Journal of Applied Geology, vol. 6(1), 2021, pp.

52–61
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.63302

Subsurface Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of The “X” Geothermal

Field, West Java: A Progress Report

Peter Pratistha Utama1 , Pri Utami* 1 , Gayatri Indah Marliyani1 , and Randy Wijaya Atmaja2
1 Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 PT. Y (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia

A BSTRACT. “X” geothermal field is one of the geothermal fields in West Java. PT. Y
(Persero) developed it in 2014. The geothermal field has produced electricity, with an
installed capacity amounted to 55 MWe. The “X” geothermal system is vapor-dominated.
The geothermal manifestations are located at approximately 2,100 m ASL. The “X” field
consists of three main upflow zones: Kawah Putih, Kawah Ciwidey, and Kawah Cibuni.
This study analyzed the drill cuttings from 3 wells as the primary data with total depths
ranging from 1,581 to 2,166 m with the well’s highest stable temperatures measured of
±230°C. The three wells selected for this research—Well A, Well B, and Well C—were
analyzed to describe the rock properties and estimate the prospect areas of present-day
geothermal exploration in the “X” geothermal field.
The paper aims to understand better the subsurface geology and its correlation to the dy-
namic processes (i.e., hydrothermal alteration) in the “X” geothermal field. The hydrother-
mal minerals are formed by near-neutral pH fluids and are characterized by quartz, calcite,
clays (smectite, illite, chlorite), wairakite, epidote, and actinolite. Acidic fluids are evident
by forming acidic hydrothermal minerals, e.g., anhydrite, at various depths of the stud-
ied wells, particularly at Well C, located around the Sugihmukti-Urug area. Moreover,
the previous studies by Reyes (1990), Layman and Soemarinda (2003), Rachmawati et al.
(2016), Elfina (2017) on hydrothermal minerals, geothermal manifestation characteristics,
fluid geochemistry, and conceptual model are adapted to improve the analysis and inter-
pretation of this paper.
Keywords: Geology · Subsurface · Hydrothermal alteration · “X” geothermal field.

1 I NTRODUCTION The three wells are worth being studied due to

The “X” Geothermal Field, a vapor-dominated
field (Layman et al., 2003; Hochstein and Sudar-
man, 2008), is located at ~50 km southwest of
Bandung and ~20 km west of Gunung Wayang
Windu geothermal field (Figure 1). It is lo-
cated at an elevation of ~2,000 m ASL. The “X”
geothermal work area currently has 31 drilling
wells, which includes 17 slim wells. The in-
stalled capacity is measured at 55 MWe and PT.
Y (Persero) manages the operation since 2014.
* Corresponding author: P. U TAMI, Department
of Geological Engineering, Universitas Gadjah
Mada. Jl. Grafika 2 Yogyakarta, Indonesia. E-mail:
p.utami@ugm.ac.id
their being frequently used as the main produc-
tion wells. Thus, this study will enrich the in-
formation for future exploration in this area.
Despite the potentials mentioned above, El-
fina (2017) reports that the “X” field has prob-
lems with declining production from 2014 to
2017, including the problem with drilling and
production facilities. Such problems are pre-
dicted due to the existence of swelling clay in
the subsurface. The problems are related to the
natural characteristics of the geothermal sys-
tem. This paper aims to analyze the interac-
tion between hydrothermal fluid and surround-
ing rocks, which is predicted to elucidate the

2502-2822/© 2021 The Authors. Open Access and published under the CC-BY license.
 S UBSURFACE G EOLOGY AND H YDROTHERMAL A LTERATION OF T HE "X" G EOTHERMAL F IELD

Java Sea

Jakarta

it
ra
St
Indramayu
a A
nd
Su

Purwakarta
B C Bogor

F G Cirebon

Cianjur
H
E Bandung
Sukabumi
D
I
K

J Garut L
Tasikmalaya
M

Hindia Ocean
Info :
Geothermal Working Area

Research area (”X” Geothermal Field)

Geothermal Working Area /WKP (in alphabetical order): Source :

1. Map : Satellite aerial image from Google
A. WKP Kaldera Danau Banten, B. WKP Gunung Endut, C. WKP Cibeureum Parabakti, D. WKP Cisolok Sukarame, E.
Maps, 2019
WKP Gunung Gede Pangrango, F. WKP Gunung Tangkuban Parahu, G. WKP Gunung Tampomas, H. WKP Gunung
2. Geothermal working area : Badan Geologi,
Ciremai, I. WKP Pengalengan, J. “X” Geothermal Field, K. WKP Gunung Kamojang-Darajat, L. WKP Gunung Karaha-
2017
Telaga Bodas, M. Gunung Galunggung

F IGURE 1. Location of the "X" Geothermal Field (red square) with other geothermal working areas in West
Java.

cause of the drilling problems. The analysis nental plates, initiated from the Late Cretaceous
is based on examining cuttings obtained from until Early Tertiary (Hamilton, 1979).
three wells, e.g., Well A, Well B, and Well C The compressional forces of this period af-
(1,500 to 2,200 m depth). The cuttings from fected the structural geology configuration in
these wells were examined using petrography Java. It then represented in the structural con-
and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) methods to figuration as series of structural lineament and
identify the alteration minerals. These data are volcanic arc in the NE–SW orientation, named
then used to understand subsurface geology Meratus trend lineament. The major fault fol-
and hydrothermal minerals. lowing the Meratus trend lineament in the West
Java area is the Cimandiri fault (Purnomo &
2 G EOLOGY Pichler, 2014). Along with other lineament
The “X” Geothermal Field is located within the orientation formed by tectonic evolution since
Bandung Zone, bounded by the Bogor Anti- Late Cretaceous to Quarternary, such as N–S
clinorium Zone in the north and West Java’s Sunda lineament and E-W Java lineament, Mer-
Southern Mountain Range Zone in the south. atus lineament formed the main structural con-
The main feature of this geothermal field is figuration of Java, especially West Java (Pulung-
Mt. Patuha, with the peak reaching an eleva- gono and Martodjojo, 1994 and Satyana, 2007 in
tion of 2,429 m ASL. This mountain is part of Fauzi et al., 2015).
the NW–SE Quartenary volcanic chain, located Volcanoes in the “X” geothermal field are
on the verge of Bandung Zone and West Java’s mostly monogenetic volcanoes scattered along
Southern Mountain Range Zone (van Bemme- the NW–SE trend line. Previous studies (An-
len, 1970). The ongoing tectonism of Java Is- derson, 1951; Cas and Wright, 2012; Watan-
land is characterized by the subduction of the abe et al., 1999; Marliyani et al., 2020) reported
Indian-Australian plates below Eurasian Conti- how the stress orientation is perpendicular to

