SCHI GIS Mapping Report

HEALTH SETTINGS
SCOTLAND-CHIKWAWA HEALTH INITIATIVE
CHIKWAWA GIS CONSULTANCY REPORT:
GPS Mapping of Villages, Households and Other Features

and Creation of ArcGIS 10.2 Spatial and Attribute Database
Submitted by:
Peter Nkwanda
JUNE 2015
GPS Mapping of Villages, Households and Other Features
and Creation of ArcGIS 10.2 Spatial and Attribute Database
Submitted to:
Tracy Morse – Health Settings
Submitted by:
Peter Nkwanda
P/Bag 303
Blantyre 3.
Phone: + 265 999 930 426
Email: pnkwanda@poly.ac.mw
ii HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The overall objective of the Health Settings Chikwawa Project being implemented
by The Scotland-Chikwawa Health Initiative (SCHI) is to improve the livelihood
of the local population. The project targets a total of 18 villages located in TA
Katunga and TA Maseya in Chikwawa District. To achieve this objective, there is
need to create and maintain a comprehensive and regularly updated database
depicting the current situation on the ground. SCHI, therefore, engaged
consultancy services to map the project area and develop a spatial and attribute
GIS database.
The overall objective of the mapping exercise was to depict the current situation
in the project area to be used as a planning guide for the implementation of the
Chikwawa Project and as a monitoring tool to measure project performance and
to evaluate project impacts.
The project area lies between UTM Northings 8226895 and 8221753 metres and
Eastings 698835 and 701640 metres. The longest linear distance from North to
South is 5.7 km while the longest east – west linear distance is 3.1 km and it
covers a total area of 5.1 km2.
With the exception of Ndelema Village which lies to the north of the project area,
the terrain is mostly flat. In terms of accessibility, the area seems well connected
due to the linear type of settlement along the road. The only exception is
Ndelema Village.
The first step in the preparation of the base map was to collect topographic and
land cover maps of Chikwawa on which the ArcGIS output would be based. The
main source of geographic data for the base map was the 1:50 000 scale national
toposheets. The toposheets were geo-referenced and the various themes
appearing on the map were scaled off by on-screen digitization. To produce an
up-to-date map, these were complemented with satellite imagery and ground
iii HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
data collection methods. All geographic data, in form of GPS coordinates,
collected in the field were downloaded from the GPS to Microsoft Access and
converted to shapefiles in ArcGIS 10.2.
Collection of household coordinates was done by a field crew of 5 enumerators.

Hand-held GPS receivers were used to collect x, y, and z GPS coordinates of all
households and sanitation facilities. Household surveys were conducted by 5
enumerators using a semi-structured questionnaire. Boundaries separating the
villages were surveyed by a team of 3 Surveying Assistants with the use of
handheld GPS receivers. Collection of coordinates of other features was done by a
field crew of 3 Assistant Surveyors. Hand-held GPS receivers were used to collect
x, y, and z GPS coordinates of all water points, schools, health facilities, churches
and other such features.
GPS coordinates of all the features were entered in Microsoft Excel worksheets
and then converted to shapefiles in ArcGIS 10.2. These were then overlaid with
the base map to create the spatial component of the GIS database. Attribute data
were also entered in Microsoft Excel worksheets and later transferred on to
corresponding attribute tables in ArcGIS 10.2.
The final database was created by integrating image data, spatial datasets, and
tabular data within an ArcGIS project.
The project has captured and mapped the GPS locations of 1,821 households.
Information gathered through questionnaires has been entered in corresponding
attribute tables.
Using the digital information system, data may be analysed on different levels as
follows:
Data in attribute tables may be presented in reports or used for general

analysis using ArcGIS 10.2 Toolbox extension or other Statistical packages.
iv HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
Operations may also be performed on geometric data either in search
mode or for computational purposes such as calculating areas, distances,
directions, and designing cost effective routes.
Arithmetic, logic, and statistical operations may be performed on both

attribute and geometric data.
Geometric and attribute tables may be jointly used to compile new sets of
data based on geographic relationships.
v HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................vi
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CONSULTANCY ................................................................ 1
1.3 SCOPE .......................................................................................................... 2
1.4 OUTPUTS ...................................................................................................... 3
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT.......................................................................... 3
2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCGIS DATABASE

............................................................................................................................5
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA ..............................................................5
2.2 STUDY APPROACH .......................................................................................... 7
2.3 REVIEW OF EXISTING DATASETS.................................................................... 8
2.4 PREPARATION OF BASE MAP.......................................................................... 8
2.5 INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY .................................................... 10
2.6 GEOREFERENCING OF BASE MAP AND SATELLITE IMAGES ............................. 10
2.7 DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING ............................................................ 12
2.7.1 Collection of Household Coordinates ................................................ 12
2.7.2 Household Surveys ............................................................................. 13
2.7.3 Boundary Surveys ............................................................................... 13
2.7.4 Collection of Coordinates of Other Features ..................................... 14
2.7.5 Data Entry and Creation of the Information System......................... 15
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................... 18

3.1 HOUSEHOLDS MAPPED ................................................................................ 19
vi HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
3.2 VILLAGE BOUNDARIES ................................................................................. 21
3.3 OTHER FEATURES MAPPED ......................................................................... 40
3.4 THE ARCGIS DATABASE............................................................................... 41
3.5 USING IDENTIFIER ...................................................................................... 42
3.6 LINKING AND JOINING ................................................................................ 43
3.7 QUERYING AND PROMOTING ....................................................................... 43
3.8 DATA UPDATING AND EXCHANGE ................................................................ 44
3.9 HOT LINKING ............................................................................................. 44
3.10 SEAMLESS INTEGRATION ............................................................................. 45
3.11 SEMI-AUTOMATED UPDATES ....................................................................... 45
3.12 REPORTING ................................................................................................ 45
3.13 GENERATION OF STATISTICS ........................................................................ 45
3.14 CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................... 46
3.15 MODEL BUILDER .........................................................................................47
3.16 CLUSTER ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 48
3.17 OTHER ANALYSES ....................................................................................... 49
3.18 PRODUCT GENERATION ............................................................................... 49
3.19 MAP ACCURACY .......................................................................................... 50
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 52

