Learning Module 7: Dry Static Friction, Wedge and Belt Friction

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Dry Static Friction, Wedge and Belt Friction
LEARNING
MODULE 7: Dry
Static Friction,
Wedge and Belt
Friction
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
Prepared by:
ENGR. AUGUSTINE E. BUENAVENTURA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Time allotment
CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY STATIC FRICTION 5 10 mins
COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION, 6 5 mins
ANGLES OF FRICTION 7 10 mins
PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION, 9 30 mins
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 14 45 mins
WEDGE FRICTION 15 32 mins
BELT FRICTION 20 32 mins
TECHNICAL REPORT 7 26 60 mins
Video Links
Title Video Link
Introduction to Friction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VJQB67Q30s
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5-rj23AEMNgvlrlN1sf-
ydOTas9VJK9v
Angle of Friction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pairMLO0C0c
Wedges https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzYn7etsVy0&t=12s
Wedge Example https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5-
rj23AEMNgeMe8XioXA705VEuSmdt2D
Belt Friction Concept https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0T7m537YT0
Belt Friction Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn3hnmJJh6I
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TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey: Pearson
1
Prentice Hall
Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
2
Engineers: Statics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
List of Figures
Figures Reference
6,8,11,16 Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
1-5,7,9,10, Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
12-15 Engineers: Statics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
List of Tables
Tables Reference
1 Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
List of Examples
Example Reference
1,3,5,10 Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
2,4,6-9 Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
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This module explains the concept of friction and its effects on surfaces, defines the
coefficient of friction on the body, angles of friction and lastly solving equilibrium of
rigid bodies that is subjected to frictional force.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

CLO 5. Understand the principles of
static, wedge and belt friction; Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]
CLO 12. Produce a systematic and
accurate solution for every problem so Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
MLO 1. Demonstrate the ability to solve
that it can be solve in a limited amount application of friction to cases of simple
of time. machines like wedge and belt friction. TLO 2. Show how to analyze the
CLO 13. Demonstrate critical analysis in MLO 2. Analyze the effects of dry equilibrium of rigid bodies subjected
the solution of a problem and friction in typical engineering problems. frictional force and present applications
application to engineering. of frictional force analysis on wedges
and belts.
HONESTY CLAUSE
As individuals of the academic community, students are expected to understand and

uphold requirements of intellectual and educational integrity. The college assumes
as a simple and minimal standard of conduct in academic matters, that students be
truthful and that they submit credit of their personal efforts.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
Friction is a force that opposes two touching objects, which move relative to each
other. This force often acts tangent to the surface at the contact points and is
directed against potential or actual movement between the surfaces.
When there is no lubricating fluid, dry friction occurs between the contact surfaces of
bodies
Laws of Dry Friction

The Dry Friction Laws are exemplified by the experiment
below. As shown in the figure a weight block W is
positioned on a horizontal plane surface. The forces
acting on the block are its weight W and surface reaction.
Since the weight has no horizontal component, the
surface reaction also has no horizontal component; thus,
the reaction is natural to the surface and is represented
by N in Fig 1a.
Figure 1a
Suppose, now, that the block, Fig 1b, has a horizontal

force P. If P is small, the block will not move; therefore,
there must be some other horizontal force which balances
P. This other force is the static friction force F, which is the
product of a large number of forces acting over the entire
contact surface between the block and the plane.
Figure 1b
Increasing the force P also raises the friction force F,

continuing to oppose P, until its magnitude exceeds a certain
limit value Fm, Fig 1c. If P is raised further, the friction force
can no longer control it, and the block begins to slide.
If the block is shifted, the magnitude of F decreases from Fm
to a lower value of Fk.
Figure 1c
Experimental evidence shows that the static-friction force's
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maximum value FS is proportional to the normal variable N of the surface reaction.
We have FS
where 𝜇 s is a constant called the coefficient of static friction
The magnitude Fk of the kinetic-friction force can also be put in
the form
where 𝜇𝑘 is a constant called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
μs and μk friction coefficients do not depend on the area of the contact surfaces. But
both coefficients are highly dependent on the design of the contact surfaces.
The related kinetic friction coefficient values will be around 25 percent lower.
𝒖𝒌 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝝁𝒔
Approximate Values of Coefficient of Static Friction or Dry Surfaces
Table 1 Values of Coefficient of Static Friction
From the above definition it appears that when a rigid body is in contact with a
horizontal surface, four different situations will arise:
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1. The forces applied to the body appear not
to move it along the contact surface; there
is no frictional force, Fig 2a.
Figure 2a
2. The forces applied tend to move the body

