D OE A D FF E t R N t l V

If y = f(z), the derivative of y or f(x) with respect to z is defined as

13.1 ~ = lim f(X+ ‘) - f(X) = a f + A - fi ( ~ (r ~ ) ~

d hX +h O Ax-.O Ax

where h = AZ. The derivative is also denoted by y’, dfldx or f(x). The process of taking a derivative is
called di#e~eAiatiotz.

G R E O D l N F t t E F k R F E A E S

In the following, U, v, w are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants [restricted if indicated]; e = 2.71828. . .

is the natural base of logarithms; In IL is the natural logarithm of u [i.e. the logarithm to the base e] where
it is assumed that u > 0 and a11 angles are in radians.

1 g(e) =3 0 . 2

1 &x) =
3 c . 3

1 3 . 4

1 3 . 5

1 & =
3 c . c 6 gu )

1 & 3= u v . u 7 gv g ) +
1 $-(uvw)
3 = uv- 2 + .
uw-
dv
dx
+ vw-
du
dx
8

du _ v(duldx) - u(dv/dx)
1 3 . 9
dx v V Z
-H -

1 - 3z & & z n $ . j 1 0

du _ dv du
1 3
- -(Chai?
. rule) 1 1
ijii - du dx

du
-=- 1
1 3 . 1 2
dx dxfdu

dy dyidu
1 3 . 1 3
z = dxfdu

5 3
54 DERIVATIVES

AL”>. 1

_. .i ” .,

d du du
13.14 -sinu = 13.17 &cotu = -csck&
dx cos YG

13.15 $cosu = -sinu$ 13.18 &swu = secu tanus

13.16 &tanu = sec2u$ 13.19 -&cscu = -cscucotug

13.20 -& sin-1 u

=$=$
-%< sin-‘u < i
1
13.21 &OS-~, = -1du
[O < cos-lu < z-1
qciz dx

13.22 &tan-lu = LJ!!+

1 + u2 dx C
-I < tan-lu < t
1
13.23 &cot-‘u = +& [O < cot-1 u < Tr]

1 du if 0 < set-lu < 7712

13.24 &sec-‘u =
ju/&zi zi = if 7712 < see-lu < r
I

1
- if 0 < csc-l u < 42
13.25 & csc-124 =
+ if --r/2 < csc-1 u < 0

13.26 d
-log,u = ~l’Xae -du
dx a#O,l
u dx

13.27 &lnu = -&log,u = ig

13.28 $a~ = aulna;<

13.29 feu = d"

TG

du dv
fPlnu-&[v lnu] = vuv-l~ + uv lnu-
dx

13.31 gsinhu = eoshu:: 13.34 2 cothu = - cschzu ;j

du
13.32 &oshu = sinh u dx 13.35 f sech u = - sech u tanh u 5
dx

13.33 $ tanh u = sech2 u 2 13.36 A!- cschu = - csch u coth u 5

dx dx
 DERIVATIVES 55

d
13.37 - sinh-1 u = ~
dx

+ if cash-1 u > 0, u > 1

13.38
d
-dx cash-lu = ~ - if cash-1 u < 0, u > 1 1
d 1 du
13.39 -tanh-1 u = -- [-1 < u < 11
dx 1 - u2 dx

13.40 -coth-lu
d = -- 1 du
dx dx [u > 1 or u < -11
1 _ u2

13.41 71 [ - if sech-1 u > 0, 0 < u < 1

-&sech-lu =
u-z
du
+ if sech-lu<O, O<u<l 1
13.42 - d csch-‘u = -1 du
[- if u > 0, + if u < 0]
dx

HIGHER DERtVATlVES

The second, third and higher derivatives are defined as follows.

13.43 Second derivative = d dy d’y = f”(x) = y”

ZTz 0 =a

13.44 Third derivative = &

13.45 nth derivative f’“‘(x) II y(n)

LEIBNIPI’S RULE FOR H26HER DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCTS

Let Dp stand for the operator & so that D*u = :$!& = the pth derivative of u. Then

13.46 D+.w) = uD% + ; (D%)(D”-2~) + ... + wDnu

0
where 0n 0n are the binomial coefficients [page 31.
1 ’ 2 ‘...
As special cases we have

13.47

13.48

DlFFERENT1ALS

Let y = f(x) and Ay = f(x i- Ax) - f(x). Then

AY f(x + Ax) - f(x) = f/(x) + e =
13.49
x2= Ax
where e -+ 0 as Ax + 0. Thus
13.50 AY = f’(x) Ax -t rzAx

If we call Ax = dx the differential of x, then we define the differential of y to be

13.51 dv = j’(x) dx
56 DERIVATIVES

RULES FOR DlFFERENf4ALS

The rules for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatives. As examples we observe that

13.52 d(u 2 v * w -c . ..) = du?dvkdwe...

13.53 d(uv) = udv + vdu

d2 = vdu - udv
13.54
0 V 212
13.55 d(e) = nun- 1 du

13.56 d(sinu) = cos u du

13.57 d(cosu) = - sinu du

i” _^.1
I

:“” _
PARTIAL DERf,VATIVES

Let f(x, y) be a function of the two variables x and y. Then we define the partial derivative of f(z, y)
with respect to x, keeping y constant, to be

13.58 af lim fb + Ax, Y) - f&y)

az= Ax-.0 Ax

Similarly the partial derivative of f(x,y) with respect to y, keeping x constant, is defined to be

13.59 2 - lim fb, Y + AY) - fb, Y)

dY AY'O AY

Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows.

@f a af a2f a af
13.60 -= a1/2=
a22 TGFG'
0 7~ 0 ay

a2f a df a2f a af
13.61 -=---
axay ax 0 ay 9 -=ayiG
ayax 0
The results in 13.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous, i.e. in such
case the order of differentiation makes no difference.
The differential of f(x,y) is defined as
df = $dx + $dy

where dx =Ax and dy = Ay.

Extension to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.
 If 2 = f(z), then y is the function whose derivative is f(z) and is called the anti-derivative of f(s)
or the indefinite integral of f(z), denoted by f (4 dx. Similarly if y = f (4 du, then $ = f(u).
s S
Since the derivative of a constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant.
For the definition of a definite integral, see page 94. The process of finding an integral is called
integration.

In the following, u, v, w are functions of x; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated;

e = 2.71828. . . is the natural base of logarithms; In u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed
that u > 0 [in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace In u by In ]u]]; all angles
are in radians; all constants of integration are omitted but implied.

14.1 adz = ax
S

14.2 uf(x) dx = a f(x) dx

S S

14.3 (ukz)kwk . ..)dx = _(‘udx ” svdx * .(‘wdx * ...

S

14.4 udv = WV - vdu [Integration by parts]

S S

For generalized integration by parts, see 14.48.

14.5
Sf(m) dx =
aSf(u) du
1
-

F(u)
14.6 F{fWl dx = S
F(u)2 du = f’(z) du where u = f(z)
S S

.&a+1
14.7 undu = - n#-1 [For n = -1, see 14.81
S n-t 1’

du
14.8 -= In u if u > 0 or In (-u) if u < 0
S U

= In ]u]

14.9 eu du = eu
S

eUl”Ll
14.10
s audu =
S @Ina& = -=-
In a
au
In a ’
a>O, a#1

57
58 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.11 sinu du = - cos u

I‘

cosu du = sin u

14.13 tanu du = In secu = -In cosu

I‘

14.14 cot u du = In sinu

14.15 see u du = In (set u + tan u) = In tan

14.16 csc u du = ln(cscu- cotu) = In tan;

I‘

14.17 sec2 u du = tanu

.I'

14.18 * csc2udu = -cotu

I

14.19
S tanzudu = tanu - u

14.20
S cot2udu = -cotu - u

sin 2u
S
U
14.21 sin2udu = - - - = #u - sin u cos u)
2 4

sin 2u
14.22 ' co532u du = ;+T = j&u + sin u cos u)
s

14.23
S secutanu du = secu

14.24 cscucotudu = -cscu

s

14.25
S sinhu du = coshu

14.26
I‘ coshu du = sinh u

14.27
I‘ tanhu du = In coshu

14.28 J coth u du = In sinh u

14.29
S sechu du = sin-1 (tanh u) or 2 tan-l eU

14.30
S csch u du = In tanh; or - coth-1 eU

14.31 J sechzudu = tanhu

14.32
I‘ csch2 u du = - coth u

14.33 tanh2u du = u - tanhu

s
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 59

14.34
S cothe u du = u - cothu

sinh 2u u
14.35
S sinheudu = ---
4 2
= +(sinh u cash u - U)

sinh 2u
14.36
S coshs u du = ___
4
i- t = Q(sinh u cash u + U)

14.37
S sech u tanh u du = - sech u

14.38 csch u coth u du = - csch u

s
du
14.39
S ___
u’ + CL2
=

14.40
S u2 >a2
14.41 S - = u2 < a2

14.42 s
du
14.43 ___ = ln(u+&Zi?) 01‘ sinh-1 t
s @T7

14.44

14.45

14.46

14.47

14.48
S f(n)g dx = f(n-l,g - f(n-2)gJ + f(n--3)gfr - . . . (-1)” s fgcn) dx

This is called generalized integration by parts.

Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution

and formula 14.6, page 57. The following list gives some transformations and their effects.

14.49
S F(ax+ b)dx =
1
-
a S F(u) du where u = ax + b

14.50
S F(ds)dx = i
S u F(u) du where u = da

14.51
S F(qs) dx = f
S u-1 F(u) du where u = qs

14.52
S F(d=)dx =
S a F(a cos u) cos u du where x = a sin u

14.53
S F(dm)dx =
S a F(a set u) sec2 u du where x = atanu
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.54 F(d=) dx = a F(a tan u) set u tan u du where x = a set u

I‘ s

14.55 F(eax) dx = $
I‘ s

14.56 F(lnx) dz = F(u) e” du where u = In 5

s s

14.57 s F (sin-l:) dx = oJ F(u) cosu du where u = sin-i:

Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

14.58 du
F(sin x, cosx) dx = 2 - where u = tan:
s 1 + u?

Pages 60 through 93 provide a table of integrals classified under special types. The remarks given on
page 5’7 apply here as well. It is assumed in all cases that division by zero is excluded.

dx
14.59 ‘, In (ax + a)
s as=

xdx X b
14.60 - = - - ;E- In (ax + 5)
ax + b a

(ax + b)2
2b(az3+ b, + $ In (ax + b)
--ix---

x3 dx (ax + b)s 3b(ax + b)2 + 3b2(ax + b) _ b3

14.62
S i&T-%$- ---m---- 2a4 a4
2 In (ax + b)

dx
14.63
S z(az =

dx
14.64
S x2(ax + b) =

dx
14.65
I‘ x3(ax+ b) =

dx -1
14.66
S ~(ax + b)2 = a(ux + b)

x dx
14.67
S ~(ax + b)2
= a2(af+ b)+ $ In(ax+ b)
14.68 x2 dx ax + b b2
Sm = --- a3 a3(ax + b)
- $ In (ax + b)

x3 dx (ax + b)2 _ 3b(ax + b) + bs

14.69
S (ax
~
+ b)2
=
2a4 a4 aJ(ax + b)
+ z In (ax + b)

dx
14.70
S x(ax + b)2

S
dX
14.71
xqax + by
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 61

dx (ax + b)2 + 3a(az + b) _ 3

14.72
s x3(az+ b)2 = -2b4X2 b4x b4(:3c+ b)
dx -1
14.73
s ~(ax + b)3 = 2(as+ b)2
x dx -1 b
14.74 ~ =
s (ax + b)3 a2(as + b) + 2a2(ax + b)2

14.75
S x2 ~
dx
(ax + b)a
= 2b
a3(az+ b) -
b2
2a3(ax+ b)2
+ +3 In (as + b)

x3 dx
14.76
S ~(ax + b)3 = 5-
3b2
u4(ux + 6) +
b3
2u4(ax+ by
- 2 In (ax + b)

dx 6x2 2ux
14.77
x(ax + bJ3 = 2b3(ux + b)2 - b3(ax + b)

dx
14.78
S x2@ + bJ3 = 2b2(u;a+ b)2 -
2u
b3(ux + b)

14.79
S
dx
x3(ux + bJ3 =
a4x2
2b5(ux + b)2 -
4u3x
b5(ux + b) -

14.80
S (ax+ b)ndx =
(ax + b)n+l
(n+l)a *
If n = -1, see 14.59.

14.81
S x(ux + b)ndx =
(ax + b)n+2
~-
(n + 2)u2
- b(ux + b)n+l
(n+l)u2 ' nZ-1*--2

If n = -1, -2, see 14.60, 14.67.