4.1 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 52
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 52
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 54
vii HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of project area ................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Terrain and accessibility across project area ............................................ 7
Figure 3: Basemap features scaled off from topographic sheets ............................ 9
Figure 4: A plot of household locations against the UTM grid ............................. 20
Figure 5: Village boundaries .................................................................................. 22
Figure 6: Chimoto Village Boundary ..................................................................... 23
Figure 7: Chinkole Village Boundary ..................................................................... 24
Figure 8: Dzimphutsi Village Boundary ................................................................ 25
Figure 9: Jimuloja Village Boundary ..................................................................... 26
Figure 10: Kalonga Village Boundary .....................................................................27
Figure 11: Kaputeni Village Boundary ................................................................... 28
Figure 12: Khumbulani Village Boundary ............................................................. 29
Figure 13: Laisoni Village Boundary ..................................................................... 30
Figure 14: Liwonde Village Boundary .................................................................... 31
Figure 15: Matumula Village Boundary................................................................. 32
Figure 16: Mpezeni Village Boundary ................................................................... 33
Figure 17: Mpokonyola Village Boundary ............................................................. 34
Figure 18: Mwazika Village Boundary ................................................................... 35
Figure 19: Ndelema Village Boundary ................................................................... 36
Figure 20: Patasani Village Boundary ....................................................................37
Figure 21: Sikenala Village Boundary.................................................................... 38
Figure 22: Thukuta Village Boundary ................................................................... 39
Figure 23: Other features mapped ........................................................................ 40

viii HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
Figure 24: Locating a household using the Identifier tool .................................... 43
Figure 25: Results of a database query meeting a set of requirements ................ 44
Figure 26: Statistics for No. of children in households ......................................... 46
Figure 27: Disability / No disability segregated by colour codes ...........................47
Figure 28: A model built to automate a string of commands ............................... 48
Figure 29: Multi distance cluster analysis ............................................................. 49
ix HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Summary statistics for project area ................................................................ 5
Table 2: Coordinate System and cartographic details .............................................. 11
Table 3:ArcGIS extract of household information and attributes........................... 16
Table 4: Project Summary ............................................................................................. 18
x HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: GPS surveyors marking and recording coordinates .................................... 12
Plate 2: An enumerator administering a questionnaire ........................................... 13
Plate 3: Boundary mapping .......................................................................................... 14
Plate 4: Mapping of other features ................................................................................. 15
Plate 5: Part of the data entry team ............................................................................. 16
xi HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I: – Boundary Coordinates Recording Form ............................................ 54
Appendix 2: Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 55
Appendix 3: Recording Form for Other Features ...................................................... 62
xii HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
LIST OF ACRONYMNS
EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
GCS Geographic Coordinate System
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GPS Global Positioning System
HSA Health Surveillance Assistant
SPOT Système Pour l’Observation de la Terre
SCHI Scotland-Chikwawa Health Initiative
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
WGS World Geodetic System
WKID Well Known ID
xiii HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The overall objective of the Health Settings Chikwawa Project being implemented
by The Scotland-Chikwawa Health Initiative (SCHI) is to improve the livelihood
of the local population. The project targets a total of 18 villages located in TA
Katunga and TA Maseya in Chikwawa District. To achieve this objective, there is
need to create and maintain a comprehensive and regularly updated database
depicting the current situation on the ground. SCHI, therefore, engaged
consultancy services to map the project area and develop a spatial and attribute
GIS database.
The GPS survey was expected to accurately capture the GPS locations of all
households in the project area and develop a GIS database of the households
including other relevant features and household details. The database would
facilitate planning and management processes by helping locate households with
more reliable techniques. It would also help identify and analyse situations and
issues quickly, easily, and accurately. Strategies to overcome these issues would
then be prepared and implemented, and the impacts of interventions would be
monitored using the spatial database.
It was further envisaged that the resultant digital GIS-based inventory system
would support information requirements of the project as well as service
extension and delivery and would provide a more efficient method of data
collection for future monitoring and evaluation of the project.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CONSULTANCY
The overall objective of the mapping exercise was to depict the current situation
in the project area to be used as a planning guide for the implementation of the
project and as a monitoring tool to measure project performance and to evaluate
project impact.
1 HEALTH SETTINGS GPS AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY AND CREATION OF GIS DATABASE - CHIKWAWA, 2015
The exercise specifically aimed at:
1 Mapping the geographic location and ‘boundaries’ of the 18 villages in the

project impact area.
2 Mapping all the houses in the 18 villages.
3 Mapping all facilities including schools, markets and health centres.
4 Mapping all water points by type within the 18 villages.
5 Mapping possible sources of water contamination.
6 Mapping the topography of the area.
7 Mapping the soil types and hydrology throughout the area.
8 Mapping natural resources and other major environmental characteristics
within the project area.
9 Capturing attribute information including demography, sanitation issues,
etc in the 18 villages.
10 Producing anthropological maps of the area.
11 Producing epidemiological maps.
12 Training key staff in GPS data collection, GIS database updating and
utilization.
1.3 SCOPE
The mapping exercise among other activities involved:
Preparation of a base map

Mapping village boundaries
Collection of 3D GPS coordinates of households
Collection of 3D coordinates of other features
Administering of questionnaires
Collection of household attribute data
Computer entry of all data collected
Conversion of GPS data into GIS shapefiles
Consolidation of the spatial and attribute data in ArcGIS 10.2
Production of GIS maps in both hardcopy and softcopy formats
1.4 OUTPUTS
The expected deliverables of the assignment were the following:
A narrative consultancy report

