @ 300mm c/c

along y-direction:

Muy=0.87fy*Ast*d[1-fy*Ast/Fck*b*d]
42
4.99*10^6=0.87*415*Ast*130[1-415Ast/20*1000*130]

Ast=115.62mm^2

Assume dia of 8mm

115.62=n*π/4*8^2

n=3 bars

(i)spacing of bars=(ast/Ast)*1000

=435.65mm

(ii)3*d=3*130=390mm

(iii)300 mm which ever is less

Hence provide 8mm dia@300mm c/c

Step 7 :-

Check for Deflection :-

l/d = 29.23 (Code book -pg37)

% of Steel = (ast/Bd)x100

=(261.80/1000*130)x100

=0.2%

Fs=0.58*415*156.6/261.1=144.36N/mm^2

Modification factor =1.2(As per IS 456-2000 from fig 4)

l/d=1.2*29.23=35.07

permitted l/d= 3800/130 = 29.230mm<35.07 hence deflection is safe

Check for Shear :-

τ = Vu/bd

= (20.02*10^3/1000*130) = 0.151N/mm^2

43
Fig 5.5 Reinforcement of slab

44
 5.7 Design of footing
Axial service load P = 562 KN
Size of column = 300*300 mm
Soil bearing capacity (SBC) of soil = 200 KN/m2
Fck = 20 N/mm2 ; fy = 415 N/mm2
Step 1 : Size of Footing
Load on column = 562 KN
Weight of footing and back fill at 10% = 56.2 KN

Total load = 562 + 56.2 = 618.2 KN

Area of footing = Total load / SBC = 618.2 / 200 = 3.091 m2
A = B*B
3.091 = B2 B = 1.80 m

Net soil pressure at ultimate loads with a load factor 1.5 is given by
qu = Factored load / Area of footing = ((1.5*562) / (1.80*1.80)) = 190.80 KN/mm2 qu= 0.1908 N/mm2
Depth of footing :-

BM about section x-x is given by

M = quB / 8 (L-a)2 = 190.8*1.80 / 8 (1.80-0.30)2 M1 = 96.59 KN/m
Mu = 1.5*96.59 = 144.885 KN/m
Mu = 0.138*fck bd2

144.885*106 = 0.138*20*1800*d2 = d = 170 mm

Provide 50 mm cover
D = d+d' = D = 170+50 = D = 220 mm
Due to shear check we will be increasing the ‘d’ value Adopt d= 400 mm d' = 50 mm D = 450 mm

45
46
 Step 4: Area of reinforcement

Ast1 = 0.5fck/fy [1-√(1-(4.6Mu/fckBd2))] Bd

= 0.5*20/415 [1-√(1-(4.6*144.885*106/20*1800*400))] * 1800*400 = 1040.96 mm2

P= Ast1/Bd *100 = (1040.96/(1800*400)) *100

P = 0.144 %
Using 12 mm Ø ast = π/4 *122 = 113 mm2

No.of bars = Ast1/ast = 1040.96/113 = 10 bars

Spacing = B/No.of bars = 1800/10 = 180mm

Provide 12 mm Ø @180 mm c/c

Step 5 : Check for 1-way shear
For 1 way shear critical section is located at a dist ‘d ’ from the face of the column V = PoB{0.5(L-a) -d}
= 190.80*1.80{0.5(1.8-0.3)-0.4}
V = 120.20 KN
Vu = 1.5*120.20 = 180.30 KN
Nominal shear stress (Ʈv) pg-72 IS 456 Ʈv = Vu/Bd = ((180.30*103)/(1800*400))
Ʈv = 0.25 N/mm2
Design shear strength of concrete (Ʈc') Ʈc' = Ʈc * k ; k=1 ; depth > 300 mm
Now Ʈc per P = 0.144 % Ʈc = 0.28 N/mm2 Ʈc > Ʈv
Vu/Bd = k Ʈc
d = (180.30*1000)/(1800*0.28)
d = 357mm > d = 170mm
d(provided) = 400mm > 357mm
Hence safe in 1way shear
Step 6 : Check for 2 way shear
For 2-way shear, section lies at a distance d/2 from face of the column width (bo) = b +d= 300+400
bo = 700 mm

