Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Computer Aided Power System

Analysis Power System Stability

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability Power System Stability

Power System Stability :

The power system stability can be classified as :
The power system stability is defined as the ability of
the power system to return to synchronism ( State of • Voltage Stability
operating equilibrium) being subjected to some • Frequency Stability
disturbance . • Angle Stability

• Switching operations of load

• line transient

The power system stability is also known as

synchronous stability
Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability

Depending on the nature of disturbance ,

The Angle stability can be classified as :
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• Steady State Stability
• Transient Stability Sangeeta Modi
• Dynamic Stability
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
smodi@pes.edu

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Computer Aided Power System
Analysis Power System Stability

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability
The power system stability can be classified as :
• Voltage Stability
• Frequency Stability
• Angle Stability
Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability
Steady-state stability
The steady-state stability of a power system
is defined as the ability of the system to
bring itself back to its normal configuration
or operating Equilibrium following a small
and slow disturbance in the power system
network.
• Normal Load Fluctuation
Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability
Depending on the nature of disturbance ,
The Angle stability can be classified as :
• Steady State Stability
• Transient Stability
• Dynamic Stability
Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability
Steady state stability studies generally deals with
a single machine (synchronous generator) or the
equivalent to a few machines connected to an
infinite bus undergoing small and slow
disturbances.
The study includes the behavior of the machine
under small incremental changes in operating
conditions about an operating point on small
variation in parameters
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Assumption – Power Angle Curve Power System Stability – Circuit Model of Synchronous Generator

Pre-requisite :
• Mechanical power input to the machine (Pm)
remains constant during the period of
electromechanical transient.

• The generated machine emf remains

constant

Reference : Power System Analysis by Nagrath and Kothari ,

Page Number - 111

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Power Angle Curve Power System Stability – Power Angle Curve

Assuming Line to be loss less :

R – neglected

R – neglected

Reference : Power System Analysis by Nagrath and Kothari ,

Page Number - 444
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Power Angle Curve Power System Stability

Power angle curve – widely used in power system stability studies.

Transient stability :
The transient ability refers to the ability of
the system to reach a stable condition
following a large disturbance in the network
condition.
• Sudden Application or removal of load.
• Switching operation
• Line faults etc…

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Power System Stability

Dynamic stability :
The Dynamic stability refers to the ability of the THANK YOU
system to reach a stable condition following a
frequent slow and small disturbances in the Sangeeta Modi
network condition. Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
Denotes the artificial stability given to an smodi@pes.edu
inherently unstable systems by automatic control
devices whereas static stability refers to inherent
stability that prevails in the system without the
application of automatic control devices.
 Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Computer Aided Power System
Analysis Power System Stability

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Network Performance Equations Power System Buses and Network Equations
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Load Representation Power System Stability – Load Representation

• Constant Power Representation – For load flow Analysis

Reference : Power System Analysis by Nagrath
and Kothari , Page Number - 122

• Constant Current Representation – For solving network

problems

• Constant impedance Representation- For Fault Analysis

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Computer Aided Power System
Analysis Power System Stability

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Network Performance Equations Power System Buses

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Power System Buses and Network Equations

THANK YOU

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
smodi@pes.edu
 Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Computer Aided Power System
Analysis Power System Stability

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability Power System Stability

The ability of a power system network to The ability of a power system network to
develop restoring forces equal to or greater develop restoring forces equal to or greater
than the disturbing forces to maintain the state than the disturbing forces to maintain the state
of equilibrium is known as “STABILITY”. of equilibrium is known as “STABILITY”.
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability Power System Stability- Swing Equation

Transient stability : The equation describing the relative motion is known

The transient ability refers to the ability of as the swing equation, which is a non-linear second
the system to reach a stable condition order differential equation that describes the swing of
following a large disturbance in the network the rotor of synchronous machine.
condition.
• Sudden Application or removal of load.
• Switching operation
• Line faults etc…

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation Power System Stability – Swing Equation – Transient Stability

A power system network consists of a number of

synchronous generators operating synchronously
under all operating conditions.
Under normal operating conditions, the relative
position of the rotor axis and the resultant magnetic
field axis is fixed. The angle between the two is known
as the power angle or torque angle.
• The behavior of a synchronous machine
during transients is described by the swing
equation .
• The stability problem is about determination
of whether or not load angle or torque angle
will stabilize after a disturbance.

