MOREH ACADEMY

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Tel. Nos.: 839-0135; 838-9077 Email: morehacademy2002@yahoo.com.ph

GRADE 12

• QUARTER 3 • WEEK5 •
2|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

a. Select appropriate methods of data collection

b. Develop the criteria that will address the completeness of
the data collection method

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write before the number.
______1. Sources of Data Collection
a. Interview and observation c. Questionnaires and survey
b. Primary sources and secondary sources d. Books and journal
_______2. What is primary sources?
a. Data gather from previous research c. Your own data collection from own
investigation
b. The first data acquired d. Your own created data
_______3. Look for recent reports, check on the author’s qualification and the reputation of
the publisher - characteristic of?
a. Secondary sources c. Your own data collection from own
investigation
b. Primary sources d. Your own created data
_______4. What is Secondary source?
a. Interview session with the sample
b. Data collect from an experiment
c. Any data gained from a survey or questionnaires
d. Publications, government documents, brochures, newsletters, annual reports
_______5. When creating question, you want to avoid:
a. Biased questions c. Questions that assume what they ask
b. Double-barreled questions d. All of the above
_______6. Which one is a good question?
a. What do you think about parking?
b. What is your opinion of the parking situation on campus?
c. Do you believe that the parking situation on campus is okay?
d. Do you believe that the parking situation on campus is problematic?
_______7. How would you describe the condition of the vans provided by UTHM?
a. Open-ended question c. Either-or
b. Multiple choice d. Scale
_______8. Rank these movies according to your preferences; from 1 (most preferred) to 5
(least preferred)
a. Multiple choice b. Ranking c. Checklist d. Scale
_______9. Data collection is the process of _______.
a. gathering and measuring information on variables of interest
b. gathering and measuring newspapers on variables of interest
c. gathering and measuring books on variables of interest
d. gathering and measuring diaries on variables of interest
_______10. The data collection methods are:
a. Qualitative and Research c. Quantitative and Sources
b. Quantitative and Research d. Qualitative and Quantitative
3|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

This module is about Data Collection. Data collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables
one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
At the end of the lesson the learners should be able to:
a. Select appropriate methods of data collection;
b. Develop the criteria that will address the completeness of the data collection method.

Directions: Complete the missing

letters.

1. Is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

H P S
2. Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
A A
3. A system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.
E D O

Interviews
An interview is essentially a structured
conversation where one participant asks questions, and
the other provides answers. In common parlance, the
word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation
between an interviewer and an interviewee.

Observation

Observation is the active acquisition

of information from a primary source. In living beings,
observation employs the senses. In science, observation
can also involve the perception and recording of data via
the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer
to any data collected during the scientific activity.
Observations can be qualitative, that is, only the absence
or presence of a property is noted, or quantitative if a
numerical value is attached to the
observed phenomenon by counting or measuring
4|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

Documents and Records

The key identifier of a record verses

a document is that records are
documented information that is “retained”
and documents are documented
information that is “maintained”. A form is
a document, when the form is filled out it
becomes a record.

Focus groups

A focus group is a group interview involving a

small number of demographically similar people.
Their reactions to specific researcher-posed
questions are studied. Focus groups are used
in market research and studies of people's
political views. The discussions can be guided or
open. They can concern a new product or
something else. The idea is for the researcher to
learn about the participants' reactions. If group
members are representative of a larger
population, those reactions can be expected to
reflect the views of that larger population.
Thus, focus groups constitute a research method that researchers organize for the purpose
of collecting qualitative data, through interactive and directed discussions.
A focus group is also a technique used by sociologists, psychologists, and
researchers in communication studies, education, political science, and public health.
Marketers can use the information collected from focus groups to obtain insights on a
specific product, controversy, or topic.

Used in qualitative research the interviews involve a group of people who are asked
about their perceptions, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and views about many different topics
(e.g., from abortion to political views to commercial products or services). Group members
are often free to talk and interact with each other. Instead of a researcher individually asking
group members questions, focus groups use group interaction to explore and clarify the
beliefs, opinions, and views of participants. The interactivity of focus groups allows
researchers to obtain qualitative data from multiple participants, often making focus groups
a relatively quick and convenient research method. While the focus group is taking place,
the researcher either takes notes and/or records the vital points he or she learns from the
group. Researchers should select members of the focus group carefully in order to obtain
useful information.