47
 Punching shear F = Po[B^2 -b0^2] = 190.80[1.8^2-0.7^2]
= 524.7 KN
Fu = 1.5*524.7 = 787.05 KN
Now pg - 57 IS 456 31.6.2
Ʈv = Fu/4bod = ((787.05*103)/(4*700*400)) Ʈv = 0.70N/mm^2
Now Permissible shear stress KsƮc (pg-58) Ks = 0.5+Bc ; Bc = 300/300 =0.5
Ks = 0.5+0.5 = Ks = 1
Ʈc = 0.25* √fck = 0.25*√20
Ʈc = 1.11 N/mm2
KsxƮc = 1.11N/mm2
Ʈv < Ʈc

Safe in 2-way shear.

Fig 5.6 Reinforcement of Footing

CHAPTER-6

48
 RESPONSE OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS

6.1 General

In seismically active regions like India, there is potential risk for multi- storied RC
buildings. As per the latest seismic zoning map brought out by the Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS), over 65% of the country is prone to moderate to high intensity
earthquakes. Most of the mega cities in India are in seismically active zones and many
structures in these cities are designed for gravity loads only.
In general, Earthquake motion causes both horizontal and vertical ground motions.
Usually vertical ground motion has much smaller magnitudes than that of horizontal. The
vertical ground motion due to the earthquakes can be resisted by the factor of safety
provided in the design of structures. The structures which are designed to carry only the
gravity loads will not be able to resist the horizontal ground motion. The horizontal
ground motion causes the most significant effect on the structure by shaking the
foundation. The mass of building resists this motion by setting up inertia forces
throughout the structure. Hence, it is necessary to check the adequacy of the structures to
withstand the horizontal ground motion. A structure should be properly designed to carry
these lateral forces even though it will be expensive.

After the Bhuj Earthquake (2001) considerable interest in this country has been
directed towards the damaging effect of earthquakes and has increased the awareness of
the threat of seismic events. The need for evaluating the seismic adequacy of existing
buildings has come into focus following the enormous loss of life and property. Seismic
analysis should be done prior to a seismic design to determine the magnitude of lateral
earthquake forces. Hence seismic analysis of Multi-Storied RC buildings in India is a
major concern.

The main objective of the study is to carry out seismic analysis on a ten storied office
building when similar building rest on different soils and the results are compared with
those obtained when the building is assumed to be fixed at the base.

Based on the intensity, the earthquakes at a given place can be classified into three
categories such as minor, moderate and strong. Usually, minor earthquakes occur
frequently, moderate earthquakes occur occasionally, but strong earthquakes occur rarely.
Sometimes the probability of occurrence of a strong earthquake may exceed the life time

49
 of the structure. The construction of earthquake resistant building for those places is too
expensive. The earthquake resistant buildings should resist the effects of ground motion,
even though they may get damaged severely but would not collapse during strong
earthquake. Thus, safety of people and property is assured in earthquake resistant
buildings and there by a disaster is avoided. This is a major objective of the seismic
design codes throughout the world.

 Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical
and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry
load may sustain repairable damage.
 Under moderate but occasional earthquake, the main members may sustain repairable
damage, while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even
have to be replaced after the earthquake.
 Under strong, but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe damage, but the
building should not collapse.

Advantage of this philosophy is after minor shaking, the building will be fully operational
within a short duration of time and the retrofitting cost would be can small. And, after
moderate shaking, the building will be functional once the retrofitting of the main
members is over. But after strong earthquake, the building cannot be used further, but it
will withstand so that lives of people can be saved and property can also be recovered.

6.2 Building Model

A conventional twelve storey building is chosen for the analysis to calculate fundamental
time periods, base shears and displacements of the structure considering SSI effect when
similar structure rests on different soils / rock media and the results are compared with
the values obtained when the structure is assumed to be fixed at the base as shown in Fig.
6.1.
.