During any disturbance, the rotor decelerates or

accelerates with respect to the synchronously rotating
air gap magnetomotive force, creating relative
motion.
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation – Transient Stability Power System Stability – Swing Equation

• System Resistances – may be neglected

• The generator has cylindrical rotor
• The system may be reduced to two machine system
Consider a synchronous generator developing
• Each machine is connected to infinite bus
an electromagnetic torque Te while operating
• The shaft output power is assumed constant
at the synchronous speed ws.

The stability problem is about determination If the input torque provided by the prime
of whether or not load angle or torque angle mover, at the generator shaft is Tm , then under
will stabilize after a disturbance. steady state conditions
Reference : Power System Analysis by Nagrath and Kothari ,
Page Number – 437

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability Power System Stability

• Accelerating torque (Ta) :

‘Ta’ is the product of the moment of inertia of the rotor times its
angular acceleration

• Under steady‐state operation of generator Tm and Te are

equal, so ‘Ta’ is zero.
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation Power System Stability – Swing Equation

Or

It describes the rotor dynamics for a

synchronous machine.
Pm and Pe are mechanical power and electromagnetic power

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation Power System Stability – Swing Equation

Relation between electrical power angle δ and

mechanical power angle δm

and

Relation between electrical speed and

mechanical speed

Where P is the pole number

 THANK YOU Computer Aided Power System
Sangeeta Modi
Analysis
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
smodi@pes.edu Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Power System Stability – Swing Equation – For multimachine system

Consider a power plant with two generators connected to the

same bus which is electrically remote from network disturbances.
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Machine / Generators are swinging in unison manner

Power System Stability

Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation Power System Stability – Swing Equation – Numerical Solution

The transient stability analysis requires the Step by step Solution :

solution of a system of coupled non-linear
differential equations. In general, no analytical • The accelerating power is calculated at the
solution of these equations exists. beginning of each new interval.

However, techniques are available to obtain

approximate solution of such differential
equations by numerical methods

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Power System Stability – Swing Equation

Some of the commonly used numerical

THANK YOU techniques for the solution of the swing
equation are:

Sangeeta Modi • Euler Method

Department of Electrical • Modified Euler Method
and Electronics Engineering • Runge Kutta Method
smodi@pes.edu • Milne’s Predictor Corrector methods
• Step by step method etc…
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation – Numerical Solution Power System Stability – Swing Equation – Numerical Solution

The differential equations to be solved in power

system stability analysis are nonlinear ordinary
differential equations with known initial values:

where x is the state vector of n dependent

variables and t is the independent variable
(time). Our
objective is to solve x as a function of t, with
the initial values of x and t equal to x0 and t0
respectively.

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Solution of swing equation Power System Stability – Numerical solution of swing equation

Euler Method :

Solution of the equation will be of this form :

Reference : Computer Aided Power System Analysis by E D Stagg- 437 , and

Online class session, https://pdfslide.net/documents/computer-methods-in-
power-system-analysis-stagg-el-abiad.html
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Swing Equation Power System Stability

Modified Euler Method :

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability Power System Stability

Runge Kutta Method :

The Runge Kutta methods approximate the

Taylor series solution
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability Power System Stability

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Example Power System Stability – Example
Computer Aided Power System Analysis Computer Aided Power System Analysis
Power System Stability – Example Power System Stability – Example

Computer Aided Power System Analysis

Power System Stability – Example

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Sangeeta Modi
Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering
smodi@pes.edu