An easily updated interactive GIS database of household and feature
locations and attributes as captured from the surveys presented in ArcGIS
format
Digital maps showing village boundaries
Hardcopy maps of A1 size.
In order to address issues of capacity building and database maintenance and

improvement, the current consultancy also incorporates the following aspects:
Provision of training for HSAs who will be collecting data for updating the
database and Polytechnic and Water for People staff who will maintain the
database
Creation of a detailed list of hardware, software and data to be
purchased/collected
Identification of appropriate innovative technologies
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
Following this introduction, providing information on the general background,

statement of the problem, objectives and expected outputs of the consultancy,
chapter two gives an overview of the major activities that were conducted within
this study as well as the rationale and methodological approaches that were
applied to collect and analyse all relevant data. Chapter three presents the major
findings and results of the consultancy and discusses the potential applications of
the ArcGIS database. Building on that, chapter four presents recommendations
and proposed short- and long-term intervention options on how to
strengthen/foster the new Geo-Information capacities to improve project
implementation.
2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCGIS
DATABASE
This chapter provides detailed information on the methodological approaches

and methodologies that were applied with regard to the aforementioned
objectives of the consultancy (chapter 1). Building on that, the rest of the chapter
then present a more detailed description of the individual activities that were
carried out during the consultancy.
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
The assignment was confined within the project area which lies between UTM
Northings 8226895 and 8221753 metres and Eastings 698835 and 701640
metres (Figure 1). The longest linear distance from North to South is 5.7 km while
the longest east – west linear distance is 3.1 km and it covers a total area of 5.1
km2. Table 1 summarizes these statistics.
T ABLE 1: S UMMARY STATISTICS FOR PROJECT AREA
Eastings-X (metres) [698835, 701640]
Northings-Y (metres) [8226895, 8221753]
Area(km2) 5.1
North - South (km) 5.7
East - West (km) 3.1
With the exception of Ndelema Village which lies to the north of the project area,
the terrain is mostly flat as evidenced by the sparsely distributed contour lines
(Figure 2). In terms of accessibility, the area seems well connected due to the fact
that the villages are linearly located along the road. The only exception is
Ndelema Village.
F IGURE 1: M AP OF PROJECT AREA
F IGURE 2: T ERRAIN AND ACCESSIBILITY ACROSS PROJECT AREA
2.2 STUDY APPROACH
The mapping project was addressed on three levels. Level 1 involved the use of
available maps to physically characterize the natural and physical resources
across the supply area. Data were captured based on 1993 1: 50 000 Surveys
topographic sheets where the highest amount of details possible were scaled off.
The data were checked for accuracy and cleaned where necessary or re-digitized
to provide better representation of the features at the desired scale.
However, the 1993 topographic sheets are based on an aerial survey conducted in
1974 and are, for most purposes, outdated. This necessitated a second analysis
(Level 2) that integrated, onto the map, data from recent satellite imagery and
field site surveys done throughout the project area. This involved field data
verification, updates based on satellite imagery and complementing the datasets
with attribute statistics associated with the area obtained from key informants
who in most cases were HSAs and Village Headmen.
The final level involved integrating the base map with data collected from the
field survey to create the final database.
2.3 REVIEW OF EXISTING DATASETS
The assignment commenced with a thorough review of existing GIS datasets that
other organizations have created over the years. This exercise was necessary to
identify gaps in the existing data so that this assignment can concentrate on those
and avoid duplicating work that has already been accomplished.
2.4 PREPARATION OF BASE MAP
The first step in the preparation of the base map was to collect topographic and
land cover maps of Chikwawa on which the ArcGIS output would be based. The
main source of geographic data for the base map was the 1:50 000 scale national
toposheets.
The toposheets were geo-referenced and suitable image enhancements were

applied to facilitate the delineation and interpretation of different thematic
information. The various themes appearing on the map were scaled off by on-
screen digitization. The following themes were digitized (Figure 3):
Road networks
Rivers and streams
Contour lines
Public institutions
Other important land cover / land use features
F IGURE 3: B ASEMAP FEATURES SCALED OFF FROM TOPOGRAPHIC SHEETS
Visual and digital interpretation methods were used to prepare the pre-field
interpreted map, which were in turn used on the ground to identify different
elements of various themes for the purpose of updates. To produce an up-to-date
map, these were complemented with satellite imagery and ground data collection
methods. The field data collections were aided by Global Positioning System
(GPS) in order to locate the ground verification points on the map and for further
incorporation of details. Records were made of changes in size and shape of
features, new features that do not appear on the pre-field map and features that
have disappeared on the ground but do appear on the pre-field map. For all the
field points visited relevant attribute information was also collected.
To update the base map, all geographic data, in form of GPS coordinates,
collected in the field were downloaded from the GPS to Microsoft Access and
converted to shapefiles in ArcGIS 10.2. Further updates were gleaned from
satellite imagery. The updating process was done through a visual analysis and
inspection for differences between the base map and satellite images. Attribute
data were summarized as tables and charts and attached to the appropriate
themes on the map.
2.5 INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY
The satellite images used to complement other data sources were 2014
panchromatic SPOT satellite data with a resolution of 5 metres.
2.6 GEOREFERENCING OF BASE MAP AND SATELLITE IMAGES
The purpose of georeferencing both the scanned maps and the satellite images
was to relate them to known, specific, geographic coordinates. This would enable
the analyst and the user to know the geographic coordinates of any point in the
image and the resultant maps relative to its location on the ground. It would also
permit cross-referencing between multiple images and datasets of the same
location as well as associated maps that might be added on to the set of datasets
at a later date. Georeferencing also allows for the calculation of distances, areas
and also permits other forms of spatial analysis, that would otherwise be
unavailable, to be carried out on the digital map.
After appropriate control points were selected, the scanned maps and the satellite
images were registered to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection
zone 36 based on the World Geodetic System (WGS) of 1984 through an affine
polynomial transformation. This was done using ArcGIS 10.2. Normally, the local
Datum of Arc 1950 based on Clarke 1880 ellipsoid would have been preferred due
to the fact that most existing digital data in Malawi have been collected using this
Datum. However, it was also envisaged that with Government’s plan to migrate to
WGS 1984, most future datasets will be collected using this Datum. The
coordinate source for georeferencing was the UTM grid appearing on the
analogue map. Following the transformation, a resampling was performed using
a nearest neighbour algorithm. The georeferencing accuracy was later tested
using coordinates collected in the field using a GPS receiver. Table 2 summarizes
details of the coordinate system used.
T ABLE 2: C OORDINATE S YSTEM AND CARTOGRAPHIC DETAILS
Geographic Coordinate System: GCS_WGS_1984
Datum: D_WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_36S
WKID: 32736
Authority: EPSG
Spheroid WGS_1984
Projection: Transverse_Mercator
False_Easting: 500000.0
False_Northing: 10000000.0
Central_Meridian: 33.0
Scale_Factor: 0.9996
Latitude_Of_Origin: 0.0
Linear Unit: Meter (1.0)
Angular Unit: Degree (0.0174532925199433)
Prime Meridian: Greenwich (0.0)
Semimajor Axis: 6378137.0
Semiminor Axis: 6356752.314245179
Inverse Flattening: 298.257223563
2.7 DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
2.7.1 Collection of Household Coordinates