along the contact surface but are not strong
enough to set it in motion. The friction force F
that has evolved can be found by solving the
body's equations of balance. Since there is
no proof that F has reached its maximum
value, the 𝐹𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 equation can not be used
to calculate the force of friction, Fig. 2b.
Figure 2b
3. The forces applied are such that the body is

about to only slip. We say there is an
impending motion. The friction force F has
reached its full value Fm and balances the
applied forces along with natural force N. You
can use both the equilibrium equations and
the equation 𝐹𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁. We also note that the
force of friction has a sense of opposition to
the imminent motion, Fig 2c.
Figure 2c
4. Under the motion of the applied forces the

body slips, and equilibrium equations no
longer apply. However, F is now equal to Fk
and the equation 𝐹𝑘 = 𝑚𝑘 𝑁 maybe used.
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Figure 2d
The sense of Fk is opposite to the sense of motion, Fig 2d.
ANGLES OF FRICTION
Replacing the normal force N and the friction force F with their respective R is
sometimes convenient.
Let us consider again a weight block W resting on a horizontal surface of the plane.
If there is no horizontal force applied to the block, resulting R will be reduced to
normal force N. (Fig. 3a)
However, if the force applied P has a horizontal component Px that tends to move
the block, the force R will have a horizontal component F and thus form an angle F
with the normal surface component (Fig. 3b)
The angle between R and the vertical increases and
reaches a maximum value if Px is increased until motion
becomes impending. This value is called the static friction
angle and is indicated by the 𝜙𝑠 .(Fig. 3c)
Movements actually occur, the magnitude of the friction
force drops to Fk; similarly, the angle f between R and N
drops to a lower value 𝜙𝑘 , kinetic friction angle (Fig. 3d).
Figure 3 Angles of Friction
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Consider a block that rests on a board and is subjected to no force other than its
weight W and board reaction R. The board can be given any desired tilt.
Figure 4: Angles of Friction (Inclined)
PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION

If the body considered is acted upon by more than three forces (including the
reactions at the contact surfaces), its components N and F will describe the reaction
at each point, and the problem will be solved from the equations of equilibrium. If
only three forces act on the body concerned, it may be more convenient to represent
each reaction by single force R and solve the problem by drawing a force triangle.
Most problems involving friction fall into one of the following three groups:
 In the first group of problems, all forces applied are given, and the friction
coefficients are known; we shall determine whether the body under
consideration will remain in rest or slip. (fig. 5a)
 In problems of the second group, all applied forces are given and the motion
is known to be impending; we are to determine the value of the static
friction coefficient. (fig. 5b)
 In problems of the third group, the coefficient of static friction is given, and it is
known that the motion is impending in a given direction; We shall define the
magnitude or direction of one of the forces applied. (fig. 5c)
Figure 5
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EXAMPLE 1
The uniform crate shown in Fig. 6a has a mass of 20