14.82
SX~(UX + b)n dx =
(n
(ax + b)n+3
+ 3)a3
_ 2b(ux +. b)n+2
(n+ 2)u3
+ b2(ux + b)n+’
(nfl)u3
If n = -l,-2,-3, see 14.61, 14.68, 14.75.

xm+l(ax + b)n + nb
m+n+l mfnfl S xm(ux + b)n-1 dx

14.83
S x”‘(ux t b)” dx = xm(ux
(m + n
+ b)n+’
+ 1)~
_ mb
(m + n + 1)~ .f
xm--l(ux + b)“dx

-xm+l(ux+b)n+l
(n + 1)b
+
(n S
m+n+2
+ 1)b
xm(ux + b)“+’ dx
62 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.89 dzbdx = “7
s

14.90 xd-6 dx = 2(3a;z; 2b’ l&a@

s

14.91 x%/G dx = 2(15a’x2 ;$a;bx + 8b2) ,,m3

s

‘&zT dx
14.92 dx = 2d&3 + b [See 14.871
J s x&zz
&dx = &zTT dx
14.93 +; [See 14.871
s x2 X s X&iZT
2LlFqz 2mb
14.94
s &T” = (2m + 1)~ - (2m + 1)a s dXGb dx

dx \/azfb _ (2m - 3)a

14.95 = -
s X+GT3 (m - l)bxm-1 (2m - 2)b s x-l:=

14.96 xmd= dx = t2;$8,, (as + b)3’2 - c2;“+b3,a X~-QL-TTdX

s s

&iTx &&x5
14.97
.(‘ Xm dx = - (m-l)xm-’ + 2(mf 1) s
x--l:LTT

l/zT-ii -(ax + b)3/2 _ (2m - 5)a &GTT

14.98 s
-----dx =
gm--1 dx
Xm (m - l)bxm-’ (2m - 2)b s

14.99 2(ax + b)(“‘+z)lz

c (ax + b)m’2 dx =
a(m + 2)

14.100 = 2(ax + b)(“‘+Q/z 2b(ux + b)(m+z)/z

x(ax + b)““z dcv
s a2(mf4) - aym + 2)

= 2(ax + b)(m+s)lz _ 4b(ux + b)(m+4)/2 + 2b2(ax + b)(“‘+2)‘2

14.101 z2(ax + b)m’2 dx
s u3(m -I- 6) a3(m+ 4) u3(m+ 2)

(as +xbP”2 dx = ~(CLX + b)““z + b (ax + b)(m-2)/2 dx

14.102
s m s X

(ax + b)m’z (ax + b)(m+2)‘2 (ax + b)m’2

14.103
S X2
dx = -
bx
+z
S X
dx

dx 2 1 dx
14.104
S x(ux + b)m/2 = (m - Z)b(ax + b)(m-2)/2 ’ 5S x(ax + b)(“‘--2)/z

>:“:
INTEGRALS INVOLVfNC c&z + b AND p;z! + q

dx
14.105
(ax + b)(w + d
x dx
14.106 = & g In (ax+ b) - % In (px+ q)
. (‘ (ax + b)(px + d

14.107
S dx
(ax + b)2bx + d

xdx
14.108
S (ax + b)2(px + 4

x2 ds
b(bp ,Z 2uq) In (uz + b)
14’109 j- (ax + b)z(px + q) = (bp - aq;&ux+ b) + (b- ’ ad2
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
63

dx -1 1
14.110
I’ (ax + bpqpx + qp = (Yz - l)(bp - aq) (ax + b)+l(pz + q)“-’
1
+ a(m+n-2) dx
s (ax + bpqpx + q)n-1
ax + b
14.111 -dds = 7 + yh(px+q)
s PX + Q

-1 (ax + bp+’
(N - l)(bp - uq) (px + q)“-l + (x-m - va ,E++q;!Tl dx
1 s
>
(ax + bp
14.112 -1 (ax + bp (ax + b)m- 1
s (px+ q)n dx = (m - m - l)p (px + q)n-l + m@p - aq)
{ s (px+ 4” dx
>

(ax + ap (ax + by-1

I
(n--:)p
i
(pxtqy-1 - mu S (px + qy- l dx1
\

14.113
S -E!C&.Y
d&zT
dx = 2(apx+3aq-2bp)Gb
3u2

14.114
s (Px + 9) &ii-G
dx

14.115 Jgdx =

2(px + q)n+ l d&T?

14.116 (px + q)” dn~ dx = I b - aq (Px + q)” dx
s (2n + 3)P (2n + 3)P s dn

dx daxi-b
14.117
S (px + 9)” &z-i = (n - l)(aq - bp)(px + q)n-l + 2(n ‘“^I),;)” bp) s
(px + q)n-1
dx
&-TT
2(px + q)n &iTT
14.118
S -bx + dn dx
da
=
(2n + 1)u
+ 2n(aq - W
(2n + 1)a s
* (px + q)“-
&ii%
l dx

&zTiT -&m 1
14.119 Smdx = dx
(n - l)p(pz + qy- l + 2(n ” 1)p s
(px + qp-’ ~GzT

INTEBRAES INVOLVING ds AND J/K

&ln(dGFG+~)
14.120
S, dx
(ax + b)(w + q')
ZI

xdx dbx + b)(px + 4 dx

14.121 = b + w
(ax + b)(px + q) UP --x&T-
(ax + b)(w + q)
64 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

dx
14.122 (ax + b)(px + q) dx =
. (ax + b)(px + 4

14.123 .(' j/sdx = ‘@‘+ y(px+q) + vj- (ax+;(px+q)

2&izi
14.124
(aq - W d%=i

lNTEGRALS INVOLVtNO x’ + a2

14.125 s--$$ = $I-'~

14.126 J-$$$ = + In (x2 + a2)

14.127 J$$ = x - a tan-13c a

14.128 s& = $ - $ln(x2+az)

‘4-l 30 J x2(x?+ ($2) =

---
six
+3 tan-l:

--
1
14.131 J x3(x?+a2) = 2a2x2

14.132 J (x2d;Ga2)2 = 2a2(xf+ a2) + &3 tan-':

14.137
dx --- 1 x -- 2:5 tan-l:
S x2(x2 + c&2)2 = a4x 2a4(x2 + a2)
dx -~ 1 - 1
14.138 2a4x2 2a4(x2 + u2)
S x3(x2 + a2)2 =

X 2n - 3 dx
14.139
S (x2d+za2)n = 2(n - l)a2(x2 + a2)%-* + (2n- 2)a2 S (x2 + a2)n-1

xdx -1
14.140
S (~2 + a2)n= 2(n - 1)(x2 + a2)n-1
dx 1 dx
14.141
S x(x2 + a2)” = 2(12 - l)a2(x2 + uy--1
+ $ S x(x2 + a2)n-1
xm dx xm--2 dx x*--2 dx
14.142
. (x2+ a2)" = S (x2 + a2)n-l - a2 S (x2 + a2)"
dx 1 dx -- 1 dx
14.143 2 S 33x2 + a2)n--1 a2 S xme2(x2 + a2)”
S x9z2+a2)n =
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 65

:INTEORAES INVOLVlNO ix2 - a’, z2 > a2

I.

dx 1
14.144 m= or - a coth-1 ;
*

xdx
14.145 ~ = Jj In (x2 - ~22)
s x2 - a2

14.146
x2 dx
s n--

x3 dx
14.147 $ + $ In (x2 - a2)
s m--

dx
14.148
s x(x2 - a2) =

dx
14.149
s x2(x2 - a2) =

dx __ 1 -
14.150
s x3(x2-a2) = 2a2x2

14.151 Lln z
s (x2?a2)2 = 2a2(sta2) - ~~3
( >

14.152 xdx -1
s (x2 - a2)2 = 2(x2-a2)

14.153 x2 dx
s (x2--2)2 = 2(xFTa2) + &ln

-a2
14.154 ' x3dx
(,Zya2)2 = + i In (x2 - a2)
2(x2 - a‘9

14.155 dx
s x(x2 - a2)2 =

dx -- -
14.156 x2(x2-a2)2 =
s

14.157
S x3(x2-a2)2
dx
= --- 1
2~~4x2 2a4(xi-a2) + $5'"

14.158 S (x2 -
dx
a2)n
=
2(n - 1)u2(x2 - a2)n-1
--x - 2n - 3 s
(2~2 - 2)a2 (x2 -
dx
a2p- 1

14.159 xdx -1
s (X2-a2)n = 2(n - 1)(x2 - a2)n--1

14.160
S - = x(x2
dx
u2)n
-1
2(n - l)dyx2 - dy-1 -
1
az S x(x2- a2)n--1
dx

14.161
S --a?)"
=S(x2
xm dx x77-2 dx
(x2-a2)n-1 + S
a2
xm--2 dx
(x2-a2)n

14.162
S S dx
Xm(X2qp= ,z
1
xm-2(x2
dx
- u2p-S
a? 1
xm(x2-
dx
u2)n-l
66 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

IWTEGRALS tNVOLVlNO u~--~, xz<aa

14.163 ~ dx = or i tanh-I$
S a2 - x2

x dx
14.164 __ = - f In (a2 - x2)
S a2 - x2

x2 dx
14.165
S g-z-p-

x3 dx x2
14.166
Sm = ---2 $ In (a2 - x2)

dx
14.167
S x(a2 - 22)

dx
14.168
S 22(d - 22) =
22
14.169J x3(,Ex2) = -&+ &lln
(
__
a2 - 22>

14.170 S dx 5
(a2-x2)2 = 2a2(a2 - x2)

14.171 S x dx 1
(a2 - x2)2 = 2(a2--x2)

14.172
22 dx
S (&-x2)2 = 2(Lx2) -

x3 dx a2
14.173 + i In (a2 - x2)
S (CL2- x2)2 = 2(&-x2)