50
 Fig.6.1.Building Model

6.3 Seismic analysis of the structure for fixed base condition

6.3.1 Seismic Weight

The Seismic weight of a floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of
imposed load, as specified in Clause 8.3.1 and 8.3.2 of IS 1893 (Part I) : 2016.
Seismic forces are proportional to the building weight and increases along the
height of the building. Weight reduction can be obtained by using lighter materials or by
relocation of heavy weight such as file racks, libraries, swimming pools etc at lower
levels. For example, if a load P placed at fifth level, the overturning moment becomes 25
times greater than P placed at first level.
6.3.2 Calculation of Seismic Weights
The Seismic Weights are calculated in a manner similar to gravity loads. The weight of
columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and
below the storey. Following reduced live loads are used for analysis:
 Zero on terrace and
 50% on other floors.

51
6.3.3 Seismic Weight at Roof Level
Table-6.1 Seismic Weight at Roof Level
Component Weight(KN)
Weight of column

= 0.3x 0.6x [ 3−0.45

2 ]
x25x15 86.06

Weight of transverse beam

= 0.23x [0.45-0.12] x3x25x5 66.41
+0.23 x[0.35-0.13] x425x5
Weight of longitudinal beam
=0.23x [0.3-0.12] x13.02x25x3 40.42
Weight of exterior infill wall

[
= 0.23 X
3−0.3
2
X 13.02 X 3 X 19
] 230.43

Weight of interior infill wall

=0.115x [ 3−0.45
2 ]
x 3 x195 +
136.18

0.23[ 3−0.3
2 ]
x 4 x 4 x 19

Weight of slab
= (0.12x7.82x6.68x25) 283
Weight of terrace finish
= 90 x 1.5 135
Weight of live load
0
= 90 x 0
Weight of parapet wall
98
=0.115 x1x45x19

Seismic weight of top storey (w4) 1072.5

2
1072.5 Sec
Mass At Roof Level = = 109.32-
9.81 m

52
6.3.4 Seismic Weight at Floor Level
Seismic weight of the remaining stories is calculated in the similar manner to that of
the top storey by summing the seismic weights of all the structural components and also
considering the 50 percent reduction of the live load. Presented in table 7.2
Table-6.2 Seismic Weight at Floor Level
Component Weight(KN)
Weight of column
172.12
=0.3x 0.6x [3-0.45] x25x15
Weight of transverse beam
66.41
=0.23x [0.45-0.12] x7x25x5
Weight of longitudinal beam
40.42
=0.23x [0.3-0.12] x13.02x25x3
Weight of exterior infill wall
[ 0.23 x [3−0.3] x 13.02 x 3 x 19 ] 486.47
Weight of interior infill wall
=0.115x[ 3−0.45 ] x [3x5] x19+ 0.23 136.18
Weight of slab
283
=(0.12x7.82x6.68x25)
Weight of floor finish
135
=90 x 1.5
Weight of live load
90
=90 x 4 x 0.25
Seismic weight of floor level storey (W1-3)
1409.6

2
1409.6 Sec
Mass at Floor Level = = 143.69 KN
9.81 m

53
6.4 Calculation of Stiffness
6.4.1 Stiffness
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object - the extent to which it resists deformation in
response to the applied force. The stiffness, k of a body is a measure of the resistance
offered by an elastic body to deformation. For any elastic body, stiffness is defined as the
ratio of force applied on the body (F) to the displacement produced by force (δ)
F
k=
δ
Here in this structure, at first the stiffness of columns is calculated and then the
stiffness of infill walls is calculated. Summation of both column and infill wall stiffness
gives the total stiffness for that storey.
a).Stiffness of Column
12 EI
Stiffness Of Column = 3
L
Where
E = Modulus of Framed Material = 5000 x √ f ck =5000 x √20 =22360.67 N/mm2
a4 3004
I = Moment of Inertia = = = 675x106 mm4
12 12
L = UN –Supported Length of Column = 3000-350 = 2650mm
Therefore kc = 9.732kN/mm
For 15 columns in one storey = 145.98 kN/mm
b).Stiffness of outer walls
The presence of infill affects the distribution of lateral load in the frames of
building because of the increase of stiffness of the frame. The most common
approximation of in- filled walls is on the basis of equivalent diagonal strut i.e., the
system is modelled as a braced frame and infill walls as web element.
Here in this building, walls are considered with two varying thickness. Outer
periphery walls are considered with 230 mm thick i.e., two brick thick and Interior walls
are considered with 115 mm thick i.e., single brick thick.

