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PG4-Evolution of The Solar System
PG4-Evolution of The Solar System
Evolution of
the Solar System
Planetary Geology
The Solar System
2
Nebula Hypothesis (Pierre–Simon Laplace, 1749–1827)
Accretion
Disk
Disk Rotation
Formation
3
Condensation
The nebula began to cool and
new dust grains started to condense. Solid droplet
Gas Cooling
Liquid droplet
4
Condensation
Helium melts at temperatures of < 4 K, Gas Al2O3
He
whereas some Al–oxide melts at 1750 K.
Liquid droplet
5
Sequential
Condensation
Metals Fe–Ni
Condensed Fraction
0.02
0
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800
Temperature (K)
Metals Fe–Ni
0.5
Condensed Fraction
Enstatite MgSiO3
Forsterite Mg2SiO4
0.4 Ca–pyroxene CaMgSi2O6
Albite NaAlSi3O8
0.3 Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8
Spinel MgAl2O4
Akermanite Ca2MgSi2O7
0.2 Gehlenite Ca2Al2SiO7
Perovskite CaTiO3
0.1 Hibonite CaAl12O19
Corundum Al2O3
0
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Temperature (K)
9
Frost Line
Frost Line
(2.7 – 3.2 AU)
Inside the frost line,
only rocks and metals can condense.
Hydrogen compounds stay gaseous.
Refractory Volatile
Temperature (K)
The Frost Line lies at 2.7 to 3.2 AU, D'Angelo and Podolak (2015)
beyond which the temperature was
low enough for ices to condense.
100
0.1 1 10
Distance (AU)
11
Protoplanetary
Disk
Organic compounds (nitriles)
have been detected in material
surrounding a young star.
H 2O 4(CH4) 23(H2O)
2(NH3)(H2O)
Angular
Momentum
Energy
Mass
13
Top view
Conservation of
Angular Momentum
Because angular momentum is
conserved, the velocity of rotation
must increase since orbiters cannot
increase their mass.
So the orbiters
spin faster at closer distance.
14
Side view
Conservation of
Angular Momentum
Shells not yet collapsed
Collapsed orbit
Collapsed interior
15
Onset of Solar
Nuclear Reactions
16
Growth of Dusty–Clumps
Collisions of particles
flatten the cloud into a disk.
As collisions proceeded,
the rotation speed of the cloud
was gradually increasing
due to conservation of angular momentum.
18
Conservation of
Angular Momentum
Dust settles down to Gas–rich region
a solid–rich mid–plane due to the
vertical gravitational contraction. Solid–rich layer
Gas–rich region
19
Conservation of
Angular Momentum
The solid–rich layer spins faster Gas–rich region
than the gas–rich regions above and
below, producing a wind shear.
Solid–rich layer
The wind shear produces
turbulence of dust clumps.
Gravity
20
Dynamic Friction
Larger clumps tend to have
relatively slower motions than
smaller clumps
due to more frequent collisions.
21
Gravitational
Focusing
As larger bodies pass
close to each other,
gravitational focusing
of trajectories occurs.
22
Larger clumps grew faster than smaller ones.
23
Accretion of
Planetesimals
24
Planetary
Diapirs
Embryo Metallic
pond Embryo’s
Solid metallic core
More dense materials sank down mantle
(inwards) and less dense materials
rose up (outwards).
The largest planetary embryo collected the rest of the material and became a dominant proto–planet.
Condensation favored a few mass condensation spots,
where proto–sun and proto–planets began to grow.
26
Proto–Planet
27
Proto Earth
For terrestrial planets, it took about 10 Myrs to reach half their mass.
The Moon formed about 30+ Myrs after the start of the Solar System through a series of impacts.
Gravity Differentiation
Spherical or ellipsoidal geometry Layered structure
Pressure gradient or discontinuity
29
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Ceres
(Asteroid)
965 km
Full hydrostatic equilibrium achieved.
Partial hydrostatic equilibrium achieved.
Mimas
(Saturn’s Moon) Hyperion
397 km (Saturn’s Moon)
360 266 205 km
Pallas Proteus
(Asteroid) (Neptune’s Moon)
550 516 476 km 424 396 390 km
Gas Hydrogen Gas Hydrogen (He, CH4) Solid Ices (H2O, NH3, CH4) Solid Rocks Solid Rocks
Liquid Hydrogen Solid Ices (H2O, NH3, CH4) Liquid(?) Ices Solid Rocks (Mantle) Solid Rocks
Liquid Helium and Neon Solid Rock and Ice Mixtures Solid Rocks and Ices Liquid Metal Solid Metal
Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Solid Rocks (+ Metals?) Solid Metal
Solid Rock & Ice Mixtures
Solid Rocky Core
31
Assignment 4-1 The Solar System
Estimate how many planetesimals of mass 1020 kg would have been required
01 to assemble Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars.
Estimate how many planetesimals of mass 1020 kg would have been required
02 to assemble Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
Estimate how many planetesimals of mass 1023 kg would have been required
03 to assemble Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars.
Estimate how many planetesimals of mass 1023 kg would have been required
04 to assemble Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
32