kg. If a force P = 80 N is applied to the crate, determine
if it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient of static
friction is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.3.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram.
As shown in Fig. 6b, the resultant normal force NC must act
a distance x from the crate’s center line in order to
counteract the tipping effect caused by P. There are three
unknowns, F, NC, and x, which can be determined strictly
from the three equations of equilibrium.
Equations of Equilibrium.
Figure 6
+
→ 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0; 80 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° 𝑁 − 𝐹 = 0
𝐹 = 69.3 𝑁
+↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; −80 sin 30° 𝑁 + 𝑁𝑐 − 196.2𝑁 = 0
𝑁𝑐 = 236.2 𝑁
↺ +𝛴𝑀𝑜 = 0; 80 sin 30°𝑁 (0.4𝑚) − 80 cos 30° 𝑁(0.2𝑚) + 𝑁𝑐 (𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = −0.00908 𝑚 = −9.08𝑚𝑚
Since x is negative it indicates the resultant normal force acts (slightly) to the left of
the crate’s center line. No tipping will occur since x< 0.4 m. Also, the maximum
frictional force which can be developed at the surface of contact 𝑖𝑠 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙𝑠 𝑁𝐶 =
0.3(236.2 𝑁) = 70.9 𝑁. Since 𝐹 = 69.3 𝑁 < 70.9 𝑁, the crate will not slip, although
it is very close to doing so.
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EXAMPLE 2
A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300 N block placed on

an inclined plane. The coefficients of friction between the
block and plane are 𝜇 s = 0.25 and 𝜇 k = 0.20. Determine
whether the block is in equilibrium and find the value of
the friction force.
.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram.
Assuming that F is directed down and to the left, we draw the
free-body diagram of the block and write
Figure 7
Force Required for Equilibrium. We first determine the value of the friction force
required to maintain equilibrium.
The force F required to maintain equilibrium is an 80-lb force directed up and to the
right; the tendency of the block is thus to move down the plane.
Maximum Friction Force. The magnitude of the maximum friction force which may
be developed is
𝐹𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 ; 𝐹𝑚 = 0.25(240𝑙𝑏) = 60 𝑙𝑏
Since the value of the force required to maintain equilibrium (80 lb) is larger than the
maximum value which may be obtained (60 lb), equilibrium will not be maintained
and the block will slide down the plane.
Actual Value of Friction Force. The magnitude of the actual friction force is
obtained as follows:
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁
= 0.20(240 𝑙𝑏) = 48𝑙𝑏
The sense of this force is opposite to the sense of motion; the force is thus
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directed up and to the right:
EXAMPLE 3:
(Hibbler, 2016, Example 8.3, p.412)
The uniform 10-kg ladder rests against the smooth
wall at B, and the end A rests on the rough horizontal
plane for which the coefficient of static friction is
𝜇𝑠 = 0.3. Determine the angle of inclination u of the
ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder is on
the verge of slipping.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram.
As shown on the free-body diagram, Fig. 8b, the frictional
force FA must act to the right since impending motion at A is
to the left.
Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. Figure 8

Since the ladder is on the verge of slipping, then 𝐹𝐴 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝐴 =
0.3𝑁𝐴 . By inspection, NA can be obtained directly.
+↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑁𝐴 − 10(9.81)𝑁 = 0 𝑁𝐴 = 98.1 𝑁

𝐹𝐴 = 0.3(98.1 𝑁) = 29.43 𝑁
+
→ 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0; 29.43 𝑁 − 𝑁𝐵 = 0
𝑁𝐵 = 29.43 𝑁 = 29.4 𝑁
Finally, the angle 𝜃 can be determined by summing moments about point A.
↺ +𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0; 29.43𝑁(4 sin 𝜃) − [10(9.81)𝑁](2 cos 𝜃) = 0

sin 𝜃
= tan 𝜃 = 1.6667
cos 𝜃
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𝜃 = 59.04° = 59°
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EXAMPLE 4
The movable bracket shown may be placed at any
height on the 3-in.- diameter pipe. If the coefficient of
static friction between the pipe and bracket is 0.25,
determine the minimum distance x at which the load W
can be supported. Neglect the weight of the bracket.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram.
We draw the free-body diagram of the bracket. When
W is placed at the minimum distance x from the axis of
the pipe, the bracket is just about to slip, and the forces
of friction at A and B have reached their maximum
values:
𝐹𝐴 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝐴 = 0.25 𝑁𝐴
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜇𝑁𝐵 = 0.25 𝑁𝐵
Figure 9
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LEARNING ACTIVITY #1
Solve the following problem systematically and box the final answer with its
appropriate units. Write the question and the complete solution on the prescribed
format. Submit your scanned work on the provided link on Google Classroom.
1. Determine the friction developed between
the 50-kg crate and the ground if a) P = 200
N, and b) P = 400 N. The coefficients of
static and kinetic friction between the crate
and the ground are 𝜇𝑠 = 0.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2.
2. Determine the minimum force P to