54
 A Em 2
Stiffness of Infill Wall Kw = cos θ
Ld
Where
Em = Elastic Modulus of Masonry Wall
Ef = Elastic Modulus of Frame material
A = Cross-sectional area of diagonal strut = W x t
W = Width of strut
t = Thickness of wall
1
W = (√ (αh2+αl 2))
2

[ ]
1
π Ef x I xh 4
αh = c

2 2 X E m X t X sin2 θ

[ ]
1
Ef x I x l 4
αl = π b

E m X t X sin 2θ

−1 h
θ=tan
l
Table-6.3 Stiffness & Mass Values
STIFFNESS IN N/mm
Stiffness Of Outer-Walls Kow 103.8 x 103
Stiffness Of Interior Walls Kiw 103.8 x103
Total Stiffness K 353.580 x103
2
KN −Sec
Mass in
m
Mass at roof level m4 53.98
Mass at floor level m3-m1 69.24

55
6.5 Free Vibration Analysis
6.5.1 Introduction
The motion of multi-degree of freedom systems is generally described by a finite set
of second order ordinary differential equations. The equations are linear and a solution
can be obtained by the Laplace Transformation method, at least in principle. In practice,
however the solution can be quite laborious, even for a two degree off freedom system, so
that a different method is adopted.
The method offering the best possibilities is based on coordinate transformation. The
object is to express the equations of motion in terms of a new set of coordinates chosen
such that the equations assume simpler n-dimensional vectors, with the coordinate
transformation itself having the forms of a linear transformation relating the two vectors.
The linear transformation is not arbitrary but must be such that it transforms the
simultaneous set of equations into an independent one.
If the transformation is represented by a square matrix, then it will be shown that the
column of this matrix consists of the system of Eigen vectors, or modal vectors, for
which reason the transformation matrix is known as the modal matrix. The method itself
is referred to as modal analysis. A solution by modal analysis is appreciably less
laborious. Thus, the basic idea behind modal analysis is to transform the simultaneous set
of equations into an independent set of equations using the modal matrix. In other words,
the aim of the solution of n-degree-of-freedom linear systems subjected to force
excitations is to decompose into “n” single degree-of-freedom systems for which
solutions are easily obtained.
This method of analysis i.e., modal analysis is based on the dynamic response of the
building idealized as having a lumped mass and stiffness in various storeys in multi-
degree of freedom systems, the mass matrix which would be obtained is uncoupled, i.e.,
the cross or off-diagonal elements are zero. Such a system is known as “Dynamically
uncoupled form” where as the stiffness matrix consists of off diagonal elements which is
known as static coupling. This is because of the choice of coordinates, and that for an un-
damped system there exists a set of principal coordinates that will express the equations
of motion.
Uncoupled coordinates are desirable since each equation can be solved in independently
of the others. For a lumped mass multi-degree of freedom system, coordinates chosen at
each mass point will result in a mass matrix that is diagonal, but the stiffness matrix will

56
contain off diagonal terms indicating static coupling. Coordinates chosen in another way
may result in dynamic coupling or both dynamic and static coupling. Corresponding to
each natural frequency there is an Eigen vector or otherwise known as mode shape. Each
mode shape contributes to the displacement (response) which occurs during vibration.
By using Seismic coefficient method, the equilibrium equations are formulated and put
them in matrix form, and also by
The Equation of Equilibrium Equation is
m ẍ +kx =0

Where
m = Mass
ẍ = Acceleration
K = Stiffness
x = Displacement

[ ]
m4 0 0 0
0 m3 0 0
[m] =
0 0 m2 0
0 0 0 m1

[ ]
k4 −k 4 0 0
−k 4 k 3+ k 4 −k 3 0
[K]=
0 −k 3 k 2+k 3 −k 2
0 0 −k 2 k 1+k 2

The Mat lab soft-ware results as an example the results are one case were presented in
appendix-II
6.5.2 Result For Free Vibration Analysis
Table-6.4 Result for Free Vibration Analysis

CONDITION Seismic

Zone-III

Frequency

57
 Time

period (Hz)

(sec)

0.0582 17.17

0.0702 14.24
FIXED BASE CONDITION
0.1060 9.43

0.3056 3.27

Fig.6.2. Time Period VS Stories

58
 Fig.6.3. Base shear vs stories

Fig 6.4 Displacement vs stories

6.6.Seismic Analysis
6.6.1 The mass matrix & stiffness matrix considering soil structure interaction