14.174 S

14.175 S

14.176 S
- dx
14.177 S (a2 -dx x2)n = qn- l)a2(;2-x2)n-l + (2n2n - 2)a2
3 S (a2 - x2)n-l

xdx 1
14.178
S (a2 - x2)n = 2(n - l)(a2 - x2)n-1

dx - 1 dx
14.179
S x(a2 - x‘p - 2(n - l)a2(a2 - x2)n-1 +f S x(u2 - xy--1

5”’ dx xm -2dx x*-2dx

14.180 = a2
S (,2-x2p S (a2 - x2p - s (a2- x2)n-l

14.181 j- xmc,~xp)n
= +2s xm(a2?z2)n-~ +$f x--$-x2)n
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.182 In (x + &&?) or sinh-1s

a
x dx
14.183 ___ II
S ~~

x2 dx x 7 2 +a
14.184 - = -- a2
2 In(x+@Tz)
S lfzT-2 2

x3 dx (x2 + a2)3/2
14.185 - a2&GZ
S ~I2xz = 3

14.186
S
J/X-
14.187
S .2&F&i = - a22

dx = ~~ a+&3T2
14.188 + k3 In
s x3~~5 -2a2x2 X >

14.189
S + $l(x+~W)

14.190 xdmdx = (x2 + a2)3/2

S 3

x(x2 + a2)312 a2x&T2 a4

14.191 x%jmdx = sln(x+j/~)
s 4 - 8

14.192 ad-g-q dx = (x2 + a2)5/2 _ a2(x2 + a2)3/2

S 5 3

14.193
s =&qgwalIn
&T = --&G-G
14.194
S-dx X2
+ ln(z+drn)

&s-T-z
14.195 S x3
- $a In
a-l-&372
X

dx
14.196
S (x2 + a2)3/2 =
x dx
14.197
s (%2 + a2)3/2 = &is
x2 dx
14.198
.f (x2 + a2)3/2 = d& + ln(x + d&i7)

x3 dx
14.199 = im+a2
s (x2 + a2)3/2 @TTP

14.200 dx 1 a+JZ2
s x(x2 + a2)3/2 = - f In
a2&SiZ ( 2

dx ~~ x
14.201 x2(x2 + a2)3/2 = - ~ a4x -
S a4&FS
S dx -1 3 3 a+&-TS
14.202 -
x3(x2 + a2)3/2 = + s5ln 2
2a2x2&GT 2a4&FiZ
68 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.203
S (x2 + a~)312 dx =
x(x2 +
4
u2)3/2
+ 3&q/~
8
+~a4ln(x+~2TTq

14.204
S x(x2 + u2)3/2 dx = (x2 +
5
u2)5/2

14.205
S x2(x2 + ~2)3/2 ds =
x(x2 +

6
u2)5/2 _ u2x(x2

24
+ u2)3/2

-
u4x@TF2

16
-- ~~ln(~+~2xq

14.206
S x3(x2 + u2)3/2 dx =
(22 +
7
~247’2
-
~2(~2 +
5
~2)5/2

CL+@-TT?
14.207
S (x2 +
X
u2)3/2 dx = (x2+
3
u2)3’2
+ u2@T2 - a3 In
x >

14.208
S (x2 + UT’2
x2
ds = _ (x2 + u2)3’2 + 3x-
x 2
+ 3a2 ln (x + q-&-T&)
2

14.209
S (x2 +

x3
U2)3’2
dx = -
(x2 +
2x2
a2)3/2 U-kdlXS

x >

14.210
s In (x + j/277),
S
5 P--x-a
~ x2 dx
14.211
S &G=z
=
2

’ x3dx
14.212

14.213
s G= 1 5 x2- u2
asec-l
I
X
U I

14.214

@=2
14.215
S = + k3 see-l xU
x3(& 2u2x2 I I
14.216
s dndx = x
7

(x2
x2-a

_ u2)3/2
-$ln(x+dm)

14.217
S xda~dx =
3
x(x2 - a2)3/2
cAq/m~
14.218
Sx2@73 dx =
4 +
8
-- “8” ln(x + +2TS)

14.219
S ,“d~ dx = cx2 -

5
~2)5/2 + ~2(~2 -

3
~2)3/2

14.220 s-dx = dm- a see-l I;1-

 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 69

14.224

14.225
S 22 dx (~2 - a2)3/2 =
-~
&z
+ ln(x+&272)

14.226
S x3 dx
(22 - a2)3/2 = GTZ- - dx2aLa2
dx
14.227
S 4x2 - a2P2 =
-1
a2@qp
1
-- a3 set-1 2
IaI

dx
14.228
S z2(s2 - a2)3/2 = -_
lJZ2
a4x -
a+iGZ
x

14.229
S x3(x2
dx
- a2)3/2 =
1 3 -- 3
2a5 see-l :
Ia I

(~2 - x(x2 - a2)3/2 3a2x&iF2

14.230 &)3/z & z + :a4 In (5 + &372)
S 4 - 8
*
(x2 - a!2)5/2
14.231 x(52 - a2)3/2 dx =
I 5

14.232 x2(99 - a2)3/2 dx =

2(x2 - a2)5/2 a2x(x2 - a2)3/2 - a4x&FS
+ + $ In (z + $X2 - a2 )
S 6 24 16
(22 - a2)7/2 + az(x2 - a2)5/2
14.233 x3(52 - a2)3/2 dx =
S 7 5
@2 _ a2)3/2
14.234
S X
dx = tx2 -
3
a2)3'2 - a2da + a3 set-'
I
c
I
(x2 _ a2)3/2
14.235
S X2
dx = - (x2 -xa2)3'2 + 3xy _ ia ln (1 + da)

@2 - a2)3/2
14.236
S x3
,jx = _ (x2;$33'2 + "y _ ga sec-' [El
a

1NtEORAtS lNVC)LVlNG <%=??

14.237
Sda& = sin-l:

14.238 ____
xdx
= -dGi
@G?
x 7 a-x
___x2 dx
14.239
S ).lm
= -
2

14.240
sjlzz x3 dx
____ = (a2 - x2j312 _
3
a2dpz3i

14.241
a+&KG
X

dx
14.242
Sx743x5
-~ a + I/-X;
14.243 - &3 In
2a2x2 5
70 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.244 + $f sin-l:
s

14.245 xqTF-2 dx =
-ta2 -x2)3/2
s 3

x(a2- x2)3/2 + a2xF + g sin-l g

14.246 x+s-?5 dx = -
s 4 8 8 a

(a2 - x2)5/2 _ a2(a2- x2)3/2

14.247 x3dmdx =
s 5 3

@=z
14.248
S -dx = ~~-CLln
(
a+@=-2
1

14.249
&AT
s ~ x2
dx= _~ _sin-1:
a
x
Wdx= &GT2 a+@=2
14.250
S~ x3
-~
2x2
+ &In
( X >

14.251
S dx
@2ex2)3/2 =
.3Lz2
X

14.252
S xdx
(,2mx2)3/2 =
&A?

x2 dx
14.253
S (a2 ex2)3/2 = * - sin-l-
2
a

14.254
S x3 dx
(a2-x2)3/2 = daz_,Z+d&

dx a+&GS
14.255
S x(a2- x2)3/2 = a2&z
- i31n
( X >

dx diFT1 x
14.256 x2(a2-x2)3/2 =
s 614x a4&iGz

dx 3 a+@?
14.257
S x3(a2-x2)3/2 =
2a2x2@T2
-1
+
2a4&FG
- &51n
( X >

14.258
S($2 - x2)3/2 dx= x(a2 -
4
x2)3/2 + 3a2x&Ci3
8
+ ia4 sin-l:

Sx(&-43/2& = -
(a2-x2)5/2
14.259
5

Sx2(& - &)3/2 ,&= -

x(a2 - x2)5/2 + a2x(a2--2)3/2 + a4xjliGlF a6 . x
14.260 + igsin-l;
6 24 16

14.261
S x2)3/2 dx=
x3(&2 -
(a2 -
7
x2)7/2 _ a2(a2-
5
x2)5/2

14.262 s (a2 -xx2)3'2 dx = (a2 -3x2)3'2 + a2dm - a3 ln (a + y)

3x&z%
14.263
S (a2-
x2
x2)3/2 dx = -(a2-x2)3/2
X
_ 2 _ ;a2sin-1~
a

14.264 s la2 -x;2)3’2 dx = _ ta2 ;x;2)3’2 _ “7 a+&PZ

+ gain
X >
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 71

INTEOiRALS LNVULWNG ax2 f bz + c

2
&LFiP
dx
14.265
s ax2+ bx + c =
2ax + b - \/b2--4ac
$-z In
i( 2ax + b + dn :i
If b2 = 4ac, ax2 + bx + c = a(z + b/2a)2 and the results on pages 60-61 can he used. If b = 0 use
results on page 64. If a or c = 0 use results on pages 60-61.

xdx dx
14.266 = & In (ax2 + bx + c) - $
s ax2 + bx + c s ax2 + bx + c

14.267
x2 dx = --X b2 - 2ac dx
&ln(ax2+bx+c) + T
s ax2 + bx + c a s ax2 + bx + c

x”’ dx x?T-l x”-2 dx -- b ~“-1 dx

14.268
s ax2-t bx+c = (m-l)a
-- C
a s ax2 + bx + c a S ax2 + bx + c

14.269
S x(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)
= $1,
( ax2 + bx + c )
X2 -- b
2c
J
dx
ax2 + bx + c

dx
14.270
s xz(ax2 + bx + c)
= &ln
(
ax2 + bx + c
X2
>
_ 1
cx
I b2 - 2ac
23 S dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.271
S xn(ax2
dx
+ bx + c) = -(n - l)cxn-l
1 -- b
c S x”-l(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)
-- a
c S xnp2(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)

dx
14.272
S (ax2 + bx + c)2 = (4ac -
2ax + 6
b2)(ax2 + bx + c)
+-
2a
4ac - b2, f
dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.273
S x dx
(ax2 + bx + ~$2 = - (4ac -
bx + 2c
b2)(ax2 + bx + c) -4ac
b
S
dx
ax2 + bx + c

$2 dx
14.274
S (ax2 + bx + c)2 =
(b2 - 2ac)x + bc
a(4ac - b2)(ax2 + bx + c)
f-
2c
4ac - b2 S dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.275
S x”’ dx
(ax2 + bx f CP = - (2n - m - l)a(ax2
xWL-l
+ bx + c)n--l ’
(m - 1)~
(2n-m- 1)a s
~“‘-2 dx -
(ax2 + bx + c)n

- (n - m)b xm-1 dx
(2n - m - 1)a s (ax2 + bx + c)fl

14.276
s +bx+c)n= $S(a392f~~3~~)“-I - $S(ax:";;:!+
(m2
x2n--1 dx
-iS x2n-2

(ax2 + bx -t- c)n

dx

14.277
S dx
x(ax2 + bx f c)~ S = S 1
2c(ax2 + bx + c)
-- b
2c
dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2
+$
dx
x(ax2 + bx + c)

14.278
S dx
x2(ax2 f bx + c)~ S = S - cx(ax2
1
+ bx + C)
-- 3a
c
dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2
-- 2b
c x(6x2
dx
+ bx + c)2

14.279
.I xn(ax2
dx
f bx $ c)~ = S -(m - l)cxm-l(ax2
1
+ bx + c)n--l -
(m+2n-3)a
(m - 1)c x-~(ux~
dx
+ bx + c)”

_ (m+n-2)b
Sx~-~(ccx~ (m - 1)~
dx
+ bx + c)n
 72 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

In the following results if b2 = 4ac, \/ ax2 + bx + c = fi(z + b/2a) and the results on uaaes 60-61 can
be used. lf b = 0 use the results on pages 67-70. If a = 0 or c = d use the results on pages 61-62.

