Urs Eggli . Leonard E.

Newton
Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Urs Eggli . Leonard E. Newton

Etymological Dictionary
of Succulent Plant Names

, Springer
Dr. Urs Eggli
Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich
Mythenquai 88
8002 Zürich
Switzerland

e-mail:
urs.eggli@gsz.stzh.ch

Professor Dr. Leonard E. Newton

Department of Botany
Kenyatta University
P.G. Box 43844
Nairobi 00100
Kenya

e-mail:
lnewton@avu.org

ISBN 978-3-642-05597-3 ISBN 978-3-662-07125-0 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-07125-0
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Contents

Preface VII

Abbreviations IX

Introduction XI

References XVII

Dictionary
Preface

Names are important elements to handle the diversity of items in daily life - persons, object s,
animal s, plants , etc. Without such names , it would be difficult to attach information to such items
and to communicate information about them , and names are usually used without giving them
much thought.

This is not different for plant s. When dealing with plants, however, it soon become s apparent
that the situation is somewhat more complex. Botanists use Latin names to bring order into the
vast diversity, while everyday usage resorts to vemacular or "popular" names. As practical as
these vernacular name s are (it is not suggested that you should ask your greengrocer for a kilo-
gram of Solanum tuberosum or Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum ), their most important draw-
back is the fact that they vary widely, not only from one language to another but also from coun-
try to country, even from region to region within a large country. More importantly, vemacular
name s in any given language are usually only available for the plants growing locall y, or for
plants of some special importance, such as crops and vegetables, medicinal plants, or important
garden plants. For all other plants, the Latin names used by botanists and other scienti sts have to
be employed.

Such names often appear complicated or even awkward to the ears of those not accustomed to
them . Names are best memorized when their meaning is apparent, but the ever dimini shing gen-
eral knowledge of the classical languages (and here especially Latin) makes the information on
the meaning of these scientific names more and more inaccessible. This is the point where the
present "Etymological Dictionary" tries to fill a gap. We have tried to give a complete alphabeti-
cal list, together with concise explanations, of all the currently accepted name s of succulent
plants (including cacti ).

This task was greatly facilitated by the publication of the recently completed series "Illustrated
Handbook of Succulent Plants" (Eggli & Hartmann, 2001-2003), and explanations of the ety-
mologie s of all names used in those volumes were originally part of the planned layout. For vari-
ous reason s, etymological explanations were finally included only for the genu s names, but sev-
eral authors of the "Handbook" series had already supplied etymological explanation s for the
names of species in the group s they contributed. It was therefore an easy decision to continue this
work, expand it to cover all accepted name s of succulents (including cacti), and thus provide a
standardised set of etymological explanations for this intriguing and highly interesting group of
plants. It is our hope that the present etymological dictionary will help towards a better under-
standing of the scientific names of the plant s covered - for hobby collectors, horticulturists and
botanists alike.
Preface VIII

Acknowledgements

The compilation of this etymological dictionary relied heavily on the data supplied by several
authors to the "Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants" series. Our sincere thanks go to E Al-
bers, S. Arroyo-Leuenberger, C. C. Berg, A. Chautems, B. Descoings, S. Carter, P. Forster, G.
Germishuizen, H. 't Hart (t), H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, E. van Jaarsveld, M. Kimnach, U. Meve, R.
Moran, R. Nyffeler, G. D. Rowley, G. E Smith, J. Thiede, and W. J. de Wilde. Our work to com-
plete and standardise the etymological data, and especially our search for biographical informa-
tion, was greatly supported by Gordon D. Rowley and Dieter J. Supthut.

Others who supplied much valuable information are M. B. Bayer, V. Gapon, M. J. & R. C.
Kimberley, A. B. Pullen, L. Springate, and N. P. Taylor. Numerous colleagues have supplied fur-
ther snippets of information, and we are grateful for an their help. Additional help was also pro-
vided by several authors of recently described taxa, as wen as by living persons who were hon-
oured with the name of a plant taxon. Their help is also greatly appreciated.