59
 [ ]
m4 0 0 0
0 m3 0 0
[m] =
0 0 m2 0
0 0 0 m1

[ ]
k4 −k 4 0 0
−k 4 k 3+ k 4 −k 3 0
[ K ]=
0 −k 3 k 2+k 3 −k 2
0 0 −k 2 k 1+ k 2

6.6.2 Mass Matrix & Stiffness Matrix for Fixed base Condition.

[ ]
53.98 0 0 0
[M] =
0 69.27 0 0
0 0 69.27 0
0 0 0 69.27

[ ]
330.79 −330.79 0 0
3 −330.79 661.5 −330.79 0
[K] = 10
0 −330.79 661.5 −330.79
0 0 −330.79 661.5

CHAPTER-7
MATLAB SOFTWARE
7.1 Introduction
MATLAB software is utilized for the free-vibration analysis by introducing mass and
stiffness matrices as program input and as table 7.3 mass and stiffness values of structure
as well as soil put it in a above matrix form then free vibration analysis carried out, the
results time periods, storey shears and displacements are presented in table 7.4. The mat
lab program and obtained results are for soil type-A (loose soil) presented in
(APPENDIX II) and various combinations of seismic parameters like time periods, storey
shears and displacements are compare with the shear wave velocity V s are presented in
Figure 6.2 to 6.52.

60
7.2 Matlab Input for Considering Soil Structure Interaction

[ ]
m4 0 0 0
0 m3 0 0
[m] ¿
0 0 m2 0
0 0 0 m1

[ ]
k4 −k 4 0 0
−k 4 k 3+ k 4 −k 3 0
[ k ]=
0 −k 3 k 2+k 3 −k 2
0 0 −k 2 k 1+k 2

k=k*1000;
[V,D]=eig(k,m);
omega =sqrt(D);
freq=omega/(2*3.1432);
Timeperiod=inv(freq);
effectivestiffnessvector=V'*k*V;
q=V'*m*V;
effectivestiffnessvector*inv(q);
I=[1;1;1;1];
p=V'*m*I;
C1=p (1, 1)/q (1, 1);
C2=p (2, 1)/q (2, 2);
C3=p (3, 1)/q (3, 3);
C4=p (4, 1)/q (4, 4);
Z=0.16;
Imp=1;
R=3;
Sa1=2.5*9.81*1;
Sa2=2.5*9.81*1;
Sa3=2.47*9.81*1;
Sa4=1.87*9.81*1;
ah1=(Z/2)*(Imp/R)*Sa1/9.81;

61
ah2=(Z/2)*(Imp/R)*Sa2/9.81;
ah3=(Z/2)*( Imp /R)*Sa3/9.81;
ah4=(Z/2)*( Imp /R)*Sa4/9.81;
Sd1=ah1/(omega(1,1)*omega(1,1));
Sd2=ah2/(omega(2,2)*omega(2,2));
Sd3=ah3/(omega(3,3)*omega(3,3));
Sd4=ah4/(omega(4,4)*omega(4,4));
d1=C1*Sd1*[V(1,1);V(2,1);V(3,1);V(4,1)];
d2=C2*Sd2*[V(1,2);V(2,2);V(3,2);V(4,2)];
d3=C3*Sd3*[V(1,3);V(2,3);V(3,3);V(4,3)];
d4=C4*Sd4*[V(1,4);V(2,4);V(3,4);V(4,4)];
a1=C1*ah1*[V(1,1);V(2,1);V(3,1);V(4,1)];
a2=C2*ah2*[V(1,2);V(2,2);V(3,2);V(4,2)];
a3=C3*ah3*[V(1,3);V(2,3);V(3,3);V(4,3)];
a4=C4*ah4*[V(1,4);V(2,4);V(3,4);V(4,4)];
A1=sqrt(a1(1,1)*a1(1,1)+a2(1,1)*a2(1,1)+a3(1,1)*a3(1,1)+a4(1,1)*a4(1,1));
A2=sqrt(a1(2,1)*a1(2,1)+a2(2,1)*a2(2,1)+a3(2,1)*a3(2,1)+a4(2,1)*a4(2,1));
A3=sqrt(a1(3,1)*a1(3,1)+a2(3,1)*a2(3,1)+a3(3,1)*a3(3,1)+a4(3,1)*a4(3,1));
A4=sqrt(a1(4,1)*a1(4,1)+a2(4,1)*a2(4,1)+a3(4,1)*a3(4,1)+a4(4,1)*a4(4,1));
A=[A1;A2;A3;A4]
D1=sqrt(d1(1,1)*d1(1,1)+d2(1,1)*d2(1,1)+d3(1,1)*d3(1,1)+d4(1,1)*d4(1,1)
);
D2=sqrt(d1(2,1)*d1(2,1)+d2(2,1)*d2(2,1)+d3(2,1)*d3(2,1)+d4(2,1)*d4(2,1)
);
D3=sqrt(d1(3,1)*d1(3,1)+d2(3,1)*d2(3,1)+d3(3,1)*d3(3,1)+d4(3,1)*d4(3,1)
);
D4=sqrt(d1(4,1)*d1(4,1)+d2(4,1)*d2(4,1)+d3(4,1)*d3(4,1)+d4(4,1)*d4(4,1)
);
StoreydisplacementsD=[D1;D2;D3;D4]