Collection of household coordinates was done by a field crew of 5 enumerators.
To ensure full coverage of the area, the enumerators were accompanied by
representatives of Village Headmen. Hand-held GPS receivers, the Garmin E
Trex 20, were used to collect x, y, and z GPS coordinates of all households and
sanitation facilities. The collection procedure was accomplished both by marking
the location directly in the GPS units and recording the 3D coordinates on GPS
recording sheets (Ref Plate 1). The sets of data recorded were; X Coordinate, Y
Coordinate, Elevation, and Waypoint Number. (Ref Appendix 3).
P LATE 1: GPS SURVEYORS MARKING AND RECORDING COORDINATES
2.7.2 Household Surveys
Household surveys were conducted by 5 enumerators using a semi-structured
questionnaire (Ref Appendix 3). The enumerators also took pictures of dwellings
and sanitation facilities for all households. No sampling was done and therefore
the entire population living in the 18 villages under the project area was covered.
All enumerators were accompanied by local villagers.
P LATE 2: A N ENUMERATOR ADMINISTERING A QUESTIONNAIRE
2.7.3 Boundary Surveys

Boundaries separating the villages were surveyed by a team of 3 Surveying
Assistants with the use of handheld GPS receivers (Plate 3). This was done by
creating a tracklog in the GPS receivers and travelling along the village
boundaries. A number of waypoints were also recorded along the boundaries
using forms as shown in Appendix 2. Mapping of boundaries was done jointly
with representatives of Village Headmen.
P LATE 3: B OUNDARY MAPPING
2.7.4 Collection of Coordinates of Other Features

Collection of coordinates of other features was done by a field crew of 3 Assistant
Surveyors. Hand-held GPS receivers were used to collect x, y, and z GPS
coordinates of all water points, schools, health facilities, churches and other such
features (Plate 4). The collection procedure was done both by marking the
location directly in the GPS units and recording the 3D coordinates on GPS
recording sheets. The sets of data recorded were; X Coordinate, Y Coordinate,
Elevation, Feature Type and Waypoint Number.
P LATE 4: M APPING OF OTHER FEATURES
2.7.5 Data Entry and Creation of the Information System

GPS coordinates of all the features were entered in Microsoft Excel worksheets by
a team of 15 data entry clerks (Plate 5). The coordinates were then converted to
shapefiles in ArcGIS 10.2. These were then overlaid with the base map to create
the spatial component of the GIS database. Attribute data were also entered in
Microsoft Excel worksheets and later transferred on to corresponding attribute
tables in ArcGIS 10.2 (Table 2).
P LATE 5: P ART OF THE DATA ENTRY TEAM
T ABLE 3: A RC GIS EXTRACT OF HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES
The final database was created by integrating image data, spatial datasets, and
tabular data within an ArcGIS project. The information system, therefore,
requires ArcGIS software to run correctly. Image data and attribute tables can,
however, be viewed using other common applications but spatial analysis cannot
be performed. The GIS database is capable of carrying out operations, analyses,
and data manipulations typical of any full featured Geographic Information
System. With query and analysis tools, the geographic relationships in the data
can be investigated and the relationships among multiple sets of data defined.
Furthermore, both geographic and attribute data can be added or edited any time
a change occurs in the field. The database is dynamic, so that changes to the
tabular data are automatically reflected on the maps.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The main output of the mapping exercise is the electronic Information System
presented on hard drive. This narrative report will, however, highlight the main
features of the database, discuss their application potential and make
recommendations for future updates and improvements to the system. The
project summary is presented in Table 4.
T ABLE 4: P ROJECT S UMMARY
PROJECT SUMMARY
PROJECT: Mapping of households, villages and other features in 18 villages
located in Chikwawa District with Handheld GPS receivers and
ArcGIS 10.2 Software
PROJECT DATE: May - June 2015
PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS:
Mapping 1,800 households and sanitation facilities indicating coordinates
facilitates easy and fast location of these features.
Capturing village boundaries facilitates project planning.
Capturing household information makes intervention implementation fast

and easy.
Accurate GPS locations of other features will result in better, more efficient
project design.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED:

