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LCL Filter Design and Performance Analysis For Grid Interconnected Systems
LCL Filter Design and Performance Analysis For Grid Interconnected Systems
Abstract--The use of power converters is very important in IEEE-519 and IEEE-1547 [5], [6]. However, it has been
maximizing the power transfer from renewable energy sources observed that there is very little information available
such as wind, solar, or even a hydrogen-based fuel cell to the describing the systematic design of LCL filters. In order to
utility grid. A LCL filter is often used to interconnect an inverter
design an effective LCL filter it is necessary to have
to the utility grid in order to filter the harmonics produced by the
inverter. Even though there is an extensive amount of literature appropriate mathematical model of the filter. In this paper, the
available describing LCL filters, there has been a gap in output filter modeling, filter-designing procedures, and
providing a systematic design methodology. Furthermore, there considerations of the passive damping requirements will be
has been a lack of a state-space mathematical modeling approach thoroughly discussed.
that considers practical cases of delta and wye connected The objective of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive
capacitors showing their effects on possible grounding
analysis and modeling of the three-phase LCL filter for non-
alternatives. This paper describes a design methodology of a LCL
filter for grid-interconnected inverters along with a galvanic isolated inverters, suitable for wind energy or
comprehensive study of how to mitigate harmonics. The photovoltaic applications. Two configurations of three-phase
procedures and techniques described in this paper may be used full-bridge dc/ac inverter are compared; first a set of wye-
in small-scale renewable energy conversion systems and may also connected filter capacitors with damping, and second a delta-
be retrofitted for medium and large-scale grid connected systems. connected filter output connection.
Index Terms--filter; harmonics; inverter; power quality; pulse
II. SYSTEM MODELING
width-modulated (PWM) inverters;
A. Per-Phase Equivalent Modeling of a LCL Filter
I. INTRODUCTION The following per-phase equivalent model has been fully
Voltage source inverters (VSI) are used for energy described in an earlier paper written by the authors [7]. The
conversion from a DC source to an AC output, both in a stand- LCL filter model is shown in Fig.1, where is the inverter-
alone mode or when connected to the utility grid. A filter is side inductor, is the grid-side inductor, is a capacitor
required between a VSI and the grid, imposing a current-like with a series damping resistor, and are inductors
performance for feedback control and reducing harmonics of resistances, voltages and are the input and output
the output current. A simple series inductor can be used, but
(inverter voltage and output system voltage). A functional
the harmonic attenuation is not very pronounced. In addition, a
block diagram for the grid connected inverter using this LCL
high voltage drop is produced and the inductor required in the
filter is shown in Fig.2.
design is very bulky [1].
Commonly a high-order LCL filter has been used in place
of the conventional L-filter for smoothing the output currents
from a VSI [1], [2]. The LCL filter achieves a higher
attenuation along with cost savings, given the overall weight
and size reduction of the components. LCL filters have been
used in grid-connected inverters and pulse-width modulated
Fig. 1 LCL filter per phase model.
active rectifiers [1]-[3], because they minimize the amount of
current distortion injected into the utility grid [4]. Good Currents , , are inverter output current, capacitor
performance can be obtained in the range of power levels up current, and grid current, respectively. The discussion begins
to hundreds of kW, with the use of small values of inductors with a brief summary of the two possible configurations for
and capacitors [3]. The higher harmonic attenuation of the the LCL filter.
LCL filter allows the use of lower switching frequencies to
meet harmonic constraints as defined by standards such as,
2
" !6#
by the matrix expression (2):
?@ >?@ > ?@ ?@ *
* +* *
& ) & ) -
% ( % * ( *
" C<= C <= !7#
( . / " 0- 1 2 3 (2)
* +*, ?@
% ( %
<=
% ( % (
$ ' - - -
$ '
A A
45 64 " 78 (3) ! # !8#
C. Delta Connected Capacitors ! " #
analyzed in the 9:;stationary frame with the circuit in Fig.3. FC<= C= C < GH I F <G
H
I
A LCL filter with delta connected capacitors can be
<= =
FC <= C = C < GH I F <G
H
where
The voltages and currents can be formulated as given by <= = .
equations (4) and (5).