62
 Q1=A (1,1)*m(1,1);
Q2=A (2,1)*m(2,2);
Q3=A (3,1)*m(3,3);
Q4=A (4,1)*m(4,4);
StoreyShearQ=[Q1;Q2;Q3;Q4];

CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusions

 Using STADD Pro., analysis and design of multi-storey building has

completed much quickly and easier than the manual calculation.
 AUTO CAD 2019 is used for developing the plans.

 The dimensions of structural members are specified and the loads such
as dead load, live load, floor load and roof load are applied.

63
 Bending moments and shear forces are checked for beams, columns and slabs.
 Time periods of the structure invariably decrease with the increase in soil stiffness.
 The displacements of structure increase with the decrease of soil stiffness.
 The frequencies of the structure invariably decreases with the increase in time period.
 The storey shear is increased as height of the building increases and reduced at top floor
in all the structures subjected to Seismic loads considered.
 The base shear increases with the increases of number of stories.

Scope of Future Work

 Determination of Time Period, Base Shear and Displacement with Different
Soil structure interaction.
 Determination of above parameters at different Earthquake Zones.
 Comparison of Results with different software's like ETABS & SAP2000
 Depending upon type nature important of structure non-linear analysis can also be
carried out since during earthquake motion the material under goes in non-linear
pattern. It can be analysed using another soft-wares like SAP-2000, E-TABS and
the results may be completed.

64
 APPENDIX- I
I].LOAD CALCULATION ON CRITICAL COLUMN B2:-

Beam A2B2:-
At Roof Level:-
Lx = 3.6m, Ly = 3.8m, wroof = 6.25 KN/m2
Bending moment Consideration:-

65
 {( [ ] )} {( [ ] )}
2 2
W Lx 1 Lx 6.25 x 3.56 1 3.56
From Slab = 1− X2 = 1− X 2 = 13.016
2 3 Ly 2 3 3.80

KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265 KN/m

Total B.M = 14.28 KN/m

Shear Force Consideration:-

From Slab =
W Lx
2Ly [L
L y− X X 2 =
2 ]
6.25 x 3.56
2 x 3.80
3.80−
3.56
2 [
X2 = ]
11.82KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265 KN/m
Total S.F = 13.09 KN/m

At Floor Level:-
Lx = 3.56m, Ly = 3.80m, wroof = 7.75 KN/m2
Bending moment Consideration:-

{( [ ] )} {( [ ] )}
2 2
W Lx 1 Lx 7.75 x 3.56 1 3.56
From Slab = 1− X 2 = 1− X 2 =
2 3 Ly 2 3 3.80

16.14KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265KN/m
From Weight of Wall Weight = 0.23x [3-0.3] x19 = 11.58KN/m

Total B.M = 28.985 KN/m

Shear Force Consideration:-

From Slab
W Lx
2Ly [ L y−
LX
2 ]
X 2 =
7.75 x 3.56
2 x 3.80 [
3.80−
3.56
2
X 2 ]
=14.66KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265 KN/m
From Weight of Wall Weight = 0.23x [3-0.3] x19 = 11.58KN/m