Garmin E Trex 10 handhelds for coordinate data collection
Field forms for attribute data and household information
Dell Computers
Software: Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS 10.2 by ESRI
PRIMARY USES:
GIS Data Management: Maintain 20+ GIS data layers of over 1,800
households, access routes, terrain files, and infrastructure appurtenances
in a multi-user ESRI Geodatabase.
Information Delivery: Generate information products for timely decision

support in operations and maintenance, planning and analysis.
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES:
Ongoing update of the database:
o New households / features
o Revisions / changes to existing projects
o GPS data
o Household information based on field observation
Reporting of data updates from the above sources
Process ad-hoc requests for GIS analysis, maps and reports
3.1 HOUSEHOLDS MAPPED
The project has captured and mapped the GPS locations of 1,800 households
(Figure 4). Information gathered through questionnaires has been entered in
corresponding attribute tables.
F IGURE 4: A PLOT OF HOUSEHOLD LOCATIONS AGAINST THE UTM GRID
3.2 VILLAGE BOUNDARIES
Village boundaries are as shown in Figures 5 to 22.
F IGURE 5: V ILLAGE BOUNDARIES
F IGURE 6: C HIMOTO V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 7: C HINKOLE V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 8: D ZIMPHUTSI V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 9: J IMULOJA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 10: K ALONGA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 11: K APUTENI V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 12: K HUMBULANI V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 13: L AISONI V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 14: L IWONDE V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 15: M ATUMULA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 16: M PEZENI V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 17: M POKONYOLA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 18: M WAZIKA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 19: N DELEMA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 20: P ATASANI V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 21: S IKENALA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
F IGURE 22: T HUKUTA V ILLAGE B OUNDARY
3.3 OTHER FEATURES MAPPED
Other features mapped are as shown in Figure 23.
F IGURE 23: O THER FEATURES MAPPED
3.4 THE ARCGIS DATABASE
A set of spatially referenced digital maps and associated descriptive data have
been developed for households in the project area. Analogue maps will be made
available as part of the final submission on A1 sheets.
The integrated database is a full GIS-based information system that allows for
operations which are impossible with simple analogue or digital maps. For
instance, a GIS-based map allows for easier and faster editing and updating of the
datasets. It also permits more flexible queries to be done on a diverse package of
datasets and enables derivation of higher-level information than is possible from
a thematic analogue map. In addition, the process of data analysis, map
preparation, and map-based queries can be done electronically using the basic
tools common to most GIS software. Furthermore, certain forms of analysis
become available, which would otherwise be inaccessible, if done manually, for
instance, overlay analysis of multiple complex polygon based data sets.
Using the digital information system, data may be analysed on different levels as
follows:
Data in attribute tables may be presented in reports or used for general

analysis using ArcGIS 10.2 Toolbox extension or other Statistical packages.
Operations may also be performed on geometric data either in search

mode or for computational purposes such as calculating areas, distances,
directions, and designing cost effective routes.
Arithmetic, logic, and statistical operations may be performed on both

attribute and geometric data.
Geometric and attribute tables may be jointly used to compile new sets of
data based on geographic relationships.
Data sets in a GIS retain their integrity and form a basis for and
fundamental part of monitoring and evaluation procedures. Change or
time series analysis can also be easily and efficiently performed for two or
more different time periods. This is useful in monitoring the rate of
expansion of customer base.
3.5 USING IDENTIFIER
The interactive map may be used to locate specific households and/or families
and retrieve general information about the location using the identifier tool. This
tool retrieves an attribute table and joins it to the dbf file which contains the
relational database. All available details for that household or family will be
displayed as shown in Figure 24. In this example, the identifier has been used to
show the geographic position of a particular household and also retrieve all
available attribute data about this particular family. The household in question is
highlighted by a change of colour and size on the map and the corresponding
records in the attributed are also highlighted
Alternatively, the information can be retrieved in search mode by entering the

household name or geographic coordinates of the household of interest and
making a search request. The household will be shown by a colour change on the
map and attribute table.
F IGURE 24: L OCATING A HOUSEHOLD USING THE I DENTIFIER TOOL
3.6 LINKING AND JOINING
Data from different sources about any location within the project area can be
linked and joined to the database for analysis. In this case, the relational database
is linked to the spatial attribute database. The purpose is to link or join tables to
get more information about the location.
One advantage of this facility is that data about the area coming from different
sources does not have to be recaptured to become an integral part of the
database.
3.7 QUERYING AND PROMOTING
There are three fundamental types of GIS query analysis; attribute data queries,
spatial queries and set queries which can be performed on all types of spatial
data. For example a query might be posed to the database to show all households
with more than 5 family members that have no toilet and walk more than 30
minutes to draw water. The result of the query is as shown in Fig 25. The
households that meet these criteria are highlighted in blue in the attribute table
as well as on the map.
F IGURE 25: R ESULTS OF A DATABASE QUERY MEETING A SET OF REQUIREMENTS
3.8 DATA UPDATING AND EXCHANGE
Updates and edits can be done on attribute tables as well as on geographic data to
add, delete, or change records. When the required edits have been done, the
database is automatically updated. The procedure for updating the information
system with field data is easy and quick. Furthermore, there is no data
redundancy that this helps keep the database compact.
3.9 HOT LINKING
Images or pictures of various features taken in the project area can be hot linked
to the database and can be retrieved by simply clicking on the feature of interest
either on the map or on the name of the feature in the attribute table. These can
also be added or removed easily from the theme to which they are linked.
3.10 SEAMLESS INTEGRATION
The GIS is capable of integrating field crew data capture devices (using mobile
GIS customised systems) into the centralised ArcGIS database. It is also capable
of seamlessly integrating into other geographic or tabular systems. The system
may also be used for analysis and collation of data to be uploaded into ArcGIS.
3.11 SEMI-AUTOMATED UPDATES
Updates using GPS receivers may be done by downloading data straight on to the
map. If RF-enabled GPS devises are used, the update may also be done remotely.
3.12 REPORTING
The GIS is capable of producing quick simple reports, charts and tables arising
from database queries as well as progress mapping for reporting purposes. It may
also be used for regular thematic map production for inclusion in reports and
presentations. A number of outputs may be derived from the GIS database.
3.13 GENERATION OF STATISTICS
The GIS can generate statistics about a particular field from the attribute tables of
all layers within a selected area. These statistics provide information about how
many features are in that theme, the smallest and largest values from the
attribute table for that field, standard deviation, etc (Figure 26).
F IGURE 26: S TATISTICS FOR N O . OF CHILDREN IN HOUSEHOLDS
3.14 CLASSIFICATION
A layer’s symbols may be classified into different categories depending on a