prevent the 30-kg rod AB from sliding.
The contact surface at B is smooth,
whereas the coefficient of static friction
between the rod and the wall at A is
𝜇𝑠 = 0.2.
3. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied without causing the two
50-kg crates to move. The coefficient of static friction between each crate and
the ground is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25.
4. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied

without causing movement of the 250-lb crate that
has a center of gravity at G. The coefficient of static
friction at the floor is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.4.
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WEDGES
Wedges are simple devices used to uplift large blocks of stone and other heavy
loads. These loads can be lifted by adding a force normally slightly less than the load
weight to the wedge. Furthermore, a properly formed wedge will stay in place after
being pushed under the load, due to the friction between the contact surfaces. Thus,
wedges can be used for minor changes in the place of heavy
machinery.
Consider block A depicted in Fig 10a. This block sits on a

vertical wall B and should be slightly lifted by pushing a
wedge C between block A and a second wedge D. We want
to find the minimum force P value that has to be added to the
wedge C for the block to move. It's presumed the block 's
weight W is known.
CONSIDER FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BLOCK A

The free-body diagrams of block A and of wedge C have
been drawn in Fig 10b and 10c. In Fig 10b and 10c the
free-body diagrams of block A and wedge C were drawn.
The forces acting on the block include its weight and the
natural and frictional forces at wall B and wedge C contact
surfaces. The magnitudes of the friction forces F1 and F2
are equivalent to 𝜇𝑠 𝑁1 and 𝜇𝑠 𝑁2 respectively because the
block's motion must be initiated. It is critical that the
friction forces are seen with their proper meaning. The
force F1 exerted by the wall on the block must be directed
downward, as the block moves upward. On the other side,
as the wedge C moves to the right, A's relative motion to R1
C is to the left, and C's force F2 on A must be directed to the right.
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝜇𝑠 𝑁2 − 𝑁1 = 0
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑁2 − 𝑊 − 𝜇𝑠 𝑁1 = 0
Or
𝑹1 + 𝑹2 + 𝑾 = 0
R2
CONSIDER FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF WEDGE C Figure 10
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Provided the free body C in Fig 10c now. We note that the forces acting on C include
force P applied on the surfaces of contact with A and D and the normal and frictional
forces. Compared to the other forces involved the wedge 's weight is minimal and
can be ignored.The forces exerted by A on C are equal and opposite to the forces 𝑵2
and 𝑭2 exerted by C on A and are denoted, respectively, by −𝑵2 and −𝑭2 ; the
friction force −𝑭2 must therefore be directed to the left. We check that the force F3
which D exerts is also guided to the left
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0; −𝜇𝑠 𝑁2 − 𝑁3 (𝜇𝑠 cos 6° − sin 6°) + 𝑃 = 0

R2
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; −𝑁2 + 𝑁3 (cos 6° − 𝜇𝑠 sin 6°) = 0
Or
Figure 10
𝑃 − 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = 0
R3
EXAMPLE 5
The uniform stone in has a mass of 500 kg and is held

in the horizontal position using a wedge at B. If the
coefficient of static friction is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.3 at the surfaces
of contact, determine the minimum force P needed to
remove the wedge. Assume that the stone does not
slip at A. Figure 11
Solution
The minimum force P requires 𝐹 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 at the surfaces of contact with the wedge.
Free-Body Diagram.
FBD of
FBD of
WEDGE
STONE
Figure 11
On the wedge the friction force opposes the impending motion, and on the stone at
A, 𝐹𝐴 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝐴 , since slipping does not occur there.
From the free-body diagram of the stone,
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Using this result for the wedge, we have
EXAMPLE 2.
The position of the machine block B is adjusted by

moving the wedge A. Knowing that the coefficient of
static friction is 0.35 between all surfaces of contact,
determine the force P required (a) to raise block B, (b) to
lower block B.
SOLUTION Figure 12
For each part, the free-body diagrams of block B and wedge A are drawn, together
with the corresponding force triangles, and the law of sines is used to find the
desired forces. We note that since 𝜇𝑠 = 0.35, the angle of friction is 𝜇𝑠 =
tan−1 0.35 = 19.3°
a. Force P to Raise Block
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Free Body: Block

B
Free Body: Wedge A
b. Force P to Lower Block
Free Body: Block

B
Free Body: Wedge A
𝑷
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎
𝑷
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1. The machine part ABC is supported by a frictionless hinge at B and a 10°

wedge at C. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction at both surfaces of
the wedge is 0.20, determine (a) the force P required to move the wedge, (b)
the components of the corresponding reaction at B
2. Solve problem 1 assuming that the force P is directed to the right.
For problem 3 & 4

Two 10° wedges of negligible weight are used to move and position the 400-lb
block. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction is 0.25 at all surfaces of
contact, determine the smallest force P that should be applied as shown to one of
the wedges.
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BELT FRICTION
Any time belt drives or band brakes are mounted, the frictional forces formed
between the belt and its contact surface need to be determined. We will discuss the
frictional forces acting on a flat belt in this section, although the study of other types
of belts, such as the V-belt, is based on similar
principles
Consider a flat belt which passes through a fixed
cylindrical drum, Fig 13a. We propose to determine the
relationship between the T1 and T2 values of the
tension in the two parts of the belt when the belt is
about to slide to the right.
Let's detach a small element PP 'from the belt that

subtends an angle 𝜃. Denoting by T the tension at P and
by 𝑇 + ∆𝑇 the tension at P’, We draw a free-body diagram
with the belt element, Fig. 13b.
Choosing the defined coordinate axes in Fig 13b, we write
the equations of equilibrium for the element PP’:
∆𝜃 ∆𝜃
𝐸𝐹𝑥 = 0; (𝑇 + ∆𝑇) cos − 𝑇 cos − 𝜇𝑠 ∆𝑁 = 0
2 2
∆𝜃 ∆𝜃
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; ∆𝑁 − (𝑇 + ∆𝑇) sin − 𝑇 sin =0
2 2
Combine to eliminate ∆𝑁, Figure 13: Belt Friction
∆𝜃 ∆𝜃
∆𝑇 cos − 𝜇(2𝑇 + ∆𝑇) sin =0
2 2
divide through by ∆𝜃
∆𝜃
∆𝑇 ∆𝜃 ∆𝑇 sin 2
cos − 𝜇𝑠 (𝑇 + ) =0
∆𝜃 2 2 ∆𝜃
2
∆𝑇
If we now let ∆𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
approach zero and the cosine approaches 1, as noted above.
∆𝜃 ∆𝜃
The quotient of sin ( 2 ) 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 2
approaches 1.
∆𝑇 𝑑𝑇
Since the limit of ∆𝜃 is by definition equal to the derivative of , we write
𝑑𝜃
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𝑑𝑇
− 𝜇𝑠 𝑇 = 0
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑇
= 𝜇𝑠 𝑑𝜃
𝑇
Integrate this equation between all the contact points made with the drum by the belt,
and note that 𝑇 = 𝑇1 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑇2 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 𝛽, yields
𝑇2 𝛽
𝑑𝑇
∫ = 𝜇𝑠 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑇1 𝑇 0
𝑙𝑛𝑇2 − 𝑙𝑛𝑇1 = 𝜇𝑠 𝛽
𝑇2
ln = 𝜇𝑠 𝛽
𝑇1
𝑇2
= 𝑒 𝜇𝑠 𝛽
𝑇1
Where
𝑇2 , 𝑇1 = Belt tensions, T1 counteracts the direction of motion (or impending
motion) of the measured belt relative to the surface, while T 2 acts in
the direction of the relative belt motion (or impending motion);
because of friction, 𝑇2 > 𝑇1
𝜇𝑠 = Static or kinetic coefficient of friction between belt and contact surface
𝛽 = angle of belt-to-surface contact, measured in radians
𝑒 = natural logarithm
Note that 𝑇2 is independent of the radius of the drum, instead it is a function of
the angle of belt to surface contact,𝛽.
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EXAMPLE 8
A hawser thrown from a ship to a pier is wrapped two
full turns around a bollard. The tension in the hawser is
7500 N; by exerting a force of 150 N on its free end, a
dockworker can just keep the hawser from slipping. (a)
Determine the coefficient of friction between the hawser
and the bollard. (b) Determine the tension in the hawser
that could be resisted by the 150-N force if the hawser
were wrapped three full turns around the bollard.
SOLUTION Figure 14
1. Coefficient of Friction
Since the hawser is wrapped two full turns around the bollard, we have
𝛽 = 2(2𝜋) = 12.57 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑇1 = 150 𝑁 𝑇2 = 7500𝑁
Therefore,
𝑇2
ln = 𝜇𝑠 𝛽
𝑇1
7500𝑁
𝜇𝑠 (12.57 𝑟𝑎𝑑) = ln = 𝑙𝑛50
150𝑁
𝑙𝑛50
𝜇𝑠 =
12.57 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜇𝑠 = 0.311
2. Hawser Wrapped Three Turns Around Bollard.
𝛽 = 3(2𝜋) = 18.85 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑇1 = 150 𝑁 𝜇𝑠 = 0.311
𝑇2
𝑇1
𝑇2
= 𝑒 (.311)(18.85) = 𝑒 5.862
150𝑁
𝑇2 = 150 𝑁(𝑒 5.862 )
𝑇2 = 52 725 𝑁
EXAMPLE 9
23 | P a g e
Figure 15
A flat belt connects pulley A to pulley B. The coefficients of friction are 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25
and 𝜇𝑘 = 0.20 between both pulleys and the belt. Knowing that the maximum
allowable tension in the belt is 600 lb, determine the largest torque which can be
exerted by the belt on pulley A.
SOLUTION
Since the resistance to slippage depends upon the angle of contact 𝛽 between pulley
and belt, as well as upon the coefficient of static friction 𝜇𝑠 , and since 𝜇𝑠 is the same
for both pulleys, slippage will occur first on pulley B, for which 𝛽 is smaller.
Pulley B.
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇2 = 600 𝑙𝑏, 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25 , 𝛽 = 120° × =
180 3
𝑇2
𝑇1
600 2𝜋
(0.25)( )
=𝑒 3 = 1.688
𝑇1
600𝑙𝑏
𝑇1 =
1.688
𝑇1 = 355.4 𝑙𝑏
Pulley A.
We draw the free-body diagram of pulley A. The
couple MA is applied to the pulley by the machine
tool to which it is attached and is equal and opposite
to the torque exerted by the belt.
+↺ 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑀𝐴 − 600 𝑙𝑏(8 𝑖𝑛) + (355.4 𝑙𝑏)(8 𝑖𝑛) = 0
𝑀𝐴 = 1957 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐴 = 163.1 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
EXAMPLE 10
The maximum tension that can be
developed in the cord is 500 N. If the pulley
at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of
24 | P a g e
Figure 16
static friction at the fixed drums B and C is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25, determine the largest mass of
the cylinder that can be lifted by the cord.
SOLUTION
Lifting the cylinder, which has a weight W = mg, causes the cord to move
counterclockwise over the drums at B and C; hence, the maximum tension T2 in the
cord occurs at D.
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑇2 = 500 𝑁, 𝛽 = 135° × =
180° 4
𝑇2
𝑇1
500𝑁 3𝜋
(0.25)( )
=𝑒 4
𝑇1
500𝑁 500𝑁
𝑇1 = 3𝜋 =
(0.25)( ) 1.80
𝑒 4
𝑇1 = 277.4 𝑁
Since the pulley at A is free to rotate, equilibrium requires that the tension in the cord
remains the same on both sides of the pulley.
Due to the maximum tension of the cord is 500 N, we can say that the weight should
be W < 277.4 N, 𝑊 = 𝑇1
𝑇2
𝑇1
3𝜋
(0.25)( )
277.4 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑒 4
𝑊 = 153.9 𝑁
𝑊 153.9𝑁
𝑚= = = 15.7𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2
25 | P a g e
1. A 300-lb block is supported by a rope that is wrapped

1
1 2 times around a horizontal rod. Knowing that the
coefficient of static friction between the rope and the rod
is 0.15, determine the range of values of P for which
equilibrium is maintained.
2. A hawser is wrapped two full turns around a bollard. By exerting an 80-lb

force on the free end of the hawser, a dockworker can resist a force of 5000 lb
on the other end of the hawser. Determine (a) the coefficient of static friction
between the hawser and the bollard, (b) the number of times the hawser
should be wrapped around the bollard if a 20,000-lb force is to be resisted by
the same 80-lb force.
3. A rope ABCD is looped over two pipes as
shown. Knowing that the coefficient of static
friction is 0.25, determine (a) the smallest
value of the mass m for which equilibrium is
possible, (b) the corresponding tension in
portion BC of the rope.
26 | P a g e
TECHNICAL REPORT 7: Dry Static Friction, Wedge and Belt Friction
1. Knowing that the coefficient of friction between the 25-kg block and the incline
is 𝜇 = 0.25, determine (a) the smallest value of P required to start the block
moving up the incline, (b) the corresponding value of 𝛽.
2. The coefficients of friction are 𝜇𝑠 = 0.40 and 𝜇𝑘 = 0.30 between all surfaces
of contact. Determine the smallest force P required to start the 30-kg block
moving if cable AB (a) is attached as shown, (b) is removed.
3. Block A supports a pipe column and rests as shown on wedge B. Knowing

that the coefficient of static friction at all surfaces of contact is 0.25 and that
𝜃 = 45°, determine the smallest force P for which equilibrium is maintained.
4. A flat belt is used to transmit a couple from drum B to

drum A. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction is
0.40 and that the allowable belt tension is 450 N,
determine the largest couple that can be exerted on drum
A.
27 | P a g e

Learning Module 7: Dry Static Friction, Wedge and Belt Friction

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Learning Module 7: Dry Static Friction, Wedge and Belt Friction

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

As individuals of the academic community, students are expected to understand and

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION

Laws of Dry Friction

Suppose, now, that the block, Fig 1b, has a horizontal

Increasing the force P also raises the friction force F,

Approximate Values of Coefficient of Static Friction or Dry Surfaces

Table 1 Values of Coefficient of Static Friction

2. The forces applied tend to move the body

3. The forces applied are such that the body is

4. Under the motion of the applied forces the

Figure 3 Angles of Friction

Figure 4: Angles of Friction (Inclined)

PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION

The uniform crate shown in Fig. 6a has a mass of 20

A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300 N block placed on

Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. Figure 8

+↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑁𝐴 − 10(9.81)𝑁 = 0 𝑁𝐴 = 98.1 𝑁

Finally, the angle 𝜃 can be determined by summing moments about point A.

↺ +𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0; 29.43𝑁(4 sin 𝜃) − [10(9.81)𝑁](2 cos 𝜃) = 0

2. Determine the minimum force P to

4. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied

Consider block A depicted in Fig 10a. This block sits on a

CONSIDER FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BLOCK A

𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0; −𝜇𝑠 𝑁2 − 𝑁3 (𝜇𝑠 cos 6° − sin 6°) + 𝑃 = 0

The uniform stone in has a mass of 500 kg and is held

Using this result for the wedge, we have

The position of the machine block B is adjusted by

a. Force P to Raise Block

Free Body: Block

Free Body: Wedge A

b. Force P to Lower Block

Free Body: Block

Free Body: Wedge A

1. The machine part ABC is supported by a frictionless hinge at B and a 10°

2. Solve problem 1 assuming that the force P is directed to the right.

For problem 3 & 4

Let's detach a small element PP 'from the belt that

1. A 300-lb block is supported by a rope that is wrapped

2. A hawser is wrapped two full turns around a bollard. By exerting an 80-lb

3. Block A supports a pipe column and rests as shown on wedge B. Knowing

4. A flat belt is used to transmit a couple from drum B to

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