% (
LAKA -AKA LAKA '
*
$
where <= < = and <= < =.
MKM
-AKA
& ) C
LAKA ( , 8 C
7 % NC O ,J PL Q
% ( L
LAKA '
MK
$ MKA
MK
3
-I i.e.
voltage is assumed to be an ideal voltage source capable of
dumping all the harmonic frequencies. If one sets
conditions for current-controlled inverters, the transfer
function of LCL filter (neglecting damping) is:
R !S#
T U +! + #T
(9)
RV !S#
* T+
TU+ ! + #* T +! + #T
(10)
The Bode plots of the LCL filter without and with damping
are shown in Fig.4. The insertion of a series resistance with
the capacitor eliminates the gain spike, smoothing the overall
response and rolling-off to -180 degrees for high frequency,
instead of - 270 degrees. It is possible to observe in this Bode
diagram, that the closed loop bandwidth must be within 1000
Hz where the phase shift is around -90 degrees.
b f gh
(12)
kL !1 q#qrT^
>no
lmK A
(13)
The algorithm for designing the LCL filter is indicated in SPWM inverter).
kL
>no
lmK s tu
(14)
4
where is the inverter side inductor. A 1-% ripple of the IV. LCL FILTER DESIGN EXAMPLE
rated current for the design parameters is given by: This section shows a step-by-step procedure used to design
kL -.1LlmK
a wye capacitor configuration. The specifications are:ŒZ
lmK 12-w3 C - line to line RMS voltage, Y= YZ 5 ĥ- rated
(15)
active power, C[ 4-- C- DC-link voltage, ˆ 2‘6--grid
angular frequency, ˆT^ 15ƒR’ - switching frequency,
where
>no
3-7”• respectively (parameters are shown in Table I).
s tu z{|}~•
(17)
2.23qR
The LCL filter should reduce the expected current ripple to 1. Using 10% allowed ripple equation (15) gives an
ƒm
!X#
(21), gives \_`T 645-ƒR’ which meets condition
4. Putting all calculated parameters of , and into
!X# € +_• h ftu K‚€
(18)
from (22).
„… +
connection.
~
^tu
(19) 6. The construction of the inductors was defined using
the software available on web site of the Magnetics®
where, ƒm is the desired attenuation. -.-1 ÷ -.-5 b .
Company [10] and presented in Table II.
! #/ C.
z
inverter side and the one at the grid side: values when measuring voltage, current and times
‡ z
with an oscilloscope and computing
(20)
\
TESTED SYSTEM PARAMETERS
\T^
evaluating the transfer function of the filter at a particular Grid frequency 60Hz
C
Nominal Power 5kW
C[
Phase grid voltage 120V
of the ripple on the switching frequency in order to avoid the DC link Voltage 400V
resonance. The value of this resistor should be one third of the Inverter side inductor 2.33qR
ˆ_`T
+
„
TABLE II
(21) INDUCTORS PARAMETERS
Parameter
simulation environment as shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7, the same hardware implementation using a Hardware-In-the-Loop
simulation structure has been implemented in the hardware. dSPACE 1104 system [11]. Both voltage and current control
The sampling time and simulation step-size is 0.5”S, whereas systems for stand-alone and grid-connected mode are
TABLE IV
ACTUAL FILTER PARAMETERS
2.33qR
Inverter side inductor
Custom design
0.045qR
Grid side inductor
Custom design
MKP C4BT,
Capacitor filter,Δ
700 VAC, 5”•
Sand Stone, Fig.12 Capacitor current.
Damping Resistor,Δ
2Ω, 20W
REFERENCES