$ In (2&dax2 + bx + e + 2ax + b)
ax a
14.280 =
ax2+bx+c
-&sin-l (J;rT4ic) or & sinh-l(~~~c~~2)

14.281

x2 dx
14.282
s, ax2+bx+c

14.283

dx = -
14.284
ax2 + bx + c

(2ax+ b) ax2+ bx+c +4ac-b2 dx

14.285 ax2+bx+cdx =
4a 8a . ax2 + bx + c

14.286 (ax2 + bx + c)3/2 b(2ax + b) dp

= ~ ax2+ bx+c
3a - 8a2
- b(4ac - b2) dx
16a2 axz+bx+c

14.287 = 6az4a25b (ax2 + bx + c)~/~ + “““,,,“” J d ax2f bx+c dx

ax2+bx+c
14.288
S“ X

ax2+bx+c
14.289
X2

14.290
S dx
(ax2 + bx + c)~‘~ (4ac - b2)
2(2ax + b)
ax2 + bx + c
x dx
14.291
S (ax2 + bx + ax2~)3’~
(b2 - 4ac) \/
2(bx + 2c)
+ bx + c

14.292
Scax2 x2 dx
+ bx + 43’2
(2b2 - 4ac)x
a(4ac - b2)
+ 2bc
1~x2 + bx + c
dx
ax2+bx+c

14.293
S+x2+%+c)3’2 = cdax2 : bx+e+: SJ x
dx
axz+bx+c S +ifif+
(QX~ 4312

dx ax2 + 2bx + c b2 - 2ac dx

14.294
s x2(aX2 + bx + c)~‘~ = - &?xdax2 + bx + c + 26 Scax2 + bx + 43’3

-- 3b dx
S, 2c2 x ax2+bx+c

14.295
S (ax2 + bx + c)n+1/2dx = (2ax + b)(ax2 + bx + c)n+ 1~2
4a(nf 1)
+ (2% + 1)(4ac- b2)
8a(n+ 1)
(a&+
S bx + c)n-1’2dx
 .

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 73

14.296
S x(uxz + bx + C)n+l/z dx = (ax2 + bx + C)n+3'2
cq2n+ 3)
_ $
.
s
(ax2 + bx + ~)~+l’zdx

14.297
s’(ax2-t dX
bx + ~)n+l’~ =
2(2ax
(2~2 - 1)(41x - b2)(ax2 + bx + +--1/z
+ b)

8a(n- 1) dx
+ (2~2 - 1)(4ac - b2). (‘ (61.x2 + bx + c)n--1E
dx 1
14.298
s x(ux2 + bx + ++I’2 = (2~2 - l)c(ux’J + bx + c)n--1’2
dx -- dx
s x(ux2 + bx + c)“-~‘~ 2”~ s (ax2 + bx + c),+ l/i

JPJTEORALS JNVOLVING 3ea+ a3

Note that for formulas involving x3 - u3 replace a by --a.

dx
14.299 ~ =
s X3 + u3 x2 - ax + cl2

14.300 ~ x dx = x2 - ax + c-9 2x-u

+ 1 tan-l 7
s x3 + a3 (x + c-42
a\/3 43
x2 dx dx
14.301 __ = $ In (x3 + ~3) 14.302
s x3 + CL3 s x(x3+u3) =
ClX 1 1 x2 - ax + u2
14.303 - +3tanP1 F
G-4 In
-- -
s x2(x3 + u3) = a32 (x + a)2

X (xfcp + 2 2x-u
14.304 '(z3yu3)2 = - tan-l -
.( 3u3(s3 +a3) + &In x2 - ax + a2 3u5fi a \r 3

14.305 ' xdx

x2 - ax + a2 2x - a
x2 + &n
s (x3 + c&3)2 = 3a3(x3 + a3) (x + a)2 + 3utfi3 tan-’ 3
x2 dx 1
14.306
s (x3+ u3)2 = - 3(x3 + US)
dx 1
14.307
s %(X3 + a3)2 = &,3(x3 + as)

dx -- 1 - x2 -4-.--- x dx
14.308 [See 14.3001
s x2(x3 + u3)2 = CL62 3a6(x3 + u3) 3u6 s x3 + u3
x-’ dx xm-2 xm-3 dx
14.309 ~ = - - a3 ~
s x3 + u3 m-2 x3 + a3
dX -1 -2 dx
14.310
s x9x3+ a3) = c&3@- 1)x+-’ u3 s xn-3(x3 + u3)

JNTEORALS INVOLYJNG c?+* a*

dx 1 x2 + axfi + a2 -- 1 tan-1 -!!tC-LT

14.311 - = - In
I' x4 + a4 4u3fi x2 - uxfi + c&2 2aqi 22 - CL2
xdx
14.312
S ~
x4 + u4
= & tan-l $

x2 - axfi + a2
-- 1 tan-1 -!!G!- 6
-L In
4ufi x2 + ax& + u2 2ckJr2 x2 - a2
dx
14.314
S ~
x3

x4 + a4
= $ In (x4 + a4)
74 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

dx
14.315
s x(x4 + d)

14.316 s dx 1 CiXfi
+- tan-l ___
x2(x4 + u4) =
2a5& x2 - a2

14.317 dx
. x3(x4 + a4) =

14.322

14.323

14.324

dx
14.325 &nlnz
.I’ x(xn+an) = xn + an

14.326 fs = ‘, In (29 + an)

xm dx xm--n dx x”’ --n dx

14.327 (xn + (yy-l - an s
S (x”+ c&y = s (xn + an)T

dx 1 dx 1 dx
14.328
I’ xm(xn+ an)’ = 2 s xm(xn + IP)~--~ an
-s xmpn(xn + an)r

x”’ dx xm--n dx xm--n dx

14.332 (xn-an)r-l
s-- (xn - an)’ = an S (~“-a~)~ + s

14.333 =

dx = m..?wcos-~
14.334
S !qfzGG m/z
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 75

xp-1 dx 1 x + a cos [(2k - l)d2m]

14.335 ma2m-P
I‘----=xzm + azm a sin [(2k - l)r/2m]

x2 + 2ax cosv + a$!

where 0 < p 5 2m.
m-1
xv- 1 dx 1 ka
14.336 X2m - a2m = cos kp7T In x2 - 2ax ~0s; + a2
s PI2
2ma2m-P k=l m

m-1
1 km x - a cos (krlm)
-&pFz x sin m tan-l
k=l a sin (krlm) >

+ 2* {In (x - 4 + (-lJp ln (x + 4)
where 0 < p 5 2m.

14.337 (’ x2m+l
xP-ldX
+ a2m+l
.
2(-l)P--1 m x + a cos [2kJ(2m + l)]
sin&l tan-l
= (2m + l)a2m-P+1k?l a sin [2krl(2m + l)]
m
- (-1p-1 cossl In x2 + 2ax cos -$$$+a2
(2m + l)az”-“+‘k?l
+ (-l)p-l In (x + a)
(2m + l)a2m-P+ l
where O<pSim+l.

xp-1 dx
14.338 x2m+l - a2m+l
s 77,
2kpr x - a cos [2krl(2m + l)]
1
(zrn+ l)a22m-P+l kzlSin 2m + 1 Iian-’ a sin [2k7;/(2m + l)] >
m
cos& In x2 - 2ax cos a2
+ (2m + 1)ta2m-p+ ‘,li,
In (x-a)
+ (2m + l)a2m-n+1
where O<pS2m+l.

INTEGRALS lNVOLVlNC3 sin ax

14.339 sinaxdx = -- cos ax

s a
x cos ax
14.340 ‘ssinaxdx = y- ___
a

14.341 = %sinax+ cos ax

14.342 = (T- -$)sinax + (f-f&--$) cosax

14.343 siyxdx = ax-(aX)3+(a2)5-...

s 3*3! 5*5!

14.344 sinx;x dx = sin ax + a [see 14.3731

s X S Ydx

14.345 dx =
S sin ax
xdx
14.346 - =
S sin ax

14.347 : _ sin 2ax

sin2 ax dx =
s 2 4a
76 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.348 x sin2 ax dx =
X2
- - x sin 2az -- cos 2ax
4 4a 8a2

14.349 sin3 ax dx =
_ cos ax cos3 ax
s -+-
a 3a
3x sin 2ax sin 4ax
14.350 sin4 ax dx = - - -+-t
8 4a 32a

14.351 ~ = - 1. cot ax
a

14.352 __ dx = - cos ax
s sin3 ax 2a sin2 ax

14.353 sin (p - q)x _ sin (p + q)x

sin px sin qx dx = [If p = *q, see 14.368.1
2(P - 4) 2(P + (I)

14.354 dx =
‘, tan
s 1 - sin ax

14.355

14.356

14.357

14.358

p tan *ax + q
ad&2 tan-’ @q
14.360 dx =
I‘ p + q sin ax ptan+ax+q--

-
a&2 In
( p tan +ax + q + dm )
If p = *q see 14.354 and 14.356.
1
dx q cos ax dx
14.361 t--J---p2 q2
s (p + q sin ax)2 = a(p2 - q2)(p + q sin ax) p + q sin ax
If p = *q see 14.358 and 14.359.

14.362
s dx
p” + q” sin2 ax

-1 dm tanax

14.363
dx ap&2 tan P
s p2 - q2 sin2 ax 1 dn tan ax +
In
_ 2wdF7z ( dm tan ax -
1 m(m - 1)
m cos ax mxm--l sin ax xmp-2 sin ax dx
14.364 xmsinaxdx = -’ + -7
a a2 s

14.365 sijlnuxdx = - sin ax

+a =$ dx [see 14.3951
.I’ (n - 1)xn-l n-1 s
_ sinn--l ax cos ax 72-l
14.366 sinn ax dx = +- sinnp-2 ax dx
s an n s

14.367
s - dx
sinn ax

~ xdx
=

=
- cos ax
a(n - 1) sin”-’
-x cos ax
ax sin”-”
dx

1
ax
n-2 xdx
14.368 +-
sinn ax a(72 - 1) sinn--l ax - az(n - l)(n - 2) sinnez ax n-1 sinnP2 ax
 .

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 77

14.369 ' cosax dx = *

a

14.370 xcosaxdx = -cos ax ~x sin ax

s a2 + a

14.371 - xzcosaxdx = $,,,a. + sin ax

14.372 ' x3 cosax dx = (T---$)cosax + ($-$)sinax

14.373 Fdx = Ins-- (axY --kd4 -+(axF ...

s 2*2! + 4*4! 6*6!

14.374 ";,' dx = - cos ax _ a 'y dx [See 14.3433

X S'

14.375 --GE-= $ In (see ax + tan ax) =

cos ax

x dx En(ax)2n +2
14.376
S -
cos ax
=
(2n-k2)(2n)! + ...

sin 2ax
14.377 co532ax dx = f+-
s 4a

14.378 x sin 2ax cos 2ax

x co9 ax dx = -+-
4a 8cG

14.379 cos3 ax dx = -sin ax - sin3 ax

s a 3a

14.380 cos4 ax dx =

14.381 ___dx = tan

- ax
s COG ax a

dx
14.382 - =
cos3 ax

14.383 sin (a - p)x + sin (a + p)x

cos ax cos px dx = [If a = *p, see 14.377.1
2(a - P) 2(a + P)
dx =
14.384
s 1 - cosax

x dx -- x cot E 2
14.385 + - In sin ax
s 1 - cos ax = a 2 a2 2

dx =
14.386
1 + cosax

14.387 xdx =
1 + cos ax
dx
14.388 JtI _
cos ax)2 =

dx
14’389 S (1 + cosax)2 =
 78 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

I
ad-2tan-’ dt/(p - Mp + 4 tan ?px
dx [If p = *q see
14.390
s p+qcosax = 14.384 and 14.386.1
tan *ax + d(q + dl(q -PI
&j&2 In
! tan &ax - d(q + dl(q - P)

dx q sin ax P dx [If p = *q see

14.391 --
s (p + q cos ax)2 = a($ - $)($I + q cos ax) 42 - P2 s p + q cos ux 14.388 and 14389.1

dx 1 tan-l P tan ax
14.392
s p2 + q2 cos2 ax =
w/FS dn7

+ tan-l E

14.393
s dx
p2 - q2 cos2 ax
=
ap p2-

1
q2

In ptanax-dm
I WdFT2 ( ptanax+dv >

14.394 xm cos ax dx = xm sin ax mxm--l cos ax - mtm - 1)