66
 Total S.F = 27.511 KN/m

Beam B3 B2:-

At Roof Level:-
Lx = 3.56m, Ly = 3.80m, wroof = 6.25 KN/m2
Bending moment Consideration:-
W Lx 6.25 x 3.80
From Slab = x2=⌈ ⌉x2 = 15.80
3 3
KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.23-0.13] x25 = 0.5
KN/m

Total B.M =16.33KN/m

Shear Force Consideration:-

From Slab = [ ]
W Lx
4
X2= [
6.25 X 3.56
4
X2 ] =

11.12KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.23-0.13] x25 = 0.5 KN/m

Total S.F = 11.625 KN/m

At Floor Level
Lx = 3.56m, Ly = 4.02m, wroof = 7.75 KN/m2
Bending moment Consideration:-
W Lx 7.75 x 3.56
From Slab = x2=⌈ ⌉x2 = 18.39
3 3
KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.23-0.13] x25 = 0.5 KN/m

67
 From Weight of Wall Weight = 0.23x [3-0.3] x19 =
11.58KN/m

Total B.M =30.47KN/m

Shear Force Consideration:-

From Slab = [ ] [
W Lx
4
X2=
7.75 X 3.56
4
X2 ] =

13.8KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.23-0.13] x25 = 0.5 KN/m
From Weight of Wall Weight = 0.23x [3-0.3] x19 =
11.58KN/m

Total S.F = 25.87KN/m

Beam B2 C2:-

At Roof Level:-
Lx = 3.56m, Ly = 4.02m, wroof = 6.25 KN/m2
Bending moment Consideration

{( [ ] )} { [[ ] ]}
2 2
W Lx 1 Lx 6.25 X 3.56 1 3.56
From Slab = 1− = 1− x2 =
2 3 Ly 2 3 4.02

11.63KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265
KN/m

Total B.M = 12.89KN/m

Shear Force Consideration:-

From Slab =
W Lx
2Ly [
L y−
LX
2 ] =
6.25 x 3.56
2 x 4.02 [
4.02−
3.56
2
x 2 = 12.39
]
KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265 KN/m

68
 Total S.F = 13.66KN/m

At Floor Level:-

Lx = 3.56m, Ly = 4.02m, wfloor = 7.75KN/m2

Bending moment Consideration:

{( [ ] )} { [ ]}
2
W Lx 1 Lx 7.75 X 3.56 1 3.56
2
From Slab = 1− = 1− x2 =
2 3 Ly 2 3 4.02

14.4KN/m
From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265 KN/m
From The Wall Weight = 0.23x (3-0.3) x19 = 11.58KN/m

Total B.M = 27.24KN/m

Shear Force Consideration:-

From Slab =
W Lx
2Ly [
L y−
LX
2 ] =
7.75 x 3.56
2 x 4.02 [4.02−
3.56
2
x2 = ]
15.36KN/m

From Rib Weight of Beam = 0.23x [0.3-0.13] x25 = 1.265 KN/m

From The Wall Weight = 0.23x (3-0.3) x19 =

11.58KN/m
Total S.F = 28.21KN/m
TOTAL LOAD ON COLUMN B2
ELEVATIO BEA BEA BEA SELF LOA CUMULATIV
N M M M WEIGHT D E
A2B2 B3 B2 B2 C2 OF IN LOAD
COLUM

69
 m N KN KN
KN KN KN KN
12 24.87 20.69 27.46 6.075 79.09 79.09
9 52.27 46.05 56.70 6.075 161.09 240.18
6 52.27 46.05 56.70 6.075 161.09 401.27
3 52.27 46.05 56.70 6.075 161.09 562.38

Total Load On Column B2 = 562 KN

APEENDIX-II
FOR MAT LAB SOFTWARE
k=[330.79,-330.79,0,0;-330.39,661.5,-330.79,0;0,-330.79,661.5,-
330.79;0,0,-330.79,661.5];
m=[53.98,0,0,0;0,69.27,0,0;0,0,69.27,0;0,0,0,69.27];
k=k*1000;
[V, D]=eig (k, m);
omega =sqrt (D);
Freq=omega/ (2*3.1432);
Time period=inv (Freq);
Effective stiffness vector=V*k*V;
q=V*m*V;
effective stiffness vector*inv (q);
I=[1;1;1;1];
p=V'*m*I;
C1=p (1, 1)/q (1, 1);
C2=p (2, 1)/q (2, 2);
C3=p (3, 1)/q (3, 3);
C4=p (4, 1)/q (4, 4);
Z=0.16;
Imp=1;
R=3;

70
Sa1=2.5*9.81*1;
Sa2=2.5*9.81*1;
Sa3=2.47*9.81*1;
Sa4=1.87*9.81*1;
ah1=(Z/2)*(Imp/R)*Sa1/9.81;
ah2=(Z/2)*(Imp/R)*Sa2/9.81;
ah3=(Z/2)*( Imp /R)*Sa3/9.81;
ah4=(Z/2)*( Imp /R)*Sa4/9.81;
Sd1=ah1/(omega(1,1)*omega(1,1));
Sd2=ah2/(omega(2,2)*omega(2,2));
Sd3=ah3/(omega(3,3)*omega(3,3));
Sd4=ah4/(omega(4,4)*omega(4,4));
d1=C1*Sd1*[V(1,1);V(2,1);V(3,1);V(4,1)];
d2=C2*Sd2*[V(1,2);V(2,2);V(3,2);V(4,2)];
d3=C3*Sd3*[V(1,3);V(2,3);V(3,3);V(4,3)];
d4=C4*Sd4*[V(1,4);V(2,4);V(3,4);V(4,4)];
a1=C1*ah1*[V(1,1);V(2,1);V(3,1);V(4,1)];
a2=C2*ah2*[V(1,2);V(2,2);V(3,2);V(4,2)];
a3=C3*ah3*[V(1,3);V(2,3);V(3,3);V(4,3)];
a4=C4*ah4*[V(1,4);V(2,4);V(3,4);V(4,4)];
A1=sqrt(a1(1,1)*a1(1,1)+a2(1,1)*a2(1,1)+a3(1,1)*a3(1,1)+a4(1,1)*a4(1,1));
A2=sqrt(a1(2,1)*a1(2,1)+a2(2,1)*a2(2,1)+a3(2,1)*a3(2,1)+a4(2,1)*a4(2,1));
A3=sqrt(a1(3,1)*a1(3,1)+a2(3,1)*a2(3,1)+a3(3,1)*a3(3,1)+a4(3,1)*a4(3,1));
A4=sqrt(a1(4,1)*a1(4,1)+a2(4,1)*a2(4,1)+a3(4,1)*a3(4,1)+a4(4,1)*a4(4,1));
A=[A1;A2;A3;A4]
D1=sqrt(d1(1,1)*d1(1,1)+d2(1,1)*d2(1,1)+d3(1,1)*d3(1,1)+d4(1,1)*d4(1,1)
);
D2=sqrt(d1(2,1)*d1(2,1)+d2(2,1)*d2(2,1)+d3(2,1)*d3(2,1)+d4(2,1)*d4(2,1)
);

71
D3=sqrt(d1(3,1)*d1(3,1)+d2(3,1)*d2(3,1)+d3(3,1)*d3(3,1)+d4(3,1)*d4(3,1)
);
D4=sqrt(d1(4,1)*d1(4,1)+d2(4,1)*d2(4,1)+d3(4,1)*d3(4,1)+d4(4,1)*d4(4,1)
);
Storey displacements D=[D1;D2;D3;D4]
Q1=A (1,1)*m(1,1);
Q2=A (2,1)*m(2,2);
Q3=A (3,1)*m(3,3);
Q4=A (4,1)*m(4,4);
Storey Shear Q=[Q1;Q2;Q3;Q4]

OUTPUT RESULTS
Time Period (Sec)
0.305 0 0 0
0 0.106 0 0
0 0 0.070 0
0 0 0 0.058
Frequency (Hz)
3.27 0 0 0
0 9.43 0 0
0 0 14.24 0
0 0 0 17.17
Storey Displacements(m)
0.00033
0.00030
0.00022
0.00012
Storey Shear(KN)
8.385
9.039
7.679

72
 5.405

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