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Question-and-Answer Service Student Guide

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Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. 23
A) NO CHANGE
The Motivation of Reputation B) resources
C) resources,
Motivating people to engage in socially beneficial
D) resources;
behaviors, such as conserving energy 23 resources—is a
challenge. Many assume that the only way to encourage 24
such engagement is through financial rewards or A) NO CHANGE
penalties. Harvard economist Erez Yoeli and his B) good in society.
C) good for all.
colleagues have learned, however, that reputation is a
D) good.
strong incentive for making choices that aid the public
24 good in ways that benefit everyone. Such choices 25
might entail short-term costs, but they carry a potential Which choice best introduces the primary
focus of the paragraph?
long-term benefit: if other people see that an individual is
A) NO CHANGE
willing to sacrifice personal convenience for the sake of
B) tested the effectiveness of reputation incentives
the greater good, they might be inclined to sacrifice their
C) proposed a new kind of reward system
own convenience for that individual's benefit someday. D) convinced people to get involved in their
Yoeli's team of researchers 25 theorized about the neighborhoods

historical importance of reputation by comparing

26
different sign-up methods for a voluntary program aimed
Which choice best maintains the style of the passage?
at preventing domestic power failures. For the program,
A) NO CHANGE
participants 26 okayed the installation of a device in
B) gave the thumbs up to
their homes that limited the use of an air-conditioning
C) permitted
unit when demand for energy was highest. Researchers D) gave the green light to
27 place a sign-up sheet in a public place in housing
developments and apartment buildings. Some residents 27

were asked to enroll using an anonymous code; others A) NO CHANGE

B) will place
were asked to use their names, which made the choice to
C) have placed
join the program observable to neighbors. The D) placed

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Question-and-Answer Service Student Guide

researchers found that the observable sign-up strategy 28

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was three times more effective 28 than the anonymous A) NO CHANGE
one. They also determined that observable sign-up was B) compared with
C) than that of
considerably more effective than offering a $25
D) as opposed to
incentive to enroll. Even though people who enrolled in
the program believed that they would suffer an
29
inconvenience—less control over home temperature at
A) NO CHANGE
certain times of the day— 29 but the publicity of the B) as well as
choice to sign up was incentive enough for many to C) however,
D) DELETE the underlined portion
accept the inconvenience because it made others aware
that they were doing their part to prevent blackouts.
30
30 Since reputation sometimes fails to promote good
Which choice provides the best transition from the
deeds, the strength of its influence varies based on the previous paragraph to the information that follows?
likeliness of one's participation being noticed. For A) NO CHANGE
example, in Yoeli's study, sign-up rates were affected by B) Although reputation can be a powerful
motivator,
the observability of the location where the sheet was C) Reputation is the single most important factor
placed. In residences 31 where sign-up sheets were in decisions, and
D) One cannot account for the power
posted in high-activity public spaces, like a shared mail
area, anonymous enrollment was 4.8 percent and
31
observable enrollment was 11.4 percent, a difference of
Which choice is best supported by information in
the graph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) where a sign-up sheet was posted,
C) with the most people living in them,
D) where the fewest people enrolled in the
program,

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6.6 percentage points. 32 The more observable the 32
At this point, the writer is considering adding the
community-minded action, the more likely 33 those are
following sentence.
to benefit the individual's reputation. On the other hand, But in those with less active public spaces,
says Yoeli's coauthor David Rand, if an action is not anonymous enrollment was 2.4 percent and
observable enrollment was 3.8 percent, a
observable, "then there's no problem with not difference of only 1.4 percentage points.
participating." Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it uses information from the graph
Anonymous and Observable Methods to acknowledge an opposing point of view
for Enrolling in Blackout Prevention regarding the issue discussed in the passage.
Program Based on Location of Sign-Up B) Yes, because it provides accurate evidence from
Sheet the graph to support the paragraph's argument.
12% 11.4% C) No, because the data it provides from the graph
10% anonymous contradict the information offered in the next
Percentage of residents
enrolled in program

observable sentence.
8%
D) No, because the data it provides from the graph
6% are irrelevant to the passage's main idea.
4.8%
4% 3.8%
2.4%
2%
33
0
low-activity high-activity A) NO CHANGE
public space pubic space B) it is
location of sign-up sheet C) one is
Adapted from Erez Yoeli et al., "Powering Up with Indirect Reciprocity D) they are
in a Large-Scale Field Experiment." ©2013 by Erez Yoeli et al.

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Question-and-Answer Service Student Guide

Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. 34

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A) NO CHANGE
Photosynthesis in the Dark B) century's that plants
Although it has been known for 34 centuries that C) centuries that plants'
D) centuries that plants
plant's absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas that animals
exhale, it was not until the 1940s that scientists
35
understood how plants use this gas during
A) NO CHANGE
photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light
B) chemists, Melvin Calvin
energy into chemical energy that they store in the form of C) chemists Melvin Calvin,
sugars. The discovery was made through a series of D) chemists: Melvin Calvin

experiments conducted by the 35 chemists Melvin

Calvin and Andrew Benson. Key to their early 36

experiments was a technique called carbon labeling, A) NO CHANGE

B) they were
which allowed Calvin and Benson to determine whether
C) it were
plants need light exposure while they break down CO2 to
D) it is
use its carbon atoms to construct sugars. The scientists
decided to use a variation of CO2 in which the ordinary
37
carbon atoms would be replaced with carbon-14 (14C), a
Which choice most effectively introduces the
radioactive isotope of carbon that would function as a events recounted in the paragraph?

radiotracer: plants would absorb and metabolize the A) The decision to use carbon labeling was
critical to Calvin and Benson's success.
14CO as though 36 they are regular CO2, and then the
2
B) One advantage of using single-celled algae
researchers would track the 14C to determine what the rather than other kinds of plants was that the
algae could be conveniently collected and
plant had done with it. measured with a pipette.
37 One sample was stored in the dark for eight C) The question was, did light need to shine on
the plants while they were breaking the bonds
hours; the air in that sample's container had CO2. The between the carbon and oxygen atoms in CO2?
D) Calvin and Benson began with two samples of
living algae.

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other sample was exposed to bright light for one hour; 38

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38 this sample was considered to be "preilluminated." Which choice completes the sentence with
information most parallel to that provided in the
After removing the air from both containers and placing previous sentence?
them in the dark, 39 the samples were exposed to the
A) NO CHANGE
CO2 by the researchers. Five minutes later, the algae B) the air in that sample's container had no
samples were killed to prevent further metabolic activity, CO2
C) the researchers used a 150-watt tungsten
and their molecular contents were examined. lamp.
The sample initially stored in the dark container had D) the sample, like the other, consisted of 1
cubic centimeter of algae.
produced almost no sugars made with the traceable 14C,
indicating that the algae hadn't metabolized the 14CO2. 39
40 Finally, the algae had not been able to A) NO CHANGE
photosynthesize. But the algae in the other sample, which B) the 14CO2 exposure was initiated by the
researchers.
had been initially exposed to the one hour of light,
C) the researchers exposed the samples to the
produced measurable 41 concentrations of radioactive 14CO .
2

D) it was time for the researchers to expose the

samples to the 14CO2.

40
A) NO CHANGE
B) However,
C) Alternately,
D) In other words,

41
A) NO CHANGE
B) portions
C) doses
D) sums

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sugars. 42 In this sample, carbon atoms from the 42
14CO Which choice best most effectively combines the underlined
2 had been used to construct the frame of the
sentences in a way that makes clear that the carbon atoms are
sugar glucose (C6H12O6 ). Oxygen (O) and hydrogen more central to the discussion than are the hydrogen and
oxygen atoms?
(H) atoms from another molecule were also used.
A) In this sample, carbon atoms from the 14CO2 had been used
During its CO2-starved exposure to light, the algae —along with oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms from
another molecule—to construct the frame of the sugar
had stored the light's 43 energy, and then later
glucose (C6H12O6).
using that stored energy to construct sugars in the B) Carbon atoms from the 14CO2 and oxygen (O) and
dark. 44 hydrogen (H) atoms from another molecule had been used
to construct the frame of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6) in
Through this experiment, Calvin and Benson this sample.
were able to conclude that light was not directly C) The frame of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6) had been
constructed in this sample using not only the carbon atoms
responsible for breaking CO2's bonds. Something from the 14CO2 but also oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H)
atoms from another molecule.
else in the plant did that. The chemists spent several
D) In conjunction with the carbon atoms from the 14CO2, this
years identifying that enzyme (rubisco), and their sample had also used oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms
research helped elucidate the rest of the chemical from another molecule to construct the frame of the sugar
glucose (C6H12O6)
cycle that results in the generation of glucose during
43
photosynthesis.
A) NO CHANGE
B) energy; then later using
C) energy, it then later used
D) energy. It then later used
44
The writer wants to interpret the results of the experiment and
set up the statement of the researchers' conclusion provided at
the beginning of the next paragraph. Which choice most
effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) Calvin and Benson published their findings as part of a series
of papers called "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis."
B) Although the experiment yielded some asnwers, questions
remained.
C) This experiment in conjunction with many others advanced
the researchers' understanding of photosynthesis.
D) Light did not have to shine on the plant while these chemical
reactions took place.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.
30
 The following passage is an excerpt
from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brönte
about a young orphan girl and her
experience in the household she grew up
in.
John Reed was a schoolboy of fourteen
years old; four years older than I, for I
was but ten: large and stout for his age,
with a dingy and unwholesome skin;
5 thick lineaments in a spacious visage,
heavy limbs and large extremities. He
gorged himself habitually at table,
which made him bilious, and gave him a
dim and bleared eye and flabby
10 cheeks. He ought now to have been at
school; but his mama had taken him
home for a month or two, “on account
of his delicate health.” Mr. Miles, the
master, affirmed that he would do very
15 well if he had fewer cakes and
sweetmeats sent him from home; but the
mother’s heart turned from an opinion
so harsh, and inclined rather to the more
refined idea that John’s sallowness was
20 owing to over-application and, perhaps,
to pining after home.
John had not much affection for his
mother and sisters, and an antipathy to
me. He bullied and punished me; not
25 two or three times in the week, nor once
or twice in the day, but continually:
every nerve I had feared him, and every
morsel of flesh in my bones shrank
when he came near. There were
30 moments when I was bewildered by the
terror he inspired, because I had no
appeal whatever against either his
menaces or his inflictions; the servants
did not like to offend their young master
35 by taking my part against him, and Mrs.
Reed was blind and deaf on the subject:
she never saw him strike or heard him
abuse me, though he did both now and
then in her very presence, more
40 frequently, however, behind her back.
Habitually obedient to John, I came up
to his chair: he spent some three minutes
in thrusting out his tongue at me as far
2
as he could without damaging the roots:
45 I knew he would soon strike, and while
dreading the blow, I mused on the
disgusting and ugly appearance of him
who would presently deal it. I wonder if
he read that notion in my face; for, all at
50 once, without speaking, he struck
suddenly and strongly. I tottered, and
on regaining my equilibrium retired
back a step or two from his chair.
“That is for your impudence in
55 answering mama awhile since,” said he,
“and for your sneaking way of getting
behind curtains, and for the look you
had in your eyes two minutes since, you
rat!”
60 Accustomed to John Reed’s abuse, I
never had an idea of replying to it; my
care was how to endure the blow which
would certainly follow the insult.
“What were you doing behind the
65 curtain?” he asked.
“I was reading.”
“Show the book.”
I returned to the window and fetched it
thence.
70 “You have no business to take our
books; you are a dependent, mama says;
you have no money; your father left you
none; you ought to beg, and not to live
here with gentlemen’s children like us,
75 and eat the same meals we do, and wear
clothes at our mama’s expense. Now,
I’ll teach you to rummage my
bookshelves: for they are mine; all the
house belongs to me, or will do in a few
80 years. Go and stand by the door, out of
the way of the mirror and the windows.”
I did so, not at first aware what was his
intention; but when I saw him lift and
poise the book and stand in act to hurl it,
85 I instinctively started aside with a cry of
October 2020
 alarm: not soon enough, however; the
volume was flung, it hit me, and I fell,
striking my head against the door and
cutting it. The cut bled, the pain was
90 sharp: my terror had passed its climax;
other feelings succeeded.
“Wicked and cruel boy!” I said. “You
are like a murderer—you are like a
slave-driver—you are like the Roman
95 emperors!”
I had read Goldsmith’s History of
Rome, and had formed my opinion of
Nero, Caligula, etc. Also I had drawn
parallels in silence, which I never
100 thought thus to have declared aloud.
1. Which of the following statements
best expresses the main idea of the
passage?
A. John Reed openly expresses his
dislike for the main character.
B. The main character is
unwelcome in the household and
constantly suffers from
harassment.
C. The main character regularly
seeks to engage in mischief.
D. The main character was harmed
by John Reed.
2. John Reed tone in the beginning of
the passage is that of
A. ambivalence and caution.
B. resignation and compliance.
C. rage and indignation.
D. naivety and optimism.
3
3. Which choice best provides evidence
for the answer to the previous
question?
A. Lines 41-44 (“Habitually” …
“roots”)
B. Lines 51-53 (“I”…“chair”)
C. Lines 60-63 (“Accustomed”…
“insult”)
D. Lines 89-91 (“The”…
“succeeded”)
4. In lines 1-6, the author most likely
mentions these details to
A. discredit John Reed’s actions
delineated later in the passage.
B. accentuate John Reed’s
wickedness and subsequent
actions.
C. describe a character’s
appearance as an introduction.
D. draw a contrast between John
Reed and the main character.
5. The main character mentions “the
Roman emperors” in lines 94-95 to
imply that
A. John Reed shares traits with
previous historical tyrants.
B. John Reed is powerful and
unforgiving.
C. the main character both fears and
despises John Reed.
D. John Reed views himself as a
ruler.
6. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
A. Lines 85-89 (“I”… “it”)
B. Lines 93-95
(“Wicked”…“emperors”)
C. Lines 96-98 (“I”… “etc”)
D. Lines 98-100 (“Also”…
“aloud”)
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7. Lines 96-97 mention that the main
character has read “Goldsmith’s
History of Rome” in order to
A. highlight the main character’s
erudite integrity.
B. expose the main character’s
ambivalent character.
C. express her interest in history and
literature.
D. speculate the main character’s
position within the household.
8. As used in line 3, “stout” most nearly
means
A. determined.
B. tough.
C. fat.
D. firm.
9. In line 12, the phrase “on account of
his delicate health” is placed in
quotation marks
A. to emphasize John Reed’s weak
physique.
B. to contradict the sentence that
follows.
C. as an opportunity to empathize
with John Reed.
D. as a stylistic device to express
sarcasm and disdain.
10. As used in line 45, “strike” most
nearly means
A. ignite.
B. hit.
C. seem.
D. agree on.

4
October 2020
 The following passage is taken from
Kepler by Walter W. Bryant discussing
Kepler’s relationship with Tycho, a
fellow astronomer.
The association of Kepler with Tycho
was one of the most important
landmarks in the history of astronomy.
The younger man hoped, by the aid of
5 Tycho’s planetary observations, to
obtain better support for some of his
fanciful speculative theories, while the
latter, who had certainly not gained in
prestige by leaving Denmark, was in
10 great need of a competent staff of
assistants. Of the two it would almost
seem that Tycho thought himself the
greater gainer, for in spite of his
reputation for brusqueness and want of
15 consideration, he not only made light of
Kepler’s apology in the matter of
Reymers, but treated him with uniform
kindness in the face of great rudeness
and ingratitude. He begged him to come
20 “as a welcome friend,” though Kepler,
very touchy on the subject of his own
astronomical powers, was afraid he
might be regarded as simply a
subordinate assistant. An arrangement
25 had been suggested by which Kepler
should obtain two years’ leave of
absence from Gratz on full pay, which,
because of the higher cost of living in
Prague, should be supplemented by the
30 Emperor; but before this could be
concluded, Kepler threw up his
professorship, and thinking he had
thereby also lost the chance of going to
Prague, applied to Maestlin and others
35 of his Tübingen friends to make interest
for him with the Duke of Wurtemberg
and secure the professorship of
medicine. Tycho, however, still urged
him to come to Prague, promising to do
40 his utmost to secure for him a
permanent appointment, or in any event
to see that he was not the loser by
coming.
5
Kepler was delayed by illness on the
45 way, but ultimately reached Prague,
accompanied by his wife, and for some
time lived entirely at Tycho’s expense,
writing by way of return essays against
Reymers and another man, who had
50 claimed the credit of the Tychonic
system. This Kepler could do with a
clear conscience, as it was only a
question of priority and did not involve
any support of the system, which he
55 deemed far inferior to that of
Copernicus. The following year saw
friction between the two astronomers,
and we learn from Kepler’s abject letter
of apology that he was entirely in the
60 wrong. It was about money matters,
which in one way or another embittered
the rest of Kepler’s life, and it arose
during his absence from Prague. On his
return in September, 1601, Tycho
65 presented him to the Emperor, who gave
him the title of Imperial Mathematician,
on condition of assisting Tycho in his
calculations, the very thing Kepler was
most anxious to be allowed to do: for
70 nowhere else in the world was there
such a collection of good observations
sufficient for his purpose of reforming
the whole theory of astronomy.
The Emperor’s interest was still mainly
75 with astrology, but he liked to think that
his name would be handed down to
posterity in connection with the new
Planetary Tables in the same way as that
of Alphonso of Castile, and he made
80 liberal promises to pay the expenses.
Tycho’s other principal assistant,
Longomontanus, did not stay long after
giving up the Mars observations to
Kepler, but instead of working at the
85 new lunar theory, suddenly left to take
up a professorship of astronomy in his
native Denmark.
Very shortly afterwards Tycho himself
died of acute distemper; Kepler began to
90 prepare the mass of manuscripts for
publication, but, as everything was
October 2020
 claimed by the Brahe family, he was not
allowed to finish the work. He
succeeded to Tycho’s post of principal
95 mathematician to the Emperor, at a
reduced official salary, which owing to
the emptiness of the Imperial treasury
was almost always in arrears. In order to
meet his expenses he had recourse to the
100 casting of nativities, for which he
gained considerable reputation and
received very good pay. He worked by
the conventional rules of astrology, and
was quite prepared to take fees for so
105 doing, although he had very little faith
in them, preferring his own fanciful
ideas.
Kepler’s Third Law
Source: Kevin Brown
11. In line 7, the author describes Kepler’s
theories as “fanciful” and
“speculative” to indicate that
A. his theories were conventional.
B. his theories were based on facts.
C. Kepler often used his imagination
in science.
D. Kepler was wary of his theories.
12. According to the passage, Kepler’s
personality could best be described as
A. selfish and unrelenting.
B. timid and unobtrusive.
C. proud and obstinate.
D. hypocritical and defensive.
6
13. Which choice best provides evidence
for the answer to the previous
question?
A. Lines 17-19 (“but …
“ingratitude”)
B. Lines 19-24 (“He”…“assistant”)
C. Lines 31-38 (“Kepler”…
“medicine”)
D. Lines 56-61 (“The”… “wrong”)
14. As used in line 14, “want” most nearly
means
A. yearning.
B. desire.
C. need.
D. lack.
15. According to the passage, all of the
following statements are true
EXCEPT
A. Kepler obtained two years of paid
leave from Gratz endorsed by the
Emperor.
B. Kepler and Tycho experienced
friction due to financial tension.
C. Tycho attempted to persuade
Kepler to join him in Prague.
D. Due to an ailment, Kepler did not
reach Prague on time.
16. According to the passage, Kepler
suffered most of his life from
A. being financially unstable.
B. a lack of opportunities.
C. disrespectful colleagues.
D. constant dismissals from work.
October 2020
17. The passage is most likely written for 21. The graph helps support which of the
an audience that following arguments?
A. is mildly familiar with A. Despite Kepler’s “fanciful”
astronomers. theories, he was ultimately
successful in discovering orbital
B. has no prior background on
law.
astronomers.
B. Kepler only focused on one aspect
C. is conducting thorough historical
of his theories and was unable to
research on key astronomers.
branch further.
D. is uninterested in astronomers. C. With the help of the Emperor,
Kepler formed his third law in
science.
18. The Emperor most likely endorsed D. Kepler’s law was out of the focus
Kepler and other astrologists because of astronomy.
A. he believed it was essential for an
emperor to participate in science.
B. he wanted his name to go down in
history alongside the future
scientific discoveries.
C. he had extra finances available in
his treasury.
D. he insisted that no discoveries
should be made without his
knowledge.

19. Which choice best provides evidence

for the answer to the previous
question?
A. Lines 24-30 (“An” … “Emperor”)
B. Lines 74-80 (“The”…“expenses”)
C. Lines 88-93 (“Very”… “work”)
D. Lines 103-107 (“He”… “ideas”)

20. As used in line 94, “post” most nearly

means
A. station.
B. pole.
C. mail.
D. position.

7
October 2020