+- xm-2 cos ax dx
s a a2 a2 S

ydx = - cos ax -- a
14.395 sdx [See 14.3651
s (n - 1)x*- 1 n-1 S’

14.396 co@ ax dx = sin ax cosn--I ax +?Z-1

- s co@-2ax dx
s an n

14.397 .-AL= sin ax +n-2 dx

s co@ ax a(n - 1) co@--I ax n-l
-s COP-2 ax
xdx x sin ux 1 +n-2 xdx
14.398 - = -
S COP ax a(n - 1) COP--I ax a2(n - l)(n - 2) cosnP2 ax n-1
-s cosn-2 ax

14.399 sinax cosax dx =

sin2 ax
-
S 2a

14.400 sin px cos qx dx = _ cos (P - q)x _ cos (P + q)x

S VP - 4 VP + 9)

sinn + 1 ax
14.401 sinn ax cos ax dx = [If n = -1, see 14.440.1
s (n + 1)~

-cosnflax
14.402 COP ax sin ax dx = [If n = -1, see 14.429.1
S (n + 1)a

X sin 4ax
14.403 sin2 ax cos2 ax dx = - - -
S 8 32a

14.404 dx =1 a In tan ax
S sin ax cos ax

14.405 dx = A In tan 1
S sin2 ax cos ax a a sin ax

14.406 dx =1 ;lntan y + &

S sin ax ~052 ux

14.407 dx = -2cot2ax
S sin2 ax cos2 ax a
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 79

14.408
s

14.409
s
dx = i 1
14.410
cos ax(1 C sin ax) 2a(l f sin ax)

dx 1
14.411 - k
. sinax(1 2 cosax) - 2a(l * cos ax)

dx
14.412 L In tan
S sin ax rfr cos ax = a&

sin ax dx =
14.413 I T $a In (sin ax * cos ax)
sin ax * cos ax

cos ax dx =
14.414 2: + +a In (sin ax C cos ax)
s sin ax f cos ax

sin ax dx
14.415 - $ In (p + q cos ax)
p+qcosax =

14.416 cos ax dx
$ In (p + q sin ax)
p+qsinax =

sin ax dx 1
14.417
S (p + q cos axy = aq(n - l)(p + q cos axy-1

cos ax dx -1
14.4 18
s (p + q sin UX)~ = aq(n - l)(p + q sin UX)~--~

dx ax + tan-l (q/p)
14.4 19 = adi+ q2 In tan
p sin ax + q cos ax 2

2 p + (r - q) tan (ax/z)
a&2-p2-q2tan-1 T2 - p2 - q2
dx
14.420
p sin ax + q cos ax + T = 1 ln p - dp2 + q2 - r2 + (r - q) tan (ax/2)-
aVp2 + q2 - ~-2 p + dp2 + q2 - r2 + (T - q) tan (ax/2)

If r = q see 14.421. If ~~ = p2 i- q2 see 14.422.

dx
14.421 q + p tan 5
I‘ p sin ax + q(1 + cos ax) =

dx ax + tan-’ (q/p)
14.422 2
psinax+qcosax*~~

dx
14.423
S p2 sin2 ax + q2 cos2 ux

dx = p tanax - q
14.424 1 In
p2 sin2 ax - q2 COG ax 2apq p tan ax + q

- sinmP1 ax co@+ l ax
+-
m-l
sinm-2 ux cosn ax dx
a(m + n) mfn
14.425 sinm uz COP ax dx =
I‘ sin” + l ax cosnwl ax + n-l
sinm ax COS”-~ ux dx
a(m + n) m+n s
80 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

sinm-l ax m-l sinme ax

a(n - 1) co??--1 ax - -n-l S cos”-!2ax dx
sinm + 1 ax m--n+2
14.426 _r’s dx = c;;:;;x dx
a(n - 1) cosn--1 ax n-l .s
- sinme ax m-l
I a(m - n) cosnel ax
f-
m-n S sic”;;z;x dx

-- m-l
- cosn-l
a(n - 1) sinn--l
ax
ax 72-l S z;;:;;z dx

-coSm+lax _ m-n+2
14.427
S Ed, =
a(n - 1) sinn--l ax
m-l
n-l s
s;;;” 2”zx dx

COP-~ ax
I a(m - n) sinn--l ax
+-
m-n S ‘;?&l,az dx

1 m+n-2
dx ~(72 - 1) sinmP1 ax cosn--l ax
+
n-1 S dx
sinm ax cosnw2 ax
14.428
S sinm ux co@ a5
=
-1 mtn-2 dx
1 a(m - 1) sinm--l ax ~0.9~~~ ux
+
m-l S sinm-2 ax COP ux

INTtkRAlS INVOLVING tamuzc

1
S
1
14.429 tan ax dx = -ilncosax = ‘-, lnsec ax

14.430
S tanzax dx = tan ax
a
x

14.431
S tan3 ax dx =
tan2 ax
2a + $ In co9 ax

14.432
S tann ax sec2 ax dx = tarP + 1 ax
(n + 1)a

14.433 edx = ilntanax

s

14.434
S dz=
tan ax
i In sin ax

I . . . + 22922n- l)B,(ax)*~+'
14.435
S xtanaxdx =
1 (ax)3
;Ei 1 3
I (ax)5
15
I 2(ax)7
105 (2n + 1) !
+ ...

2*n(22n - 1)B,(ax)2n-1
14.436
S ydx = (ad3
a~+~+~+-+
~(cLx)~
(2n- 1)(2n)! + *”

14.437 xtanzaxdx = -2 tan ax + $ In cos uz - f

s a

dx
14.438
Sp + q tanax =
PX
p2 + 42
+
ah2 + q2)
Q In (q sin ux + p cos ax)

tan”-’ ax
14.439
s
tann ax dx = (n _ l)a -
S tann--2 ax dx
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 81

14.440 cot ax dx = i In sin ax

s

14.441 cotzaxdx = -- cot ax - x

s a

14.442 cots ax
cot? ax dx = - - - 1 In sin ax
s 2a a

14.443
S cotn ax csc2 ax dx = -cotnflax
(n + 1)~

14.444
S sdx = -iIncot ax

dx
14.445
S -
cot ax
= --a Incas ax

2w3n(ux)~~ +1
14.446
S zcotaxdx = 1
a2
ax
(2n+l)! - .**

22nBn(ax)2n--1
14.447
S +%dx = -~-!$%-i!?%..,-
ax 135 (2n-1)(2n)! - ...

14.44%
S x cot2ax dx = - -
x cot ax
a + -$ln sin ax - g

dx
14.449
S p+ qcotax =
--
p2’Tq2
Q
a(p2 + 92)
In (p sin ax + q cos ax)

14.450
S cotn ax dx = - cot--l S
(n-1)a
ax
-
cotn--2 ax dx

14.451 set ax dx = i In (set ax + tan ax) =

S

14.452 tan ax
sec2 ax dx = -
S a

14.453 set ux tan ax

sec3 ax dx = + & In (set a2 + tan ax)
S 2a

14.454 se@ ux
se@ ax tan ax dx = -
S na

dx
14.455 - = -sin ax
S set ax a

(ax)2 + (ax)4 + 5(ax)6 + E,(ax)2n +2

14.456 x secax dx = -
S 8 - 144 **. + (2n+2)(2n)! + .”

W2 5(ax)4 Gl(ax)s + . . . + E,(ax)2”

14.457 ydx = lnx+T+-gg-f-
S 4320 2n(2n)! + **’

14.458
S x sec2 ax dx = E tan ax + 5 In cos ax
82 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

dx =x --- P dz
14.459
S q + p set ax Q Q s p + q cos ax

secne2 ax tan ax n-2

14.460 se@ ax dx = +- se@--2 ax dx
s a(n - 1) n-1 s

;
1NTEQRALS INVOLVING cm az

14.461 csc ax dx = k In (csc ax - cot ax) = $ In tan 7

s

14.462
s
csc2ax dx = -- cot a
ax

14.463
S csc3 ax dx = - csc CL5
2a
cot c&x
+ z
1
In tan T
UX

14.464 _ cscn ax
CSC” ax cot ax dx = -
s na

dx
14.465 - = -- cos ax
s csc r&x a

14.466 - x csc ar ,jx = $ ax + k$ + !k$ + . . . + 2(22n-’ - 1)B,(ax)2n+’ + . . .

.l
f (2n + 1) !

14.467
S ?%!!?
5
dx = _ & + $? + !&I?$ + ... + 2’22’;;n-m1$$;‘2’- ’ + ...

14.460
S csc2 x ax dx = - ~x cot a
ax
+ $ In sin ax

14.469
S q + p csc ax
dx = E-I?
Q P S dx
p + q sin ax
[See 14.3601

CSC~-~ ax cot ax n-2

14.470
s
CSC” ax dx = -
a(n - 1)
+-
n-1 S csc”-2 ax dx

INTEORALS lNVotVlN@ IRZVRREiZ TR100NQMETRfC fl&CtlONS “’

14.471
S sin-1 Ed%
U
= 5 sin-l ZZ + dm
a

X&Z?
14.472 ‘xsin-lzdx = sin-l z +
a 4

39 sin-1 z & = x3 (x2 + 2a2) &K2

14.473 j- sin-l z +
s a 9

14.474 S sin-l
5
(x/a) dx = z+- (x/aj3
2*3*3 +
1 * 3(x/a)5
2.4.5.5
1 3 5(x/a)7
+ 2*4*6*7*‘7
l l + ...

14.475 dx = - sin-1 (x/u) a-kdG2

- $l
X X

2
14.476 - 2x + 2dm sin-l z
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
83

14.477 cos-1 :dx = x cos-1% - @?2

.(‘ a

zc,,-l~& = cos-ls _ xr a -5
a 4

14.479 39 cos-l : ,& = i?3 (x2 + 2a2) &i72

cos-1 fj -
a 9

cos-1 (x/a) sin-1 (x/a)

14.480 dx = ;lnx - dx [See 14.4741
x x

14.481 cos-;;xln) dx = _ cos-1 (x/a) a+~~~

+ iln
s x X >

ds = z ( cos-1 xa)2 - 2x - 2dz&os-'~

tan-1Edx = xtan-1E - zIn(xzfa2)

a

14.484 x tan-1 Edx = &(x2+ a2) tan-1 x - 7

a

x2 tan-1 z dx =

14.486 tan-~(xiu) dx = (x/u)3

; _ 32 + ~(xla)5 _ -(x/a)772 + *.*

14.487
.

14.488 cot-‘?dx = x cot-l z + % In (x2 + a2)

a

14.489 x cot-’ zdx = 4(x” + a2) cot-1 E + 7

52 cot-’ ; dz = ;

cot-* (x/u) tan-’ (x/a) dx

14.491 dx = g In x - [See 14.4861
X X

cot-1 (x/a) dx = _ cot-' (x/a)

14.492
x2 X

14.493
s see-*z
a
dx =
!
2 set-l

x set-*
z -

z + a In (x + dm)
a In (x + &?C3) o<sec-*:<;

5 < set-* 2 < i7

2 see-lE - a 7x-a 0 < set-1 z < i

14.494 x set-1 z dx =
S x2
z see-* f + t < set-* t < T
2

x3 ax&F2
,secelz - - $In(x + dZ72) 0 < see-1 i < g
6
14.495 x2 see-1: ds =
s a
X3 ax&2G3
ysec-1 z + -t $ln(x+da) i < set-11 < T
i 6
84 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

set-l (x/a) 1~3(cLlX)5 + 1*3*5(a/2)7 + ...