particular field from the attribute table. The various classes will then be displayed
by symbols of different colours, shapes and/or sizes. For instance this tool may be
used to show, on the map, the households with disabled people in a village
(Figure 27).
F IGURE 27: D ISABILITY / N O DISABILITY SEGREGATED BY COLOUR CODES
3.15 MODEL BUILDER
Tasks that are performed in a particular order on a regular basis can be built into
a model in ArcGIS so that they can be processed automatically using a model
building tool (Figure 28). ModelBuilder is an application used to create, edit, and
manage models. Models are workflows that string together sequences of tasks,
feeding the result of one task into another task as input. ModelBuilder can also be
used to integrate ArcGIS with other applications. In the example given in Figure
28, ModelBuilder has been used to create a model where the first step will be to
calculate the size of the project area; in the second step the area where all houses
are found will be calculated and in the third step a network connecting all these
houses is created. In the final step, a buffer zone is created around this area.
F IGURE 28: A MODEL BUILT TO AUTOMATE A STRING OF COMMANDS
3.16 CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The multi-distance spatial cluster analysis (Ripley's K Function) determines

whether features or the values associated with features, exhibit statistically
significant clustering or dispersion over a range of distances. In the example
given in Figure 29, the Ripley’s K Function has been used to show how well
connected an area is to water points. Difference K demonstrates that the
distribution of water points in the area is even.
F IGURE 29: M ULTI DISTANCE CLUSTER ANALYSIS
3.17 OTHER ANALYSES
Various levels of analysis may be done on the GIS including:
Compilation and cleaning of existing spatial data

Complex spatial analyses to answer or solve management problems
Creating daily, weekly and monthly work plans and forecasts
Analysis and reporting daily progress against schedules
Quality control of all related data;
3.18 PRODUCT GENERATION
This is where final outputs for various purposes may be derived. Output products
might include statistical reports, maps, or others.
3.19 MAP ACCURACY
Accuracy of maps and the level of confidence that should be invested in them are
hard to quantify since a large number of possible sources of error exists.
Nevertheless, it is important to provide some level of confidence for the maps if
they are to be used effectively in project management.
After identification and delineation of features followed by georeferencing, an

accuracy test was done for a few sample points on the map. The supply area map
was divided into grids using a superimposed UTM grid and intersecting points of
each grid within the study area were taken as sample points for validation.
When tested against external sources (various paper maps and GPS
measurements) the GIS registered only minor errors that are well within
acceptable limits. Minor errors should, therefore, be expected when using the
map. The following are the possible sources that contributed to the overall
amount of error:
1. The inherent variability within satellite imagery used. Remotely

sensed images are taken at a great distance from the earth’s surface. As
a result, there is substantial atmospheric path that the electromagnetic
energy must pass through before it reaches the sensor. In addition,
during the time the image is being scanned, the satellite is following a
path that is subject to minor variations at the same time that the earth
is moving underneath. Consequently, a variety of systematic and
random disturbances can combine to degrade the image finally
received.
2. Positional displacements due to position fix errors of handheld

GPS receivers. The amount of errors during the data collection
exercises ranged from 2 to 5 metres.
3. Georeferencing errors. The process of georeferencing warps and
stretches maps in order to match control points. Some allowance for
errors is given to avoid extreme distortion of the map due to warping
and stretching.
4. Cartographic simplification. Map production is a mixture of

aesthetics and science. There is generally a compromise between scale,
map detail and ease of the use of the map. Too much emphasis on
accuracy renders a map confusing and hard to read. In this case,
special consideration was given to the fact that the end users of the
digital map would not necessarily be GIS experts and the map should
be user-friendly.
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 CONCLUSION
Effective planning and decision making requires tools that can analyze and
update spatial information easily, quickly and efficiently. A GIS-based database
offers these advantages. For the Chikwawa ArcGIS household database, different
themes (layers) have been developed to depict the location and distribution of
villages and households against a base map of the area in a GIS environment.
Other attributes of the area have been attached to the digital maps in form of
attribute tables and charts. The various thematic data layers generated through
this process will provide a scientific basis for project management in the area.
The comprehensive spatial database in GIS domain created by this study will
assist the management in informed decision making and planning and future
monitoring for the project.
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Updating the Information System
The database and maps created in this study only provide the base of a longer and
systematic process of data collection and analysis. The maps have to be updated
on a regular basis if they are to provide reliable information on a continuous
basis. This relies on the immediate update of the database as soon as new data is
collected or any change on the project area is effected.
2. Hardware and Software
A spatial information system is a computer system for capture (input) and

storage (management), analysis and display of geographic data; that is, data that
can be referenced according to location. Although a spatial information system is
often thought of as a single piece of software; in reality, it should be considered in
broader terms as part of an information management system including
procedures, operating personnel, data and hardware. In this context, a spatial
information system is a computer system which facilitates the phases of data
entry, data management, data manipulation and analysis, and data presentation.
It is essential, therefore, to have the following minimum requirements in place:
A high-speed large memory computer

Software – ArcGIS 10.2
A number of GPS receivers
A GIS technician to maintain the database
3. Training of Key Staff
Field staff (HSAs) should be aware of the basic operations of the spatial
information system applications and should also be able to update it as the
situation on the ground changes. A basic training covering data collection
techniques using a handheld GPS and/or android phones and updating of the
database with GPS data is essential. An understanding of these basic functions
will enable the users to fully utilize the information system and appreciate the
benefits that can be realised from a fully integrated database. A one-week
training is therefore hereby proposed. This will be tailor made to meet the
specific needs of the project.
4. Database Updates by HSAs
It is recommended that HSAs should be equipped and tasked with the

responsibility of collecting GPS data that may be used to update the database.
APPENDICES
A PPENDIX I: – B OUNDARY C OORDINATES R ECORDING F ORM