Finally, it is the pleasant duty of one of us (U.E.) to thank the director of the Sukkulenten-
Sammlung Zürich, Dr. Thomas Bolliger, as wen as the administration of Grün Stadt Zürich, for
permission to use computing infrastructure for the etymological database that was developed dur-
ing this project. A further word of sincere thanks goes to Springer Verlag, and especially to Dr.
Jutta Lindenbom, who favoured the present project and thus enabled this volume to become a
companion volume to the "Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants".

Nairobi / Zürich, January 2004 Leonard E. Newton & Urs Eggli

Abbreviations

Arab. Arabian
C Central
Comp. Comparative
Dept. Department
Dirn . Diminutive
Di str. District
E East, eastern
Engl. English
esp . especially
f. fern ale
fl. (floruit) flouri shing, active
Gen. Genitive
Germ. German
Gr. Greek
ICBN International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
IHSP Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants
ItaI. Italian
Lat. Latin
m. male
MLat. Medieval Latin
N North, northern
n. neuter
NE Northeast, northeastern
NW Northwest, northwestern
PI. Plural
Provo Province
RBG Royal Botanic Gardens
RSA Republic of South Africa
S South, southern
SE Southeast, southeastern
Span . Spanish
SuperI. Superlative
SW Southwest, southwestern
syn . synonym
USA United States of America
W West, western
Introduction
Coverage
The taxa for which etymologies are sup-
plied in this volume are those accepted in the
volumes of the Illustrated Handbook of Succu-
lent Plant s (Eggli 2001-2003, Hartmann 2001
and Alber s & al. 2002 ). In the case of the
cacti, the list of accepted names was derived
from The Cactus Famil y (Anderson 2001) ,
which in turn is primarily based on the second
edition of the CITES Cactaceae Checklist
(Hunt 1999). The many synonyms, i.e. names
that have gone out of use, are not included
here. Deviation s from the sources ju st cited are
relativel y minor and can be described as fol-
lows:
Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plant s
(IHSP): With the exception of a couple of cor-
rection s of error s and the inclusion of a very
few names erroneously not covered in these
volumes, there are no deviations. A few of the
etymologies for generic name s in the IHSP
have been slightly modified. In addition,
names of doubtful or uncertain application
were included with a short discu ssion and de-
scription in the main body of the text in the
case of the Aizoaceae, but were listed sepa-
rately and without explanation in the other
four volumes. Consequently, the doubtful
names in Aizoac eae are included in our list,
unless the discussion in Hartmann (200 1) sug-
gests that they do not belong in the family,
whilst those listed in the other volumes are
omitted. Many new taxa have been described
since the IHSP volumes appeared, and there
have also been taxonomic changes for some
existing taxa. As the main aim of this book is
to explain name s appearing in the Handbook,
new combinations are ignored here (though
this does not mean that the editors wish to
discredit the publications concerned). If the
newly publi shed taxa are interpreted as having
at least some standing (at the editors ' discre-
tion), etymologies have been included in this
volume. Such taxa were always accepted when
they were published by the authority I authori-
ties who contributed the relevant Handbook
treatment. The infraspecific taxa (esp. variet-
ies) described as new in recent years are
mostly unlikely to be of major taxonomic im-
portance, and these are consequently ignored
for this work.
Cactaceae: Deviation s from the taxonomy
presented by Anderson (200 1) are again rela-
tively few. The most obvious change is the
recognition of the gener a Pierrebraun ia, Sul-
corebutia and Weingartia (included in the syn-
onymy of Arrojadoa and, respectively for the
latter two, in Rebutia). At species level,
changes are mostly due to research publi shed
subsequently to the compilation of Anderson's
book, and usually concern names accepted by
Anderson, but which are now recognized as
synonyms. This is most notabl y the case for
Opuntia. For several of the larger genera, addi-
tional infraspecific taxa have been accepted in
comparison with the taxonomy by Anderson,
again based on recent research. All these
changes have been made with the goal of giv-
ing an even coverage of etymologies for all
relevant taxa, and they reflect on-going re-
search as well as (in some cases) a continua-
tion of current usage.
This book covers almost exclusively names
of naturally occurring taxa, but not of artificial
hybrids or cultivars (garden selections, includ-
ing selected variants from natural populations,
hybrids, and chimaeras). The name s included
in this list are those whose formation and use