Oral history
Oral history is a method of conducting historical
research through recorded interviews between a narrator
with personal experience of historically significant events
and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of adding to
the historical record. Because it is a primary source, an oral
history is not intended to present a final, verified, or
"objective" narrative of events, or a comprehensive history
of a place, such as the UCSC campus. It is a spoken
account, reflects personal opinion offered by the narrator,
and as such it is subjective. Oral histories may be used
together with other primary sources as well as secondary
sources to gain understanding and insight into history.
5|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection
can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.

Data Collection Methods for impact evaluation vary along a continuum. At the one end of this
continuum are quantitative methods and at the other end of the continuum are Qualitative
methods for data collection.

The Quantitative Data Collection Methods, rely on random sampling and structured data collection
instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They
produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize.

Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being
able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question,
participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments. If this is not feasible, the
researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to
statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is
to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ
probability sampling to select participants.

Typical quantitative data gathering strategies include:

• Experiments/clinical trials.
• Observing and recording well-defined events (e.g., counting the number of patients
waiting in emergency at specified times of the day).
• Obtaining relevant data from management information systems.
• Administering surveys with closed-ended questions (e.g., face-to face and telephone
interviews, questionnaires etc). (http://www.achrn.org/quantitative_methods.htm)

In a structured interview, the researcher asks a standard set of questions and nothing
more. (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)

Face -to -face interviews have a distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to establish rapport
with potential participants and therefor gain their cooperation. These interviews yield highest
response rates in survey research. They also allow the researcher to clarify ambiguous
answers and when appropriate, seek follow-up information. Disadvantages include
impractical when large samples are involved time consuming and expensive. (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001)

Telephone interviews are less time consuming and less expensive and the researcher has ready
access to anyone on the planet who have a telephone. Disadvantages are that the response
rate is not as high as the face-to- face interview but considerably higher than the mailed
questionnaire. The sample may be biased to the extent that people without phones are part
of the population about whom the researcher wants to draw inferences.

Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI): is a form of personal interviewing, but instead of
completing a questionnaire, the interviewer brings along a laptop or hand-held computer to
enter the information directly into the database. This method saves time involved in
processing the data, as well as saving the interviewer from carrying around hundreds of
questionnaires. However, this type of data collection method can be expensive to set up and
requires that interviewers have computer and typing skills.
6|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

Paper-pencil-questionnaires can be sent to a large number of people and saves the researcher
time and money. People are more truthful while responding to the questionnaires regarding
controversial issues in particular due to the fact that their responses are anonymous. But they
also have drawbacks. Majority of the people who receive questionnaires don't return them
and those who do might not be representative of the originally selected sample. (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001)

Web based questionnaires: A new and inevitably growing methodology is the use of Internet based
research. This would mean receiving an e-mail on which you would click on an address that
would take you to a secure web-site to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often
quicker and less detailed. Some disadvantages of this method include the exclusion of people
who do not have a computer or are unable to access a computer. Also the validity of such
surveys are in question as people might be in a hurry to complete it and so might not give
accurate responses. (http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/power/ch2/methods/methods.htm)

Questionnaires often make use of Checklist and rating scales. These devices help simplify
and quantify people's behaviors and attitudes.

A Checklist is a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other entities that the researcher is looking
for. Either the researcher or survey participant simply checks whether each item on the list is
observed, present or true or vice versa.

A Rating Scale is more useful when a behavior needs to be evaluated on a continuum. They are
also known as “Likert scales”. (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)

Qualitative Data Collection Methods play an important role in impact evaluation by providing
information useful to understand the processes behind observed results and assess changes
in people’s perceptions of their well-being. Furthermore, qualitative methods can be used to
improve the quality of survey-based quantitative evaluations by helping generate evaluation
hypothesis; strengthening the design of survey questionnaires and expanding or clarifying
quantitative evaluation findings. These methods are characterized by the following attributes:
• they tend to be open-ended and have less structured protocols (i.e., researchers may
change the data collection strategy by adding, refining, or dropping techniques or
informants)
• they rely more heavily on interactive interviews; respondents may be interviewed
several times to follow up on a particular issue, clarify concepts or check the reliability
of data
• they use triangulation to increase the credibility of their findings (i.e., researchers rely
on multiple data collection methods to check the authenticity of their results)
• generally, their findings are not generalizable to any specific population, rather each
case study produces a single piece of evidence that can be used to seek general
patterns among different studies of the same issue.
Regardless of the kinds of data involved, data collection in a qualitative study takes a great
deal of time. The researcher needs to record any potentially useful data thoroughly,
accurately, and systematically, using field notes, sketches, audiotapes, photographs and
other suitable means. The data collection methods must observe the ethical principles of
research.

The qualitative methods most commonly used in evaluation can be classified in three
broad categories:
• in depth interview
• observation methods
• document review
7|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

The following link provides more information on the above three methods.

http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/qualitative.htm#indepth

Different ways of collecting evaluation data are useful for different purposes, and each
has advantages and disadvantages. Various factors will influence your choice of a data
collection method: the questions you want to investigate, resources available to you, your
timeline, and more. (http://dmc.umn.edu/evaluation/data.shtml

Qualitative research
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video,
or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth
insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
What are the 6 types of qualitative research?
The six types of qualitative research are:
Phenomenological Model, the Ethnographic Model, Grounded Theory, Case Study, Historical Model and
the Narrative Model.

Quantitative research
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be
used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations.
What are the 4 types of quantitative research?
There are four main types of Quantitative research:
Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research. attempts to
establish cause- effect relationships among the variables.

Paste here the Data Collection you

used in your research.
8|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

Directions: Enumerate and discuss the Data Collection

Method you used in your current research.
9|Page CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write before the number.
_______1. Which one is a good question?
a. What do you think about parking?
b. What is your opinion of the parking situation on campus?
c. Do you believe that the parking situation on campus is okay?
d. Do you believe that the parking situation on campus is problematic?
_______2. How would you describe the condition of the vans provided by UTHM?
a. Open-ended question c. Either-or
b. Multiple choice d. Scale

_______3. Rank these movies according to your preferences; from 1 (most preferred) to 5
(least preferred)
a. Multiple choice b. Ranking c. Checklist d. Scale

_______4. Data collection is the process of _______.

a. gathering and measuring information on variables of interest
b. gathering and measuring newspapers on variables of interest
c. gathering and measuring books on variables of interest
d. gathering and measuring diaries on variables of interest

_______5. The data collection methods are:

a. Qualitative and Research c. Quantitative and Sources
b. Quantitative and Research d. Qualitative and Quantitative

_______6. Sources of Data Collection

a. Interview and observation c. Questionnaires and survey
b. Primary sources and secondary sources d. Books and journal

_______7. What is primary sources?

a. Data gather from previous research c. Your own data collection from own
investigation
b. The first data acquired d. Your own created data
_______8. Look for recent reports, check on the author’s qualification and the reputation of
the publisher - characteristic of?
a. Secondary sources c. Your own data collection from own
investigation
b. Primary sources d. Your own created data
_______9. What is Secondary source?
a. Interview session with the sample
b. Data collect from an experiment
c. Any data gained from a survey or questionnaires
d. Publications, government documents, brochures, newsletters, annual reports

_______10. When creating question you want to avoid:

a. Biased questions c. Questions that assume what they ask
b. Double-barreled questions d. All of the above
10 | P a g e CAPSTONE PROJECT-GRADE 12

• https://carleton.ca/experientialeducation/qualitative-activities/
• https://www.google.com/search?bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH8
14PH814&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk011n6QqWonvJ0dCTyBR-
X1iqgaBMQ%3A1609729080218&ei=OITyX4z3DNbahwPDq4aAAw&q=qua
ntitative+research&oq=Q&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgDMgcIIxDJAxAnMgQ
IIxAnMgQIIxAnMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABB
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riAFrkgEDMC4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdperABCsABAQ&sclient=psy-ab
• https://www.google.com/search?bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH8
14PH814&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk02ob4dvFPbiumf5qizUbylBtY-
qQQ%3A1609728652779&ei=jILyX7WHL8Lg-
AaC9q5g&q=qualitative+research&oq=Quali&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgB
MgQIIxAnMg4IABCxAxDJAxCRAhCLAzIICAAQkQIQiwMyBwgAEEMQiwMy
BwgAELEDEEMyBAgAEEMyBwgAEEMQiwMyCggAEBQQhwIQiwMyCggA
ELEDEEMQiwMyCggAELEDEEMQiwM6BwgjEOoCECc6CwgAEMkDEJEC
EIsDOgsIABCxAxCRAhCLAzoICAAQsQMQiwM6CAguELEDEIsDOgUIABC
LAzoHCC4QQxCLAzoHCAAQyQMQQ1Cv8AFYlYQCYIubAmgBcAF4AIABg
QGIAdMEkgEDMC41mAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdperABCrgBA8ABAQ&sclien
t=psy-ab
• https://www.google.com/search?q=oral+histories&source=lmns&bih=625&bi
w=1366&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH814PH814&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirp6
TmoYHuAhUKZ5QKHYiLDAQQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
• https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f317d9c5130f7001b487296/data-collection