HEALTH SETTINGS
Creation of an Interactive GIS Database
Recording form for Boundary coordinates
Serial No.: ......... Name: ............................................. Village: ............................................ Date: ................................
No. W.P. No. X-coordinate Y-coordinate Elevation
Instructions:
1. The GPS unit should be set to WGS 1984, UTM Zone 36S.
2. Waypoints should be marked in the GPS unit and recorded on this sheet.
3. For each waypoint record x, y coordinates and elevation in metres.
A PPENDIX 2: Q UESTIONNAIRE
HEALTH SETTINGS
Serial No.: ................ Name of Household: ...................................................................
Village: .................................. Enumerator: ..................................Date: .......................
Who do you consider your village head: _____________________________________
Photograph of household taken?: YES / NO
Waypoint No.
1. X coordinate (UTM)
2. Y coordinate (UTM)
3. Elevation (metres)
4. Name of interviewee
(Dzina la wofunsidwa mafunso)
5. Marital status of interviewee
(Ngati ali pa banja)
6. No. of people currently in household
(Anthu akukhala m’nyumba padakali pano)
a How many women (24+ years)
(Nambala ya azimayi opitirira zaka 24)
b How many men (24+ years)
(Nambala ya azibambo opitirira zaka 24)
c How many young women (12 - 23 years)
(Nambala ya atsikana osafika zaka 24)
d How many young men (12 - 23 years)
(Nambala ya anyamata osafika zaka 24)
e How many children (6 – 11 years)
(Nambala ya ana a zaka 6 – 11)
f How many under 5s (0 – 5 years)
(Nambala ya ana a zaka 0 - 5)
g* No. of dwellings on the household
(Nambala ya nyumba pakhomopo)
NO. QUESTION ANSWER CODE GO TO
7. Is the head of the household Male 1
(Mutu wa banja ndi wammuna / wamkazi?) Female 2
8. Does anyone in the household have a disability? (Kodi pali Yes 1
wolumala aliyense?) No 2
9. Do you own or rent the house? Own 1
(Nyumba mukukhalayi ndi yanu kapena ya rent?) Rent 2
10. Do you have electricity? Yes 1
(Kodi muli ndi magetsi?) No 2
If yes, what type? ESCOM 1
(Ngati alipo kodi ndi anji?) Solar 2
Other 3
11. Do you own? Bicycle 1 0
(Kodi zinthu izi muli nazo?) Radio 1 0
Television 1 0
Cellphone 1 0
1 0
12. Does the house have? Iron sheets 1 0
(Kodi nyumbayo ili ndi zinthu izi?) Grass roof 1 0
Mud bricks 1 0
Burnt bricks 1 0
Concrete floor 1 0
Mud floor 1 0
13. How much income does the household have per month? MK
(Kodi mumapeza ndalama zokwana zingati pa mwezi?)
14. Details of household members education Number of hhld
(Maphunziro) members currently in
primary education
(Nambala ya anthu
amene ali ku
pulaimale)
_______________
____
Number of hhld
members currently in
secondary education
(Nambala ya anthu
amene ali ku
sekondale)
-
_______________
____
Number of hhld
members currently in
tertiary education
(Nambala ya anthu
amene ali ku koleji)
15 Which schools do members of your household attend? Name of schools No. of people
(Kodi anthu a mnyumba ino amapita ku sukulu iti?) Mfera CDSS
Nkhudzi Primary
Mfera Primary
Other
WATER AND SANITATION

16 Where does the household collect drinking water from? Unprotected/unlined well 1
(Kodi madzi akumwa mumatunga kuti?) River 2
Scoop hole 3
Pond 4
Borehole (Afridev) 5
Malda pump 6
Gravity fed system 7
Private tap 8
Other 9
10
17. Is this an improved water supply? Yes 1 GO TO 19
No 2
18. Is there an improved water supply available? Yes 1
No 2 GO TO 19
19. Why do you not use the improved supply? Too far away 1
Not operating 2
Too long to wait 3
Don’t like the taste 4
Other (specify) 5
20. How far away is your drinking water supply? <500m 1
(Kumene mumatunga madzi akumwa ndi kutali bwanji?) 500m – 1km 2
1 – 2km 3
2+km 4
21. How long does it take you to collect drinking water? <30 minutes 1
(Mukapita kukatunga madzi akumwa mumatenga nthawi 30 minutes to 1 hour 2
yaitali bwanji?) 1 – 2 hours 3
2+ hours 4
22. Does the household have access to a sanitation facility? Yes 1 GO TO 26
No 2
23. Take a photograph of the sanitation facility Yes 1
No 2
24. Does more than one household share the facility? Yes (record name of 1
family(ies) sharing
No 2
25. What type of floor does the latrine have? (observation) Soil 1
(Yang’anani pansi pa chimbudzi kuti ndi potani) Sanitation platform 2
Other (specify) 3
26. What condition is the latrine in? (observation) Urine/faeces on floor 1
(Yang’anani ngati chimbudzi chilli cha ukhondo) Faeces on wall 2
Clean and tidy 3
27. Is there evidence of open defaecation around the Yes 1
household area? (observation) No 2
(Yang’anani ngati anthu amapanga chimbudzi pali ponse)
28. Is there handwashing around the latrine area? Yes 1
(Kodi panja pa chimbudzi pali madzi osamba mmanja?) No 2
FOOD SECURITY
QUESTION ANSWER CODE GO TO

29. Currently, how many 50 kg bags of maize do you have? None 1
Please check less than 2 2
(Kodi muli ndi matumba angati a chimanga padakali Between 2 to 4 3
pano?) 5 and above 4
Other 5
30. Do you practice irrigation farming at this household? Yes 1

(Kodi mumchita ulimi wothirira?) No 2 GO TO 31
31 If yes, what equipment do you use for irrigation? Engine pump 1
(Mumagwiritsa zida zanji zothiririra?) Treadle pumps 2
Channel 3
Other 4
32. Do you keep livestock? Yes 1

(Kodi muli ndi ziweto?) No 2 GO TO 33
33. If yes, name them Goats 1
(Ndi ziweto zanji muli nazo?) Cattle 2
Chicken 3
Pigs 4
34. Do you grow any cash crops? Yes 1