Introduction
are governed by the "International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature" or ICBN (Greuter &
al. 2000). A cultivar name consists of a botani-
cal name followed by a cultivar epithet en-
closed in single quotes, and the application of
cultivar epithets is controlled by aseparate
code, the "International Code of Nomenclature
for Cultivated Plants" (Trehane & al. 1995).
Cultivar epithets must be words in a modem
language, though before this rule was intro-
duced in 1959 some Latin words were used as
cultivar epithets, and their continued use is al-
lowed. As they are in single quotes and are not
italicised, they should not be confused with
botanical epithets .
Sources of Information
As indicated in the Preface, many IHSP au-
thors included etymologies in their manu-
scripts , and these contributions formed the ba-
sis of our list. When completing the list we
found that many names were without obvious
meaning or application, and in such cases ref-
erence was made to protologue s, though some
uncertainties remain. Secondary sources, espe-
cially for biographical data relating to corn-
memorative names, included lists of field col-
lectors (e.g. Dorr 1997; Gunn & Codd 1981),
obituaries and archival material. The main
sources are listed at the end of this Introduc-
tion.
Many nomenclatural authors give no indi-
cation of how they arrived at the name, and
even the application of a descriptive epithet is
not always obvious from the description of the
plant. Very frequently a name commemorates
a person about whom absolutely no informa-
tion is given in the protologue, and in spite of
much searching in contemporary literature
some of these people remain as shadowy fig-
ures of the past, in some cases known only by
a surname. The ICBN recommends that au-
thors of new names should include in the pro-
tologue the explanation of a name whose
meaning is not obvious (Rec. 60H). When ob-
served, this would be a great help to readers. A
XII
further recommendation should be made that
authors give some basic biographical informa-
tion to identify persons commemorated in new
plant names.
Nomenclature - Tbe Science of
Naming Plants
The use of Latin scientific names for plants
goes back to medieval times, when Latin was
the "lingua franca" of science. Early literature
used "phrase names", which were essentially
very brief Latin descriptions of the plants . In
1753 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeu s
(1707-1778) published a list of plants known
at that time, with a single-word "trivial name"
for each species in each genus. This was
quickly established as a system, still in use to-
day, of giving each species a binomial , i.e. a
combination of a generic name followed by a
specific epithet. Additional epithets indicate
infraspecific taxa, such as subspecies, variet-
ies, or forms. Today, the formation and appli-
cation of botanical names are governed by the
"International Code of Botanical Nomencla -
ture" or ICBN (see Greuter & al. 2000 for the
current edition). This is a set of rules agreed at
an international botanical conference, with the
aim of ensuring stability in plant nomencla-
ture. The conference is held every six years,
and the ICBN is modified slightly at each
conference as users find problems or loopholes
in applying the rules and propose im-
provement s.
Although often referred to as Latin names,
scientific names include many words from
classical Greek or from modem language s.
Whatever the source , all names are treated as
Latin with regard to grammar. Generic names
are nouns (substantives ). Epithets may be ad-
jectives, participle s treated as adjectives, or
nouns. In Latin there are three genders for
nouns, nameiy masculine , feminine and
neuter, and in a binomial the epithet must
agree with the generic name in gender. For this
reason spelling variants occur, though they are
essentially the same word, such as albus, alba
XIII
and album. These notes on Latin are necessari-
ly brief. For further information on Latin
grammar, usage and vocabulary, readers are
referred to the excellent book by Stearn
(1992a).
Botanical names mostly have three
derivations. There are descriptive names, refer-
ring to some distinctive character of the plant,
geographical names, referring to the type 10-
cality or distribution of the taxon, and com-
memorative names, based on personal names
of people usually associated with the plants in
some way. In the case of epithets the ICBN
specifies several standard terminations that in-
dicate the nature of the meaning. For example
'-ensis' (m., f.) or '-ense' (n.) means "coming
from" and indicates geographical origin or dis-
tribution. The terminations '-anus', '-inus ' and
'-icus' are also used for geographical names,
with appropriate gender endings. In substanti-
val commemorative epithets, '-i' or '-ii' is for
a man, '-ae' or '-iae' is for a woman, and
'-orum ' or '-iorum' is for two or more per-
sons. However, there are exceptions, such as
'-ae' for a man whose name ends in 'a ', such
as rivae for Riva. Adjectival commemorative
epithets may end in '-anus', '-ana' or '-anum ',
according to the gender of the generic name.
Two frequently used Greek terminations to re-
member are '-oides' and '-opsis', which mean
"resembling" or "looking like".
When names are derived from languages
other than Latin, the ICBN imposes some
standardisation, such as the treatment of ac-
cents and umlauts. Complications occur when
a personal name is changed. For example, the
German is transcribed as oe in plant names,
ö and it is not always clear from the ICBN if any
but when Schönland emigrated to an English-
speaking country, he changed the spelling of
his name to Schonland. Epithets based on
both spellings have been published, and both
are valid. Other cases of possible confusion
arise from a lack of standardisation in geo-
graphical names, such as Migiurtina and Mi-
jerteina for a Province in Somalia, giving the
equally valid epithets migiurtinus and mije rtei-
nus.
Introduction
If a published name does not have the cor-
rect spelling as laid down in the ICBN, it is to
be corrected, though without a change in au-
thorship. Such corrections must be carried out
with care, for the ICBN includes both manda-
tory rules, called Articles, and Recommenda-
tions. However, even some of the Recommen-
dations attached to Article 60, dealing with
orthography, are rendered mandatory by state-
ments in other parts of the Article. Thus Art.
60.8 makes Rec. 60G mandatory, and Art.
60.11 makes Rec. 60Cl mandatory.
Frequent errors include 'afrus' instead of
'afer' (afer, afra, afrum) and '-ferus' instead
of '-fer' (-fer, -fe ra, -ferum). Accordingly
Echinocereus stoloniferus had to be corrected
to E. stolonifer. As the ending '<iorum' is used
to commemorate two or more persons, Gaste-
ria baylissiana should really be G. baylissio-
rum, and Anacampseros bayeriana should be
A. bayeriorum. The ICBN states that epithets
should not include hyphens, unless the two
words would normally stand alone (Art. 60.9).
Therefore purpureo-croceus should be correct-
ed to purpureocroceus, but meyeri-johannis is
accepted. The formation of compound words
can lead to errors if Latin and Greek words are
mixed unwittingly. Also, connecting vowels
can be chosen incorrectly. Thus rubromarg-
inata had to be corrected to rubrimarginata. In
addition to the publications by Brown (1956)
and Stearn (1992a), arecent book by Rad-
cliffe-Smith (1998) is an invaluable reference
for aspiring authors wishing to avoid problems
with compound words.
Apart from errors, there are many inconsis-
tencies that represent a lack of standardisation,
automatic correction is required. In some cas-
es, classical and mediaeval spellings of the
same word are both allowed. For example the
classical silvaticus and mediaeval sylvaticus
have the same meaning and derivation but both
are allowed (Art. 60.1, Ex. 1). Other cases of
inconsistency include bemarahaensis and be-
marahensis, both accepted at present, and the
easily confused litoralis and littoralis. A con-
fusing multiplicity of epithets is formed from
Introduction
quarci- and quartzi- in compound words refer-
ring to quartz, and from quarciti-, quartziti-
and quarziti- in compound words referring to
quartzite.
Some errors might go unnoticed for a long
time. Several corrections were made tacitly in
the Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plant s
and other corrections will be found in this die-
tionary, but we did not scan all epithets to en-
sure complete standardisation. Attempting to
correct or standardise all the questionable
names would be to enter a minefield of uncer-
tainties in interpreting some finer points of the
ICBN . For example, we wonder how a plant
named for the Bura region in Kenya became
Euphorbia buruana, though it is treated in
the IHSP as an "intentional latinisation" (Art.
60.7). Also, although the aim of the ICBN is
to achieve stability in names, we are not sure
that it is useful to make corrections to names
that have been established for a considerable
time and not so far questioned. We note that
there are some precedents for this view. Tech-
nically, Huernia should probably have had to
be corrected to Heurnia , but it is now the uni-
versally accepted spelling. Similar situations
apply to the now ubiquitous Mammillaria
(grammatically correct as Mamillaria) and Pe-
reskia (for Peiresc, and thus also spelled Pei-
reskia in some early literature).
A different kind of error is where the name
is inappropriate because of a misunderstanding