Journal of Applied Geology 53

 U TAMA et al.
the lineament of monogenetic volcanoes. The
magma upwelling through vertical fractures to
the ground is an indication of a monogenetic
volcano forming process.
The “X” field is composed of lava domes
and volcanic calderas. According to radiomet-
ric dating by Fauzi et al. (1994) in Layman and
Soemarinda (2003), the geological age of rocks
in the “X” field are ranging from 0.12–1.25 mil-
lion years. There are several quartenary mono-
genetic volcanoes in the “X” geothermal area
such as Urug, Sumbul, Puncaklawang, Pun-
cakkopsi, Patuha Utara, Patuha Selatan, Tilu,
Masigit, Tambakruyung, and Tikukur. Numer-
ous volcanic centers or vents are differentiated
by the degree of dissection based on remote
sensing analysis of aerial photographs. The de-
gree of dissection by erosion might correlate to
the age of volcanic processes.
The oldest volcano in the “X” field is
Kendeng in the north-northwest. It was ac-
tive during the Early Pleistocene. Later, the
other younger volcanoes, like Patuha Tua in
the center part of the field and Masigit, Tilu,
and Tikukur in the north part, were active.
The last phase of volcanic activity is marked
by Sugihmukti, Urug, and Patuha Muda from
the central part to the southeast part of the
field. The volcanic centers, along with NW–
SE trending, are associated with geothermal
manifestations. The primary geothermal man-
ifestation is fumarolic steam discharges, such
as Kawah Putih, Kawah Ciwidey, and Kawah
Cibuni. The geological map showing the dis-
tribution of lithological units and volcanoes
within the “X” geothermal field and the loca-
tion of manifestations and geological structures
is presented in Figure 2.
3 T HERMAL M ANIFESTATION
Thermal manifestations on the ground can be
found at ~2,100 m ASL. Thermal manifesta-
tions are associated with the NW–SE trending
volcanic centers and are perpendicular with
regional horizontal principal stress. The fu-
maroles and solfataras dominated them with a
significant amount of sulfur deposit, hot and
warm thermal springs with near-neutral and
acidic fluid, gas vent, mud pools, mud pots,
steaming grounds, and altered grounds. The
surface alteration minerals include smectite, il-
54
lite, chlorite, kaolinite, halloysite, and a sparse
amount of cristobalite (Pusat Penelitian Panas
Bumi FT UGM, 2020, unpublished). Near-
neutral pH fluid can be found in numerous hot
and warm thermal springs, such as Rancaupas,
Cimanggu, Cibunggaok, and Punceling in the
northern and center part of the field. Acidic
fluid is mainly found in primary fumaroles and
crater lakes in Kawah Putih, Kawah Cibuni,
and Kawah Ciwidey.
4 M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS
Sixty wellbore cutting samples were collected
from three wells, selected from the total of
31 wells drilled in the “X” geothermal field.
The depth of selected wells ranges from 1,500–
2,200 meters. First, the samples were inspected
immediately using a binocular microscope to
identify any alteration products. The samples
were then processed and examined using pet-
rographic and x-ray diffraction analysis. The
petrographic analysis was performed to deter-
mine the lithological composition of the cut-
ting samples in detail, including the primary
and secondary mineral assemblage, the texture,
and the style of alteration. The x-ray diffrac-
tion is used to analyze the mineralogy composi-
tion. The analysis was interpreted from the sta-
ble well temperature data to build the present-
day thermal data model.
5 R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
This study is combined its data from the surface
and the subsurface geological data from previ-
ous studies, i.e., Reyes (1990), Layman and Soe-
marinda (2003), Rachmawati et al. (2016), and
Elfina (2017), to develop a better understanding
of the geology of the “X” field. Layman and
Soemarinda (2003) suggest that the main vol-
canic centers in the “X” field are Kawah Putih,
Kawah Ciwidey, and Kawah Cibuni. The main
upflow zone is located on Kawah Putih. Three
wells, i.e., Well A, Well B, and Well C, have been
chosen to be studied to understand better the
geological condition of the interest area, the dy-
namic of the hydrothermal processes, and the
exploration and production’s main problems.
5.1 Stratigraphy
The detailed surface geology of the “X” field
consists of 25 units of volcanic products. Be-
Journal of Applied Geology
 G M T “X” G F ,W J
756000 760000 764000 768000 772000 776000

Qlml
Qvmg #
Qvtl Tambakruyung Mt.

9214900

9214900
# Qvtr
±
Masigit Mt. 0 0.5 2
# Kilometer
Qvkd Tilu Mt.
UTM 48S WGS 1984
Qvae
U
D Stratigraphy:
Puncak Puncak Surface
Sugihmukti
Kendeng Tikukur Patuha Urug Malabar Deposits Qal Aluvium
Qvcp2 Qlph Kopsi Lawang

9212000
9212000
Qvcp1 g Qvtk
n Qal Qlml Malabar lahar
nja #

Journal of Applied Geology

a Tikukur Mt.
sp Qlcp Qlph Qlml Qlph Patuha lahar
da
Ca

Ci
Qvbk Qlcp Cadaspanjang lahar

wi
Qlcp
Qvpu Qvbk

de
Batukorsi lava

y
Qal Qvps
Qvpu Patuha Utara lava, pyroclastic breccia, & lahar
Qvbk Qvsm2 Qvug
A Qvug Urug lava
Qvsm1
Qvps Patuha Selatan lava & pyroclastic breccia
Qvpu Qvtk
Patuha Utara Mt. Qvsm2 #
Pangkur Mt. Qvae Qvpt Qvsm2
Sugihmukti 2 lava & volcanic breccia

Bo
#

9208000
9208000
Qvcp2

yo
Putih Crater Qvsm1

n
Sugihmukti 1 lava & lahar
Qvcp1

gb
Pa
Cibuni Crater

o
tu Qvpt Patuha Tua lava & volcanic breccia

ng
Qvpw S. Patenggang
ha Qvsb
Qvsm1 Qvtk Tikukur lava
# Qvpw Qvtr
Puncaklawang Mt.
Patuha Selatan Mt. # Qvmg
Qvae Alamendah lava
# U
K. Ciwidey
Powek Mt. D Qvps Urug Mt.
# Qvcp2
Qvtl Cadaspanjang 2 lava
Qvug Qvkn Qvcp1 Cadaspanjang 1 lava
Qvpl
ng Qvbl
di Qvtr Tambakruyung lava & pyroclastic breccia
un U Qvpk
M Qvmg Masigit lava
D Qvpt
B Qvpl

9204000
9204000
a ti Si Qvtl Tilu lava & lahar
Tiis Crater Qvkd
aw nd
Qvkn tuh U
an D U Qvsb Sumbul lava
Pa D
gr
Legend
Qvpw
er
# ng et Powek lava
Karasak Mt. la
a bo # # Volcano Altered ground Qvkn
nc Sumbul Mt. Kunti lava & volcanic breccia G. Kunti
Kunti Mt.
Ra

De
# U Dextral fault Unmapped altered ground Qvbl Batulawang lava

w
D Qvsb

at
D

a
River Qvpk Puncakkopsi lava
U Normal fault

Lake Qvpl Puncaklawang lava

Crater
Tiis
Qvkd Kendeng lava
Steam-heated manifestation A B Geological cross section

9200000
9200000

Qvpk # Gas vent

Qvbl

9196900
9196900

756000 760000 764000 768000 772000 776000

F IGURE 2. Geological map of the "X" geothermal field in West Java, showing the volcanoes, the location of manifestations, the direction of cross-section, and
the geological structure interpretation (modified from Lidar and IFSAR-DEM of "X" geothermal field; volcanoes from Koesmono et al., 1996; manifestations
S UBSURFACE G EOLOGY AND H YDROTHERMAL A LTERATION OF T HE "X" G EOTHERMAL F IELD

from Pradipta et al., 2016).

55
 U TAMA et al.
sides the primary data, the interpretation of
this research is influenced by previous studies
from Kusdji (2013) and unpublished research
by Pusat Penelitian Panas Bumi FT UGM (2020).
The previous studies divided the stratigraphic
division of the subsurface rocks into Quar-
ternary volcanic products of Puncakkopsi, Pun-
caklawang, Kendeng, Tikukur, Patuha, Sugih-
mukti, Urug, and Malabar. The subsurface
stratigraphic correlation was interpreted based
on the characteristics and spatial association of
the rocks with the volcanic products.
Based on the examination results of the pri-
mary data and previous studies, the subsurface
stratigraphy of the “X” field, in general, was
composed of Quarternary andesitic - dacitic
lava, pyroclastic rocks, and diorite. Based on
the petrographic analysis, the subsurface rocks
are categorized into three groups: andesitic
lava, dacitic lava, pyroxene andesitic lava, and
diorite. The andesitic lava consists of plagio-
clase and pyroxene in a groundmass of micro-
crystalline plagioclase and glass. These rock
units are considered to be part of the Puncak-
lawang products. The Puncaklawang products
are interpreted as the lowermost volcanic se-
quence found in the wells, also found at the bot-
tom of Well D and Well E, located at the south-
eastern part of the research area.
The Quarternary dacitic lava with pyroclas-
tic rocks found from three wells is considered
part of Patuha Tua and Urug products. The
Patuha Tua products are the most widespread
volcanic sequence found in the wells. The prod-
ucts can be found at the center and the south-
ern part of the research area. The dacitic lava
consists of plagioclase, quartz, and pyroxene as
phenocrysts. The phenocrysts are embedded
in a groundmass of microcrystalline crystals of
similar mineralogy and minor volcanic glass.
The dacitic lava is found in large thickness in
Well A, Well B, Well C. The dacitic lava thins
out to the southeast, as observed in Well D and
Well E. The pyroxene andesitic lava consists of
plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, and sparse
amounts of biotite in a groundmass of micro-
crystalline plagioclase, pyroxene, and clay min-
erals. The pyroxene andesitic lava is considered
to be part of Sugihmukti 1 product. This pyrox-
ene andesitic lava can be found mainly in Well
B and Well C in the shallow or upperparts.
56
Meanwhile, the diorite was identified in
wells Well C and Well F, at about 1,000 depth.
Based on petrography analysis, diorite consists
of primary minerals, e.g., plagioclase, quartz,
and sparse amounts of pyroxene and horn-
blende, embedded in microcrystalline crystals
of similar mineralogy. Figure 3 and 4 show
a cross-section that shows the distribution of
lithological units and isotherms of present-day
well stable temperatures.
5.2 Geological structures
The evidence of the geological structures on
the surface was difficult to recognize because
of the high intensity of hydrothermal alteration
and diagenesis of the lithology. Most of the
region has been converted into tea plantations
and has reduced the amount of rock exposure
in the area. This research relied on its geo-
logical structure understanding from previous
studies, in addition to the limited remotely- and
field-based mapping with the IFSAR-DEM as
the base map.
Our mapping indicated the occurrence of
NE-SW and NW–SE trending faults (presented
in Figure 2). These faults were recognized
through outcrop observation and were sup-
ported by the alignment of volcanic centers and
the distribution of the geothermal manifesta-
tion zones related to the regional structures.
Many active geothermal manifestation zones
are associated with volcanic centers, i.e., Kawah
Putih (associated with Patuha Utara), Sugih-
mukti (associated with Urug), Patengan, and
Kawah Ciwidey. The NE–SW and the NW–
SE trending faults were connected to the sub-
surface, as indicated by some losses of circu-
lation in drilling wells. Some losses of circu-
lation in drilling wells were found at 1150 m
ASL, and 1115 m ASL in Well A, 1055 m ASL
and 750 m ASL in Well B, and 1135 m ASL in
Well C. These faults were further interpreted
as permeability providers in the “X” geother-
mal system, proven by present thermal activ-
ity in geothermal manifestation areas. On the
other hand, the volcanic structures interpreted
as crater rims are associated with Mt. Patuha
Utara and Kawah Putih (presented in Figure 2).
Journal of Applied Geology
 (Northwest) (Southeast)
Kawah Putih
Manifestation Area
A Cibuni Manifestation Sugihmukti 1 Ciwidey B
Area (projection) Manifestation Area Manifestation Area
Patuha Patuha
Utara Mt. Selatan Mt. Urug Mt.

Ciwidey
Patuhawati Patuha Rancabolang Tiis Fault
Sindangreret Fault Fault Fault Fault
Putih Crater
Fault Well
(projection) H
Well Well
Munding A1/A B/B1 Well Well Well
Cibuni Crater Fault G C Well Well E

Journal of Applied Geology

Boyongbong (projection) F/F1 D
Cadaspanjang Ciwidey
Fault Crater
Fault 2000 m

? ?
? ? 1000 m
? ?
?

? ? 0m

Volcanic Volcanic Product 0 1 2

Legend: Group Lithological Unit Association Kilometer
Normal fault Cadaspanjang Mt. Laharic Breccia Cadaspanjang Mt.
Dextral fault Patuha Mt. Lava I Patuha Utara Mt.

Steam-heated Diorite
manifestation Urug Mt.
Lava H Urug Mt.
Well Patuha Mt. Lava G Patuha Selatan Mt.

Sugihmukti Mt. Lava F Sugihmukti 1 Mt.

Patuha Mt. Lava E Patuha Tua Mt.

Puncakkopsi Mt. Lava D Powek Mt.

Lava C Kunti Mt.

Puncaklawang Mt. Lava B Puncaklawang Mt.

Kendeng Mt. Lava A Kendeng Mt.

Koleberes Formation

F IGURE 3. Cross-section showing the distribution of lithologic units in "X" geothermal field.
S UBSURFACE G EOLOGY AND H YDROTHERMAL A LTERATION OF T HE "X" G EOTHERMAL F IELD

57
 Journal of Applied Geology
(Northwest) (Southeast)
Kawah Putih
A Cibuni Manifestation
Area (projection)
Manifestation Area
Patuha Patuha
Sugihmukti 1
Manifestation Area
Ciwidey
Manifestation Area
B
Utara Mt. Selatan Mt. Urug Mt.
Ciwidey
Patuhawati Patuha Rancabolang Tiis Fault
Sindangreret Fault Fault Fault Fault
Putih Crater
Fault (projection)
Well
H
Munding Well Well Well
17 A1/A B/B1 Well
Fault Well Well 6 Well
Cibuni Crater Well
Boyongbong Well (projection)
Well
8 Well G C
F/F1 Well E
Well
Cadaspanjang 21 Well 9 D 1 Ciwidey
Fault Well 16
Fault 15 Crater
? 2000 m
?
? Smectite
Epidote
? Smectite
Epidote
Illite
Wairakite
1000 m
U TAMA et al.

Actinolite
?
100oC 150oC 200oC 220oC 220oC 200oC 150oC 100oC
0m
Legend: 0 1 2
Kilometer
Deepest occurrence of smectite (<180oC) Normal fault 100oC Isothermal line
Lowest occurrence of illite (>220oC) Dextral fault 100oC Isothermal line (estimation)
Lowest occurrence of wairakite (>220oC) Well trajectory
Well trajectory (projection)
Lowest occurrence of epidote (>250oC)
Lowest occurrence of actinolite (>280oC) Active geothermal manifestation
F IGURE 4. Cross-sections show the shallowest occurrence of some important hydrothermal minerals and the isotherms of present-day temperatures (°C).

58
 S UBSURFACE G EOLOGY AND H YDROTHERMAL A LTERATION OF T HE "X" G EOTHERMAL F IELD

5.3 Subsurface hydrothermal alteration

There are three alteration styles in the subsur-
face rocks in the “X” field, namely direct depo-
sition, replacement, and leaching. Replacement
and leaching indicate interactions between host
TABLE 1. The relative distribution of subsurface hy-
rock and hydrothermal fluid. Leaching im-
drothermal minerals with depth.
plicates the displacement of primary minerals
without substituting them. Leaching is iden-
Relative Well A Well B Well C
tified in Well A, Well B, dan Well C at vary- Mineralogy
depths
ing depth, at about 1600 m ASL, 1500 m ASL., R S R S R S
750 m ASL, and 500 m ASL (presented in Fig-
ure 5). Replacement implicates mass exchange Calcite v v v v v v
Quartz v v v
between primary minerals and hydrothermal
Adularia v
fluid. Hydrothermal minerals in the vein or Pyrite D D
veinlets were deposited from the fluid that Shallow Smectite v v v
flows through open spaces, i.e., fractures and Kaolinite v v
cavities. Subsurface rocks have been altered Chlorite v v v v v
with alteration intensity from 0,1 to 1. Pyroclas- Hematite v v v
tic rocks are more altered than lavas and dior- Anhydrite v
ites. Calcite v v v v v v
The dynamics of thermal conditions in the Quartz v v v v v v
system are reflected in the distribution of hy- Chlorite v v v v v
drothermal minerals. The past thermal struc- Epidote v v v v v
ture of the “X” geothermal system is con- Actinolite v
cluded from geothermometer minerals in the Adularia v v
Interme-
field. The hydrothermal minerals found in Anhydrite v v v v
diate
Pyrite D D D
studied wells include carbonate (calcite), sil-
Hematite v v
ica (quartz), calc-silicate (epidote, actinolite, Smectite v v
prehnite), clays (smectite, illite, chlorite), and Kaolinite v
zeolite (wairakite). These minerals were formed Halloysite v
from near-neutral pH fluid. Nevertheless, the Illite v v v
appearance of anhydrite at the varying depth
Calcite v v v v v v
indicated the presence of acidic fluids. The dis-
Quartz v v v v v v
tribution of hydrothermal minerals and their Chlorite v v v
relative depth is presented in Table 1. Epidote v v v v v v
The geothermometer minerals found were il- Actinolite v v v
lite, wairakite, epidote, and actinolite. The oc- Wairakite v v v
currence of epidote is the shallowest in Well Prehnite v v v
Deep
C, i.e., 1315 m ASL, and deeper in other wells. Anhydrite v v v v
In Well A and Well B, located in the Sugih- Adularia v v v
Pyrite D D D
mukti area, epidote occurs about 1200 m ASL.
Hematite v v v v
The formation of epidote indicates that the tem- Cristobalite v v
perature is ≥ 250°C (Reyes, 1990). The stable Natrolite v
downhole temperature at this depth is less than Zoisite v
200°C. It shows that the systems seem to expe-
*R = Replacement, S = Space-fill, D = Dispersed
rience cooling. Actinolite was found at about
810 m ASL in Well A and found at 1085 m ASL
in Well C. The formation of actinolite indicates
that the temperature is ≥280°C (Reyes, 1990).