(Kodi mumachita ulimi uliwonse?) No 2 GO TO 35
35. If yes, name the cash crops Sweet potato 1
(Tchulani mbewu zimne mumalima) Cassava 2
Cotton 3
Sorghum 4
Other 5
HEALTH
QUESTION ANSWER CODE

36. Name the common diseases that members of the Malaria 1
household suffer from Respiratory infections 2
(Kodi ndi matenda anji amene anthu pano Typhoid 3
amadwaladwala?) Parasitic diseases 4
37. Do you have a mosquito net? Yes 1 GO TO 38

(Kodi muli ndi masikito?) No 2
38. Is it hanged, check (observation) Yes 1
(Yang’nani ngati ikugwiritsidwa ntchito) No 2
39 Do you use any family planning method? Yes 1 GO TO 40
(Kodi mumalera?) No 2
40. Condoms 1
Which family planning method do you use? Injections 2
(Mumagwiritsa ntchito njira yanji?) Loop 3
Other 4
41. Which health facility do you use first? None 1

(Chipatala mumapita cha kuti?) Mfera 2
Maperera 3
Chikwawa District Hospital 4
Traditional healer
Other 5
6
RECREATION
QUESTION ANSWER CODE

42. Does anyone in your household play sports? Adults 1
(Alipo aliyense pano amachita masewero aliwonse?) Children 2 GO TO 43
No one 3
43 Which sports do they play? Football 1
(Amasewera masewero anji?) Netball 2
Other 3
44 Is your household religious? Yes 1

(Kodi mumapemphera mpingo uliwonse?) No 2 GO TO 45
45 If yes which do you attend? Mosque (Islam) 1
(Mumapemphera mpingo wanji?) CCAP 2
Seventh Day 3
Catholic 4
Pentecostal 5
Other 6
46 Do any members of your family participate in other Yes 1 GO TO 47

activities in the community? No 2
(Kodi alipo aliyense pakhomo pano amatengako mbali pa
zochitikachitika za mmudzi?)
47 What activities do they participate in? Youth group 1 0

(Kodi amatengako mbali pa chani?) Women’s group 1 0
Drinking 1 0
Visiting video centres 1 0
Volunteer work (specify) 1 0
*Indicate number of people in each dwelling:
A PPENDIX 3: R ECORDING F ORM FOR O THER F EATURES
HEALTH SETTINGS
Recording form for coordinates of other features
Serial No.: .............. Name: ...........................................................Date: ........................
No. W.P. No. Feature X-coordinate Y-coordinate Elevation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

SCHI GIS Mapping Report

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HEALTH SETTINGS

SCOTLAND-CHIKWAWA HEALTH INITIATIVE

CHIKWAWA GIS CONSULTANCY REPORT:

GPS Mapping of Villages, Households and Other Features

Tracy Morse – Health Settings

Phone: + 265 999 930 426

Collection of household coordinates was done by a field crew of 5 enumerators.

Data in attribute tables may be presented in reports or used for general

Arithmetic, logic, and statistical operations may be performed on both

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... iii

2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCGIS DATABASE

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................... 18

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 52

Figure 1: Map of project area ................................................................................... 6

Figure 2: Terrain and accessibility across project area ............................................ 7

Figure 3: Basemap features scaled off from topographic sheets ............................ 9

Figure 4: A plot of household locations against the UTM grid ............................. 20

Figure 5: Village boundaries .................................................................................. 22

Figure 6: Chimoto Village Boundary ..................................................................... 23

Figure 7: Chinkole Village Boundary ..................................................................... 24

Figure 8: Dzimphutsi Village Boundary ................................................................ 25

Figure 9: Jimuloja Village Boundary ..................................................................... 26

Figure 10: Kalonga Village Boundary .....................................................................27

Figure 11: Kaputeni Village Boundary ................................................................... 28

Figure 12: Khumbulani Village Boundary ............................................................. 29

Figure 13: Laisoni Village Boundary ..................................................................... 30

Figure 14: Liwonde Village Boundary .................................................................... 31

Figure 15: Matumula Village Boundary................................................................. 32

Figure 16: Mpezeni Village Boundary ................................................................... 33

Figure 17: Mpokonyola Village Boundary ............................................................. 34

Figure 18: Mwazika Village Boundary ................................................................... 35

Figure 19: Ndelema Village Boundary ................................................................... 36

Figure 20: Patasani Village Boundary ....................................................................37

Figure 21: Sikenala Village Boundary.................................................................... 38

Figure 22: Thukuta Village Boundary ................................................................... 39

Figure 23: Other features mapped ........................................................................ 40

Figure 25: Results of a database query meeting a set of requirements ................ 44

Figure 26: Statistics for No. of children in households ......................................... 46

Figure 27: Disability / No disability segregated by colour codes ...........................47

Figure 28: A model built to automate a string of commands ............................... 48

Figure 29: Multi distance cluster analysis ............................................................. 49

Table 1: Summary statistics for project area ................................................................ 5

Table 2: Coordinate System and cartographic details .............................................. 11

Table 3:ArcGIS extract of household information and attributes........................... 16

Table 4: Project Summary ............................................................................................. 18

Plate 1: GPS surveyors marking and recording coordinates .................................... 12

Plate 2: An enumerator administering a questionnaire ........................................... 13

Plate 3: Boundary mapping .......................................................................................... 14

Plate 4: Mapping of other features ................................................................................. 15

Plate 5: Part of the data entry team ............................................................................. 16

Appendix I: – Boundary Coordinates Recording Form ............................................ 54

Appendix 2: Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 55

Appendix 3: Recording Form for Other Features ...................................................... 62

EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group

ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute

GCS Geographic Coordinate System

GIS Geographic Information Systems

GPS Global Positioning System

HSA Health Surveillance Assistant

SPOT Système Pour l’Observation de la Terre

SCHI Scotland-Chikwawa Health Initiative

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator