Animal Directions

Cranial Caudal

Caudal Dorsal

Rostral

Proximal Ventral

Distal
 ANIMAL DIRECTIONS

• Dorsal/Ventral:
Dorsal -- directed toward the back.


Ventral -- directed towards the belly.

• Cranial/Caudal:
Cranial -- directed towards the head

(cranium). 
Caudal -- directed towards the tail.

• Rostral/Caudal:
Rostral -- directed towards the nose

(beak). 
Caudal -- directed towards the tail.

• Proximal/Distal:
Proximal -- directed towards the body

[limbs & tail]. 
Distal -- directed away from the body
[limbs & tail].

• Medial/Lateral:
Medial -- directed towards the midline

(median plane).
Lateral -- directed away from the
median plane.
Animal Planes
 ANIMAL PLANES

• Dorsal Plane:
is parallel to the back [head , trunk,

tail].

• Transverse Plane:
is perpendicular to the long axis

of the body [head, trunk, tail].Also known as axial
plane or cross section.

• Median Plane:
is a mid-sagittal plane that divides

the body into left/right halves [head, trunk, tail].

• Sagittal Plane:
divides the body into right/left

parts [head, trunk, tail] or it is any plane parallel to
the Median Plane.
 ANIMAL PLANES

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MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES
 MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES

• Morbidity Rate: Is the total number of animals

infected with an infectious disease from the total
number of the animals of the same species and at
the same group (Herd or pack).

• Mortality Rate : Is the total number of dead

animals due to an infectious disease from the total
number of infected animals (Not the total number
of the group herd, or pack)
 EXAMPLE

Cattle farm contain a herd of 1000 cows.

800 of them were infected with Foot and Mouth
Disease (A Viral infectious Disease).
200 cows from the infected group died , Find the
Morbidity and the Mortality rate of this farm.
 ANSWER

• Morbidity Rate= (800/1000)*100 = 80%.

• Mortality Rate = (200/800)*100 = 25%

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Maxillary

Mandible

sternum
The End