14.496 dx = ;1nx + ; + w3 +
.I’ X . . 2-4-5-5 2-4.6-7-7

_ see-l (x/u) + &GFG

0 < set-lz < i
set-l (da) dx =
14.497
s X2
_ sec-lx(xiu) &ikS
5 < set-1 t < T
1 X ax

x csc -1: + aIn(x+@=2) 0 < csc-1; < ;

14.498 * csc-1 2 dx =
s a
xcsc-1: - uln(x+~~) -5 < csc-1 z < 0

X2 a 7 x-a
2 csc-1 E + 0 < csc-1; < ;
14.499 x csc-1: dx =
s a
22
y csc-l % - 2 -5 < ,se-1; < 0

x3 X
3 csc-l ; +
x2 csc-1 f dx =
X3 X
3 csc-1 a - -5 < csc-1; < 0

14.501 s * w-1 (x/a) dx = _ E , (dx)3 I 1 ’ 3(a/x)5 + 1 ’ 3 5(a/x)7

l + ...
X X 2-3-3 204-5.5 2*4*6*7-T

CSC-~ (x/a)
_ csc-1
X
(x/u) - 0 < w-1 z < ;
14.502 dx =
.s X2
- csc-1
X
(x/u)
+ ; < csc-1:< 0
Xlnfl
xm sin--l 5 dx = ___
a mt1 s

14.505 xm tan-1 x dx = Stan-l: - &Jsdz

I' a

14.506 xm cot-1 f dx = -$+eot-l~ + -&.I'=""

s

xm+l set-l (x/u) 0 < s,1: < 5

mfl
xm see-1 z dx =
xm+l see-1 (x/a) + - a ~ xm dx i < set-l% < T
mS1 m+l s d=

14.508 ' x"'tzsc-1: dx =

xm+l csc-1(x/u)
m+l
I
m+1
a
S xm dx
@qr
0 < csc-1 E < ;

xm+l csc-1 (x/a) -;<cse-$<O

i mfl
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 85

14.509 eaz dx = e""

s a

xeaz dx = e”” 1
14.510 X--
s a ( a>

14.511 Z2eaz dx = "" %2-&+Z

s a
( a a2
>

14.512 Pea2
---
n
xneaz dx = xn--leaz dx
s a a S

eaz n(n - 1)xn-2

=- xn---+
nxnel - . . . ~(-l)%! if n = positive integer
a ( a a2 an

14.513 Fdx = Inx + la;, I taxJ2 I taxj3 t ...

S - . Z-2! 3*3!

-eaz a
14.514 $dx z --ssdx
S (n - 1)x”-’ + n-l

dx X
14.515 ~ = - - & In (p + qeaz)
S P + waz P

dx 1
14.516 ;+ - $2 In (p + qeaZ)
S (p + qeaz)2 = a& + WY

1
- tan-l 2?em
dx adiG w Q >
14.517 peaz + qe-a.% =
S
1 eaz - jLjFp
___ In
1 2&G eaz + &G&

14.518 eaz(a sin bx - b cos bx)

e” sin bx ds =
S a2 + b2

eQz(a cos bx + b sin bx)

14.519 eaz cos bx dx =
S a2 + b2

14.520 xem sin bx & = xeaz(a si~2b~~2b ‘OS bx) _ ea((a2 - b2) sin bx - 2ab cos bx}
S (a2 + b2)2

xeax(a cos bx + b sin bx) _ eaz((a2 - b2) cos bx + 2ab sin bx}
14.521 xeax cos bx dx =
S a2 + b2 (a2 + b2)2

e”lnx
--- 1
14.522 eaz In x dx = 5 dx
S a a S

n(n - l)b2
14.523 eu sinn bx dx = e”,2s~~2’,~ in sin bx - nb cos bx) + eu sin”-2 bx dx
S a2 + n2b2 S

em COP--~ bx n(n - l)b2

14.524 eaz co@ bx dx = (a cos bx + nb sin bx) + a2 + n2b2 em cosn--2 bx dx
S a2 + n2b2 S
86 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

HWEOiRA1S 1NVOLVfNO Inx

14.525 lnxdx = xlnx - 2

s

14.526
S xlnxdx = $1 nx-4)

1
14.527
S xm lnx dx = --$ti
(
lnx -
m+1
[If m = -1 see 14.528.1

14.528
S$Qx = ;lnzx

14.529
s
P
14.530 1+x dx = x ln2x - 2x lnx + 2x
J

14.531 ~Inn x dx = -lP+lx [If n = -1 see 14.532.1

s X nfl

dx
14.532
S -
xln x
= In (lnx)

14.533
Sf& = In (lnx) + lnx + $$
* .
+ s
l .
+ .*a

xm dx
14.534
S -
In x
= ln(lnx) + (m+l)lnx + (m+2t)Iyx + (m+3!)~~x + a**

14.535
S lnnx dx = xlnnx - n
S Inn-1 x dx

n
14.536
S xmlnnxdx = xm+l Inn x --
m+1 m+l s
xm Inn-1 x dx

If m = -1 see 14.531.

14.537
S In (x2 + ~2) dx = x ln(x2+&) - 2x + 2a tan-1 z

14.538
S In (x2 - ~2) dx = x In (x2 - u2) - 2x + a In

xm+l In (x2* &) 2

14.539 xm In (x2 f a9 dx =
m+l
--
m+1 S Y$gz c-lx

INTEGRALS !NVOLVlNO sinh (cx

14.540
S sinh ax dx = ~
cash ax
a

14.541
S x sinh ux dx =
x cash ax -- sinh ax
U u2

14.542
S x2 sinh ax dx = coshax - $sinhax
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 87

14.543 sinLard = ax I jJ$: / 05 ,. . . .

s * . 5*5!

sinizax dx = * I a
'14.544 [See 14.5651
s x s =Fdx

dx
14.545
S -
sinh ax
= i In tanh 7

xdx 1 ax
14.546 - =
s sinh ax az

14.547 sinhz ax dx = sinh ax cash ax -- X

s 2a 2

14.548 x sinha ax dx = x sinh 2ax cash 2ax x2

,I' 4a -~-- 8a2 4

dx
14.549 ~ = -- coth ax
I‘ sinh2 ax a

14.550 sinh ax sinh px dx = sinh (a + p)x sinh (a -p)x

.I' %a+p) - aa - P)
For a = *p see 14.547.

14.551 ' sinh ax sin px dx = a cash ax sin px - p sinh ax cos px

I c&2+ p2

14.552 ' sinh ax cos px dx = a cash ax cos px + p sinh ax sin pz

.( a2 + p2

14.553 dx 1 ax+p--m
s p + q sinhax = ad~2
qeaz + p + dm >
dx - q cash ax dx
14.554
s (p + q sinh ax)2 = a(p2 + q2)(p + q sinh ax)
+”
P2 + 92 S p + q sinh ax

dx
14.555
S p2 + q2 sinh2 ax =

In p + dm tanh ax
14.556
I‘ p” -
dx
q2 sinh2 ax
=
2apGP
1
p - dm tanh ax

14.557
S xm sinh ax dx =
xrn cash
a
ux -- m
a I’
xm--l cash ax dx [See 14.5851

14.558 ’ sinh” ax dx = sinhn--l ax coshax _ -n-1 sinhnP2 ax dx

an n S
sinh ax - sinh ax a cash ax
14.559 - dx = (n _ l)xn-’ + -n-l [See 14.5871
S Xn S QFr dx

dx - cash ax -- n-2 dx
14.560 ~ =
S sinhn ax a(n - 1) sinhnP1 ax 92-l S sinh*--2 ax

14.561 ~ x dx = - x cash ax 1 -- n-2 ~- x dx

.I’ sinhn ax a(n - 1) sinhn--l ax - as(n - l)(n - 2) sinhnP2 ax n-l S sinhnP2 ax
88 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

INTEGRALS INVOLVING cash ax

14.562 sinh ax
cash ax dx = -
a

x sinh ax -- cash ax
14.563 x cash ax dx =
. a a2

14.564 x2 cash ax dz = - 22 cash ax +

. a2

cash
-& ax z lnz+$!!@+@+- (axP
14.565 + . . .
s X * . 4*4! 6*6!

14.566 cos&ax dx = cash ax ; a [See 14.5431

s X s

14.567 - dx =
s cash ax
(ad4 + 5(ax)6 + . . . + (-UnE,@42n+2
- - - -
8 144 (2%+2)(272)! + ***

14.569 sinh ax cash ux

cosh2 ax dx = ;+
s 2a

14.570 xcosh2axdz =
X2
4+
x sinh 2ax cash 2ax
s 4a -8a2
dx
14.571 - = ~tanh ax
s cosh2 ax a

sinh (a - p)z + sinh (a + p)x

14.572
S cash ax cash px dx =
2(a - P) %a + P)

14.573 cash ax sin px dx =

a sinh ax sin px - p cash ux cos px
s a2 + p2

a sinh ax cos px + p cash ax sin px

14.574 cash ax cos px dx =
s a2 + p2

dx
14.575 = $tanhy
s cash ax + 1

14.576 dx = -+cothy
s cash ax - 1
xdx
14.577 !? tanh 7 - -$lncosh f
s cash ax + 1 = a
x dx
14.570 --$coth 7 + -$lnsinh 7
cash ax - 1 =

dx
14.579
S (cash ax + 1)2
= &tanhy - &tanh3y

dx
14.580 = & coth 7 - & coths y
s (cash ax - 1)2

tan-’ s

14.581
S dx = p + q cash ax ln war + p - fi2
( qP + p + @GF )

q sinh ax P dx
14.582
s
dx
(p + q cash ax)2 = a(q2 - p2)(p + q cash as)
--
42 - P2 S
p + q coshas
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 89

1 In p tanh ax + dKz

dx 2apllF3 p tanh ax -
14.583 =
s p2 - q2 cosh2 ax

!
1 p tanh ax + dn
In
dx 2wdFW p tanh ax - dni >
14.584 =
s p2 + q2 cosh2 ax 1 --1 p tanhax
tan
dF2 l.h=7

14.585 xm sinh ax _ m
xm cash ax dx = xn--l sinh ax dx [See 14.5571
. a a s

14.586 coshn ax dx = coshn--l ax sinh ax n-1

f- coshn--2 ax dx
s an n S
14.587 coshnax dx = -cash ax I a ?$!? ,jx [See 14.5591
s (n - l)xn-1 n-1 s
sinh ax dx
a(n - 1) coshn--l ax coshnPz ax

x sinh ax n-2 ~- xdx

a(n - 1) coshn--l ax + (n- l)(n - 2,‘a2 coshn--2 ax ’ -n-l J coshn--l: ax

INTEGRALS INVOLVCNG sinh ax AND c&t USG .:,".'