Journal of Applied Geology 59

 Journal of Applied Geology
(Northwest) (Southeast)
Kawah Putih
A Cibuni Manifestation
Area (projection)
Manifestation Area
Patuha Patuha
Sugihmukti 1
Manifestation Area
Ciwidey
Manifestation Area
B
Utara Mt. Selatan Mt. Urug Mt.
Ciwidey
Patuhawati Patuha Rancabolang Tiis Fault
Sindangreret Fault Fault Fault Fault
Putih Crater
Fault (projection)
Well
H
Munding Well Well
A1/A B/B1 Well Well
Fault Well
Well
Cibuni Crater G C Well E
Boyongbong (projection) F/F1 D Ciwidey
Cadaspanjang
Fault Crater
Fault 2000 m
1000 m
U TAMA et al.

0m
0 1 2
Legend: Normal fault Kilometer
Anhydrite Dextral fault
Sulfur Well trajectory
Leaching Well trajectory (projection)
Active geothermal manifestation
F IGURE 5. Cross-section showing the occurrence of anhydrite, native sulfur, and leached rocks.

60
 S UBSURFACE G EOLOGY AND H YDROTHERMAL A LTERATION OF T HE "X" G EOTHERMAL F IELD
The occurrence of actinolite in Well C is associ-
ated with the existence of a diorite intrusion.
Meanwhile, anhydrite and leached rocks
found in the studied wells at varying depths
indicate that the acidic fluids were circulating
dynamically within the system. The cross-
section that shows some hydrothermal miner-
als as geothermometers and the occurrence of
anhydrite, sulphur, and leached rocks in the
studied wells are presented in Figure 4 and 5.
6 C ONCLUSION
The subsurface stratigraphy of the “X” geother-
mal field comprises andesitic – dacitic lava and
pyroclastic rocks. At some point, diorite in-
trusion occurred beneath Mt. Sugihmukti and
Mt. Urug, around Well C and Well F well area.
The existence of hydrothermal minerals indi-
cates that hydrothermal fluid was near-neutral
pH, but there has been some acidic fluid circu-
lating in the system in some parts of the sys-
tem. This acidic fluid formed anhydrite and na-
tive sulphur and caused leaching processes in
the system, especially in studied wells.
The present-day stable temperatures (as
represented by isothermal lines in Figure 4)
indicate that the main thermal areas in the
“X” geothermal system are located in Kawah
Putih, Kawah Ciwidey, and Kawah Cibuni.
Sugihmukti-1 manifestation area is associated
with Sugihmukti and Urug Mt and is recog-
nized as a minor thermal area. Hydrothermal
minerals, which are considered geothermome-
ter, reveal that the “X” geothermal system
experiences cooling, based on the comparison
of present-day stable well temperature and the
occurrence of geothermometer minerals.
Journal of Applied Geology
A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author undertook this research to ful-
fill the requirements to attain his Master-degree
study at Universitas Gadjah Mada, under the
supervision of the second and third author. The
PT. Y (Persero) provided data. The authors
want to express their gratitude for the approval
and data assistance by PT. Y (Persero).
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