when the plant was named. An example is Ha-
worthia parksiana, in which the word "Parks"
was wrongly thought to be the name of a per-
son. Euphorbia lateriflora was described from
a herbarium specimen, in which the morpholo-
gy was distorted during drying and mounting.
In the case of Cephalopentandra ecirrosa,
both the generic name and the specific epithet
are erroneous. Detail s of these examples will
be found in this dictionary. The ICBN does not
allow correction of such errors (Art. 51) and
so we must continue to use these names.
XIV
Pronunciation of botanical names tends to
vary according to the nationality of the speak-
er, as is evident at any international conference
involving plants . Stearn (I 992b) commented
that how they are pronounced matters little
provided that they sound pleasant and are un-
derstood. Short names such as Cereus and Se-
dum are easy to say, but many people baulk at
such monstrosities as Cephalopentandra and
Coleocephalocereus and (for western tongues)
dzhavachischvilii. The approach should be to
break down the word into syllables and pro-
nounce each syllable in turn until you can run
off the whole word easily. Of the few rules to
be remembered, it can be pointed out that in
Latin every vowel should be pronounced sepa-
rately and the stress falls on the penultimate
syllable, thus A-lo-e, not A-loe, which is why
it has been written as Alo e in some literature.
Layout and Content of the
Alphabetical List
In this book we have listed generic names
and epithets of species and infraspecific taxa.
A family name is based on the name of the
type genus , and needs no further explanation.
Since the terminal spelling of most epithets is
determined by the gender of the generic name,
as explained above, variants of the same epi-
thet will be found amongst plant names. In the
list we have followed the usual convention
adopted in dictionaries and have usually given
the masculine version only, to avoid endless
repetition of etymologies. Thus albus is given,
but the same explanation applies to alba and
album . Relating gender variants to the entry in
the list should be easy, as in the example just
given. The only exceptions in our list are
where the link with the masculine spelling
might not be obvious, such as 'afer' (m.) for
'afra' and 'afrum' (in which case 'afra' is the
list entry). To determine which gender spelling
is appropriate for a particular genus , readers
are referred to the main six volumes of the 11-
lustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants (Eggli
& Hartmann, 2001-2003), or Anderson (2001)
for cacti.
xv
For each name, or each part of compound
names, the original language, base word and
meaning are given, followed where necessary
by the application for the particular taxon. For
commemorative names an effort has been
made to give some basic biographical data for
the persons concemed. These include title,
commonly used forename, sumame, dates of
birth and (where applicable) death, nationality
and occupation. Additional notes may include
association with the taxon concemed, such as
having collected the type specimen, with suc-
culent plants in general, or with the author of
the name.
Statistics and 'Awards'
The dictionary has 7006 terms with 8142
different explanations for 11439 taxa (572
genera, 9353 species and 1514 infraspecific
taxa). Thus there is more than 20% "overlap",
where the same explanation applies to two or
more taxa. The most frequently used epithet
for succulents is grandiflorus (21 taxa), with
pubescens and pulchellus (16 each) sharing
second place, followed by robustus (15).
However, this is not a complete tabulation of
Introduction
names published for succulents as synonyms
are excluded, and there might be other con-
tenders for most frequently used overall.
The record for the person with the greatest
number of commemorative names is held by
Harry Hall, with 22 names (1 genus + 21 epi-
thets), followed closely by Hans Herre (21 epi-
thets). In third place is Neville Pillans, with 19
epithets . Again, synonyms are not included
and so there could be other published com-
memorative names for these and other people,
possibly even changing the overall league
table. Also, many of the people featured in this
dictionary have non-succulent plants, and even
animals, named for them. One other record in
succulent plant names is that Peter Bally has
three commemorative epithets in one genus
(Euphorbia) .
Our nominations for the nicest names are
apicicephalius, kalisana and mallei. The gen-
eric names Calibanus and Prometheum also
have an interesting derivation. For the most in-
elegant name, our nomination is ahremephi-
anus. Perhaps the award for the most unusual
name goes to mitejea.
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