14.590 sinh2 ax
sinh ax cash ax dx = ~
,(' 2a

14.591 cash (p + q)x + cash (p - q)x

sinh px cash qx dx =
s 2(P + 9) 2(P - 9)

14.592 sinhn ax cash ax dx = sinhn + 1 ax

[If n = -1, see 14.615.1
s (n + 1)a

14.593 coshn ax sinh ax dx = coshn+ l ax

[If n = -1, see 14.604.1
s (n + 1)a

14.594 sinh 4ax -- x

sinh2 ax cosh2 ax dx = ~
s 32a 8

14.595 dx = 1 In tanh ax
S sinh ax cash ax a

14.596 dx = _ t tan - 1 sinh ax _ csch ax

S sinh2 ax cash ax a

14.597 ______ dx zz -sech a2 + klntanhy

S sinh ax cosh2 ax a

dx = - 2 coth 2ax
14.598
sinh2 ax cosh2 ax a

14.599 z dx = sinh - i tan-1 sinh ax

S a
14.600 ;s,hh2;; dx = cash ax + ilntanhy
S a

14.601 dx
S cash ax (1 + sinh ax)
90 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.602 S dX
sinh ux (cash ax + 1)
= klntanh 7 +
1
2a(cosh ux + 1)

14.603 S sinh ax (cash

dX

ux - 1)
= -&lntanhy - 1
2a(cosh ux - 1)

14.604
S tanhax dx = i In cash ax

x tanhax
14.605
S tanhe ax dx =
a

tanh2 ax
14.606
S tanhs ax dx = k In cash ax - 7

14.607
S tanhn ax sech2 ax dx =
tanhn + 1
(72 + 1)a
ax
14.608
S edx = ilntanhax

~ dx
14.609
S tanh ax
= ‘, In sinh ax

1 bxJ5
+ (-l)n--122n(22n - l)B,(ax)2n+ 1
S
(ax)3 -2k47 - ... + ...
14.610 xtanhaxdx = 2
1
3 - -
15 105 (2n + 1) ! >

x tanh ax + -$ In cash ax
S
X2
14.611 xtanhzaxdx = - -
2 a

tanh ax dx (-l)n--122n(22n - l)B,(ax)2n-’

14.612
S ___
X
= ax _ k!$ + ?k$ _ ...
(2% - 1)(2?2) !
-t . . .

14.613
S p+qtanhax
dx
=
- PX
P2 - 42
-
dP2 - q2)
Q In (q sinh ax + p cash as)

- tanhn--l ax +
14.614
S tanhn ax dx =
a(?2 - 1) S tanhnw2 ax dx

14.615
S cothax dx = i In sinh ax

coth ax
14.616
S coth2 ax dx = x - -
a

14.617 coths ax dx = i In sinh ax - -coth2 ax

s 2a

cothn + 1 ax
14.618
S cothn ax csch2 ax dx = -
(n + 1)a

14.619
S s dx = - i In coth ax

- dx
14.620
S coth ax
= $ In cash ax
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 91

1 ax
14.621 x coth ax dx =
s i-2

14.622 x coth2 ax dx =
x2 -
- x coth ax
+ +2 In sinh ax
s 2 a

14.623 cothaxdx 1 -$+7-v b-d3 + . . . (-l)n22nBn(ux)2n--1

X 135 (2n- 1)(2n)! + ---

14.624
S p+
dx
qcothax =
- PX
P2 - !I2
- 9
a(P2 - q2)
In (p sinh ax + q cash ax)

cothn--l ax
14.625
S cothn ax dx = -
a(n - 1)
+ cothn-2 ax dx

14.626
S sech ax dx = i tan-l eaz

tanh ax
14.627
S sech2 ax dx = ___
a

14.628
S sech3 ax dx = sech ax tanh ux
2a
+ &tan-lsinhax

14.629
S sechn ax tanh ax dx = - ~sechn ax
na

14.630
S .A!-=
sech ax
sinh ax
a

+ 5(ax)s + . . . (-1)n~&X)2”+2 + ...

14.631
S xsechaxdx = -
144 (2n + 2)(2n)!

x tanh ax
14.632
S x sech2 ux da =
a
- $ In cash ux

5(ax)4 Gus + . . (-lP~,kP +

14.633
S “e”h”“,-jx = lnx--m++-- (ad2
4320 2n(2?2)! ** *

14.634
Sq + p dx
sechas
= “-2
9 9 S dx
p+qcoshax
[See 14.5811

14.635
S sechn ax dx =
sechnP2 ax tanh ax + n-2
a(n - 1)
-
m-1
ssechnm2 ax dx

14.636
S csch ax dx = i In tanh y

coth ux
14.637
S csch2 ax dx = - -
a

- csch ax coth ax -
14.638
S csch3 ax dx =
2a
$lntanhy

cschn ax
14.639
S cschn ax coth ax dx = - -
na
92 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.640
S ds=
csch ax
i cash ax

1 ax
14.641
S x csch ax dx =
2

x coth ax
14.642 x csch2 ax dx = - + -$ In sinh ax
s a
v*x)3 + . . . (-l)n2(22n-1 - 1)B,(ax)2n-1
14.643
S csch*xdx
X
= e&-y+-
1080 (272 - 1)(2n) !
+ ...

14.644
Sq + p dx
csch ax
= E-P
Q Q S p + q sinhax
dX
[See 14.5531

cschnm2 ax coth ax -- n-2

14.645
S cschnax dx = -
a(n - 1) n-l S cschn--2 ax dx

14.646
S sinh-1 g dx
a
= xsinh-1:
a - dm~

x m x 4 +a
14.647
S x sinh-1 z dx
a
=
(
$+f
)
sinh-1; -

14.648
S x2 sinh-1 f dx = g sinh-1 z +
(2a2 - x2)
9
&FT2
X
--- (xlaJ3 + 1 3(x/a)5l _ 1.3 l 5(x/a)’ + ...
1x1 < a
a 2.3.3 2.4~505 2*4*6*7*7
sinh-1 (x/a) dx = ln2 (2x/a) (u/x)2 + 1. 3(a/x)4 _ 1 3 5(a/xY + ...
14.649
S X 2
--
2.2.2 2.4.4.4
l

2*4*6*6*6
l
x>a

- ln2 (-2x/a) + __
(a/~)~ - 1*3(a/x)4 + l-3 * 5(alx)6 _ ... x < -a
I 2 2.2.2 2*4*4*4 2*4*6*6*6

sinh;~W*) dx = _ sinh-1 (x/a) *Jr&F2

14.650
S X
- :In
( X )
x cash-1 (x/a) - d=, cash-1 (x/a) > 0
14.651
S cash-1 E dx
a
=
i x cash-1 (x/a) + d=, cash-1 (x/a) < 0

&(2x2 - a2) cash-1 (x/a) - ix@??, cash-1 (x/a) > 0

14.652
S x cash-’ ; dx =
i a(222 - a2) cash-1 (x/a) + $xdm, cash-1 (x/a) < 0

4x3 cash-1 (x/a) - 3(x2 + 2~2) dm, cash-1 (x/a) > 0

14.653
S x2 cash-1 E dx =
i $x3 cash-1 (x/a) + Q(x2 + 2a2) dm, cash-1 (x/a) < 0

14.654
S cosh-;W*) dx = f
C f ln2(2x/a) +(a/5)2
+ 292.2
1. 3(a/x)4
2-4-4-4
+ 1.3 * 5(a/x)6
2*4*6*6*6
+ ...
1
+ if cash-1 (x/a) > 0, - if cash-1 (x/a) < 0

cash;: (da) dx = _ cash-1 (x/a) r 1 ln a + v [- if cash-1 (x/a) > 0,

14.655
S X a ( X + if coshk1 (x/a) < 0]

14.656
S tanh-1 E dx
a
= x tanh-1 z + % In (a2 - x2)

14.657
S x tanh-19 dx = 7 + # x2 - ~2) tanh-1: a
14.658 x2 tanh-1 z dx = F + $tanh-1: + $ln(a2-x2)
r Il.
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
93

14.659 tanh-1 (z/a) dx = “+@$+&f$+...

s x a

14.660
S tanhi: (z/u) dx = _ tanh-1
X
(x/u)

14.661
S coth-’ !! dx
a
= xcoth-lx + tIn(xz-u2)

14.662
S x coth-’ ” dx
U
= 7 + +(x2 - ~2) coth-’ x
a

14.663
S x2 coth-1:
a
dx = F + fcoth-1: + $In(xZ--2)

14.664
S 'Oth-i (xia) dx = _ ;

14.665
S coth;~(xlu) dx = _ coth-1 (x/a)

x sech-1 (x/u) + a sin-l (x/u), sech-1 (x/u) > 0

14.666 ' sech-'2 dx =
.( a
r x sech-1 (z/u) - a sin-1 (x/u), sech-1 (x/u) < 0

&x2 sech-1 (x/u) - +a~~,

14.667
S x sech-1 J? dx
U
=
+x2 sech-1 (x/u) + +ada,
sech-1

sech-1
(x/u)

(x/u)
> 0

< 0

sech-1 (x/a) dx =
-4 In (u/x) In (4ulx) - a. .
- 1 * 3Wu)4
2.4.4.4
_ ...
’ sech--1 (s/u) > 0
14.668
S X
4 In (a/x) In (4ulx) + -$$$
. .
+ ” 3(x’u)4 + f. ., sech-1 (x/u) < 0
2.4.4.4
14.669
S csch-1 ” dz
U
= x csch-1 z k a sinh-1
U
E
U
[+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]

14.670
S x csch-’ x ds
a
= x2 csch-‘z
T
U
k
a&FTS
2
[+ if z > 0, - if x < 0]

4 In (x/u) In (4alx) + +@$.$ - 1. 3(d44 + ...

. . O<x<a
2-4.4-4
14.671
S csch-; (x/u) dx = + In (-x/a) ln (-x/4u) - $T$$
+ ' '3(x/u)4
-.... -u<x<O 2.404.4

i
-- z+-- (a/xl3
2.3.3
1. 3W45
2.4.5.5
+ ...
1x1 > a

Xmfl
14.672
S xm sinh-15
a
dx = nz+lSinh-lE
a
- -

s cash-’ E - --&s$=+ dx

s
cash-1 (x/a) > 0
14.673 xm cash-’ s dx =
U @+l
m-tl cash-’ i + ~ cash-1 (x/u) < 10

14.674
S xm tanh-15
U
dx = 5 tanh-1 ?
U
- a
mt1 S x2 Zm+l
u2 -
dx

S
xmfl
14.675 x”’ coth-’ 5 dx
U
= mS-l coth-’ E - -J?-
m+l SCL2- x2
Zm+l dx

~sp&l% + am + 1
S ~~
xm dx
seckl (da) > 0
14.676
S xm sech-1 : dx
a
=
xm+1
m+lswh-‘s - sech-1 (s/a) < 0
i U

S
xm+l
14.677 xm csch-’ : dx = m+l csch-1: c
U a [+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]
 15 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

DEFINITION OF A DEFINITE INTEGRAL

(b - a)/n.
Let f(x) be defined in an interval
Then the definite integral
a 5 x 5 b. Divide
of f(x) between
the interval into n equal parts
z = a and x = b is defined as
of length Ax =

b
15.1 f(x)dx = lim {f(u) Ax + f(a + Ax) Ax f f(a + 2Ax) Ax + . . . + f(a + (n - 1) Ax) Ax}
s a n-m

The limit will certainly exist if f(x) is piecewise continuous.

If f(x) = &g(s), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral
can be evaluated by using the result
b b
15.2
S a
f(x)dx =
S b d
-g(x)
(I dx
dx = g(x)
a
= c/(b) - s(a)

If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the interval, the definite integral
is called an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,

b
15.3
S a
m f(x) dx =
b-tm
lim
S a
f(x) dx

b
15.4
S Cc f(x)
-m
dx = iim
n-r--m
b-m
S a
f(x) dx

b b--c
15.5
S a
f(x) dx = lim
t-0 S a
f(x) dx if b is a singular point

b b
15.6
S a
f(x) dx = lim
c-0 S a+E
f(x) dx if a is a singular point

GENERAL F6RMULAS INVOLVING DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b b
15.7
S a
{f(x)“g(s)*h(s)*...}dx =
Sa
f(x) dx *
s a
b g(x) dx * Sb h(x) dx
a
2 * **

b b

15.8
S a
cf(x)dx = c
S cl
f (4 dx where c is any constant

15.9
Sa a
f(x) dz = 0

b
15.10
S a
f(x)dx = -
S b
a f(x)dx

15.11
Sb a
f(x)dx = SC f(x)
a
dx + jb
c
f(x) dx

15.12
Sb a
f(z)dx = (b - 4 f(c) where c is between a and b

This is called the mearL vulzce theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
aSxSb.

94
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 95

15.13
sb f(x) 0) dx = f(c) fb g(x) dx
* a
where c is between a and b
a
This is a generalization of 15.12 and is valid if j(x) and g(x) are continuous in a 5 x Z b
and g(x) 2 0.

LEIBNITZ’S RULE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF lNTEGRAlS

dlz(a) m,(a) aF
15.14 $
a S 6,(a)
F(x,a) dx =
S m,(a)
xdx f F($2,~) 2 - F(+,,aY) 2

APPROXIMATE FORMULAS FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS

In the following the interval from x = a to x = b is subdivided into n equal parts by the points a = ~0,
Xl, 22, . . ., X,-l, x, = b and we let y. = f(xo), y1 = f(z,), yz = j(@, . . ., yn = j(x,), h = (b - a)/%.

Rectangular formula
b
15.15
S(I f (xl dx = h(Y, + Yl + Yz + ..*+ Yn-1)

Trapezoidal formula
b
15.16
S a
j(x) dx i= $(Y, + 2yi + ZY, + ... + %,-l-t Y?J

Simpson’s formula (or parabolic formula) for n even

b
15.17 f(z) dz = ; (y. + 4y, + 2Y, + 4Y, + . . . + 2Y,-2 + 4Yn-l f Yn)
I‘ a

DEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING RATiONAl OR IRRATIONAL EXPRISS!ONS

x2 + a2
Som---z-g
15.18 dx

y;
S~ =
xp-ldx
15.19 --?i O<p<l
1+x sin p7r ’
0

= xmdx ,an+l-n
15.20
S o ~ + an
xn = n sin [(m + 1),/n] ’
o<m+1<n

15.21
S o
-
1 + 2x
xm dx
cos p + x2 = sin mi7
77 sin m/3
sin /3

15.22

15.23 a ,,mdX = ?$
s 0

am+*+n~l?[(m+l)ln]~(p+l)
15.24
S 0
a xm(an - xn)p dx =
nl’[(m + 1)/n + p + l]

(-l)r--17ram+1-nrr[(m + 1)/n]
15.25 o<m+1<nr
n sin \(m + l)nln](r- l)! l’[(m + 1)/n - T + l] ’
96 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

DEFINITE IM’fEGRdiLS~JNVdLVSNO TR10ONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.

0 m, n integers and m f n
15.26 ii sin mx sin nx dx =
s 0 i r/2 m, n integers and m = n

0 m, n integers and m # n
15.27
S D cos mxcos nx dx =
0
i 7~12 m, n integers and m = n
0 m, n integers and m + n odd
15.28 II
S TTsin
0
mx cos nx dx
2mf (m2 - 4) m, n integers and m + n even

T/2 a/2
15.29 s sin2 x dx = S cot325 dx = ;
0 0

??I2 a/2
1.3.5...2rn-l1 m=1,2 )...
15.30 sin2mx dx = cos2”‘x dx =
s 0 S 0
2-4-6..* 2m 2’

n/2 n/2
2*4*6..*2m
15.31 s si$m+l x dx = co+“+12 dx = m=l,2,...
0 s 0 1.3.5 ... 2m+l’

15.32 jr12 sin2P-1 x cos29--1z dx = UP) r(4)

0 2 r(P + 9)

xl2 p > 0

15.33 "-dx = 0 p=o

s 0
X

-%-I2 p < 0

0 p>q>o
m sin px cos qx dx =
15.34 d2 0 < p < q
S 0
X
p = q > 0
i iTI4
m sin p:;in qx dx = apl2 0 <p 5 q
15.35
S 0
i uql2 p 2 q > 0

m sin2px dx = 9 m -dx
x sin mx
15.36 - 15.41 = :e-ma
S 0
X2 2 S0

"l--osPxdx = 2 15.42 m sinmx dx = s(l-e-ma)l

15.37
s 0
x2 2 s o X(x2+ a2)

211
m cos px - cos qx dx = ln 9 dx
15.38 15.43
S 0
2 P S 0
a + b sin x

277
m~o~p~-/sq~ dx = 49 2- P) dx
15.39 15.44
S 0
S 0 a + b cos x

15.40 * ___ cosmx 15.45

ii/2
dx = cos-1 (ala)
S o x2 + u2 dx = ike-ma S 0 a + b cosx $2-3
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 97

2r; 27r
15.46
S o
dX
(a + b sin x)2 = S o (a Jr b cos x)2
dX
= (az-
227-a
b’)312
257
15.47
S 0
dx
l-2acosx+az =
27r
1--’
O<a<l

15.48
S iT x sin x dx
o 1 - 2a cos x + a2
=i
(57/a) In (1 + a)

77 In (1 + l/a)
laj < 1

Ial> 1
Tr
15.49
S o
cos mx dx
l-2acosx+a2 =
ram
l-a2
a2 < 1, m = 0, 1,2, . .

r
sin ax2 dx =
S 0
cos ax2 dx = i
II-
2

15.51
S 0
w sinaxn dx =
naYn
-
1
r(lln) sin & , n>l

15.52
S 0
m cos axn dx = ---& rfl/n) cos 2, n>l

15.53
S 0
jc sin
6
dx=
S m cos x
0
-
6
dx =

15.54
S 0
-@/dx =
2Iyp) Sk (pn/2) ’
O<p<l

15.55
S 0
-!?$i?dx =
2l3p) c,“, (pa/2) ’
O<p<l

15.56
S 0
m sin ax2 cos 2bx dx = k

15.57
S 0
m cos ax2 cos 2bx dx = i

15.58
S 0
* sin3 x
-
x3
&y = $f

15.60
S 0
* -tanxdx
x
= T
z
VT/2
dx =T
15.61
S 0
1 + tarP 2 4

?r/z
15.62
S 0
1
'+$A+...
15.63
S 0
tan-'
X
x dx = $ _ 32

1
15.64
S 0
sin-'x
X
dx = ;ln2

ll-cosxdx _ m cos x
15.65
S X S -dx
X
= y

15.66 s: (h - cosx)'$ = y

5, tan-l px - tan-lqx dx = p
15.67
S 0
X
 a
e-axcosbx dx = -
a2 + b2

15.69 m e-az sin bx dx b

= ~
s 0
a2 + b2

15.70
S 0
m e-az sin
X
bx dx = tan-l k

15.71
S 0
mC-az-
X
e-bz dx = In!!
a

15.72
S 0

15.73
S 0
m ecaz2 cos bx dx =
5
1 b2/4a

15.74 S -
e-(az2tbz+c) dz = erfc - b
0 2fi
where

co
15.75
S --m
cc
,-&tbztc) ds =

15.76 S 0
xne-azdx = Iyn + 1)
an+1

cc
r[(m + 1)/2]
15.77 Xme-azz dx =
2a(mfl)/Z
s 0

15.78
S 0
m e-k&+b/z2) dx = ;
d-
;e-
a 2'6

15.79
S 0
"-g+ = A+$+$+$+ *** = f

- xn-l
15.80
S 0
s dx = l'(n)
(
L+&+$+
ln
. . .
>

For even n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers [see pages 108-109 and 114-1151.

15.81
S- 0
m xdx
ez + 1 = --
12 1 $+$-$+ ..* =
9
12

m xn-l
15.82
S o
-
eZ+l
dx = r(n)
(
$ -&+ &- ***
>
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed [see pages 108-109 and 114-1151.

15.83
S 0
“cdl: = +coth; - &

15.85
S 0
co e-z2-e-*dx
X
= &

15.86
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 99

m e-az _ @-bs
15.87
x set px

m e-~x _ e-bz
15.88 dx = tan-1 i - tan-l%
s x csc px
0

15.89 m e-“‘(lx; ‘OS ‘) ,jx = cot-l a - ; In (a2 + 1)

s 0

1
15.90 xm(ln x)” dx (--l)%! m > -1, n = 0, 1,2, . . .
=
s 0 (m + l)n+l
If n#0,1,2,... replace n! by r(n. + 1).

15.91
S o
l - lnx
1+x
dx = -$

& = -$

’ In (1 + x) dx
15.93
S 0
2
= $

15.94
S 0
’ ln(l-x)
x
dx = -?
6

1
572
15.95
S 0
In x In (1 + x) dx = 2-2ln2-12

1
15.96
S 0
In x In (l-x) dx = 2 - c

15.97
S 0
- 772WC pn cot pa O<p<l

’ F dx = In s

m
e-xlnxdx = -y

= -5(-y + 2 ln2)

dx = $

n/2 n/z
15.102
S 0
In sin x dx =
S 0
lncosx dx = -l In2

RI2 a/2
15.103
S 0
(ln sin x)2 dx =
S 0
(In cos x)2 dx =

15.104 srxlnsin x dx = -$ln2

0

15.105 S 0
7712
sin x In sin x dx = In 2 - 1

2a 2n
15.106
S 0
In (a + b sin x) dx =
S 0
In(a+bcosz)dx = 2rrIn(a+dn)
100 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

7r
15.107 ln(a + b cosx)dx = T In
U+@=G
s
0 ( 2 )

7i 2~ In a, a 2 b > 0
In (a2 - 2ab cos x + b2) dx =
15.108 .(‘ 0 2~ In b, b 2 a > 0

T/4
15.109
S 0
In (1 + tan x) dx = i In2

dx = +{(cos-~u)~ - (cos-1 b)2}

sin 2a sin 3a
y + T+ 32 + ...
(’
See also 15.102.

“. :
DEFiNlTi ti!tThRAl.S 1NVOLVlNG NYPERBQLIC FUNCTtC?NS

m - sinaz
15.112
S 0
sinh bx
dx = $ tanh $

p -cos ax a7
15.113 dx = & sech%
s o cash bx

15.114
S 0
-6 = $

m xndx
15.115
S -
o sinh az
= Sr(n+ 1)

If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed [see page 1081.

m ___
sinh ax dx 1
15.116
S 0
ebz + 1
= 2 csc $ - 2a

* sinh ux
15.117
S 0
ebz dx = & - 5 cot %

15.118
S 0
m ftux) i ftbx) & = {f(O) - f(m)} ln i

This is called Frulluni’s integral. It holds if f’(x) is continuous and - f(x) - f(m) dx converges.
s 1
x

’ dx
15.119
S 0
-
22
=

15.120 Ia (u+x)m-l(a--x)-l& = (2a)m+n-1;;'f;;

--a
 16 THE GAMMA FUNCTION

DEFINITION OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION r(n) FOR n > 0

cc
16.1 r(n) =
S 0
tn-le-tdt n>O

RECURSiON FORMULA

16.2 lT(n + 1) = nr(n)

16.3 r(n+l) = n! if n=0,1,2,... where O!=l

THE GAMMA FUNCTION FOR n < 0

For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using 16.2, i.e.
lyn + 1)
16.4 r(n) = ___
n

GRAPH OF THE GAMMA FU CTION

Fig. 16-1

SPECIAL VALUES FOR THE GAMMA FUNCTION

16.5 r(a) = 6
r(m++) = 1’3’5’im * em - 1) 6 m = 1,2,3, ... _ k&n\! ti
16.6
MI
(-1p2mG m = 1,2,3, Y- 6
16.7 ...
r(-m + 22 = 1. 3. 5 . . . (2m - 1)

101