ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to make remote work the new normal across the globe.
We have understood that the work place is evolving and as a consequence, we have to embrace
and recognize this evolution. In particular the youth engagement and productivity which has
both positive and negative aspects. In doing so, it is now fundamental to tackle the effect of
engagement and productivity involved in remote work as a result of COVID-19 pandemic on the
life of the youth; The objective of this paper is to reveal the engagement and productivity of
youth in remote work hence COVID-19. The methodology used is that of indirect data collection.
This paper dwells so much on the opinion of various Researchers and Authorities that are
versatile in Health policies. Therefore, the paper involves extensive research of available
information on remote work and how it affects youth engagement and productivity. Social theory
is adopted as theoretical framework to reveal how COVID-19 socially affected the people and
how it profers social solution during the pandemic especially on the youth.

Keywords: COVID-19, Remote work, Youth engagement and Productivity.

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Introduction
The effect of the Covid-19 pandemic are multifold and some will be long-lasting. During the first
months of this health emergency, a new world has arisen. This paper will focus on covid-19 and
remote work specially on youth engagement and productivity (18-30 years old). As a starting
point, it is necessary to clarify the huge dimensions that Remote work has gained on youth. Such
a phenomenon has forcibly become popular during the first months of 2020 because of the
impossibility to work from offices. Even though such practice was not new “only 5.4% of
employed in the Europe usually worked from home” in 2019 but by the time full measures to
contrast spread of the virus were put in place such percentage raised to 40% (Haruna, 2020).
However, the crucial aspect of remote work is that it is here to stay. Several firms and
organization will rethink the way their employees will work, and being physically in the office
will not be so common as it used to be before the beginning of the pandemic. From this point of
view, Covid-19 has simply accelerated a process that was already taking place in Europe in thr
life of the youth in Nigeria . This paper is divided into 6 sessions, each analysing a specific topic
related to covid-19 and remote work specially on the youth engagement and productivity.

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS
Coronavirus disease 2019 also known as(Covid-19) is a respiratory illness that can spread from
person to person. The virus that causes Covid-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified
during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China (CDC, 2020a)). Similarly, many health
experts believe that the new strain of coronavirus likely originated in bats or pangolins. The first
transmission to humans was in Wuhan, China, among people linked to a local seafood market
(“wet market”). Most of the early cases had some sort of contact history with the original
seafood market (Li et al., 2020 ). Since then, the virus has mostly spread through person-to-
person contact (Aaron, 2020 ). Currently, there is no vaccine for the virus, and recovery depends
on the strength of the immune system (Boseley, Devlin, &Belam, 2020 in sanni et al (2021).
Symptoms of Covid-19 infection include: fever, dry cough, shortness of breath or difficulty in
breathing, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, or diarrhea, runny nose, tiredness (CDC, 2020 ;
Foundation for Medical Education and Research [MFMER] 2020 ). The incubation period lasts
up to 14 days (Gallagher, 2020 ), and the symptoms may appear 2–14 days after exposure
(Minnesota Department of Health, 2020 ).

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Most people infected with the Covid-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory
illness and will recover without requiring special treatment. However, the disease can be serious
and even fatal. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious
illness (WHO, 2020). There are also preventive measures for the coronavirus that include
washing of hands; using alcohol-based sanitizer frequently; maintaining social distance of not
less than 2 meters; using face masks; avoiding facial contact with an infected person; not
touching your face; coughing into your elbow; staying at home if you can; seeking medical care
early when you notice fever, cough, and difficulty breathing; throwing used tissues in the trash;
cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces; staying informed; and following advice
given by a health-care provider, (CDC, 2020; WHO, 2020 ).

According to World Health Organisation (WHO) (2020) stated that Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and
recover without requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require
medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age.
The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the disease
and how the virus spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by staying at least 1 metre
apart from others, wearing a properly fitted mask, and washing your hands or using an alcohol-
based rub frequently. Get vaccinated when it’s your turn and follow local guidance.
The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they
cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to
smaller aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette, for example by coughing into a
flexed elbow, and to stay home and self-isolate until you recover if you feel unwell.
The coronavirus disease 2019 known as (COVID-19) is a communicable respiratory disease
caused by a new strain of coronavirus that causes illness in humans. (African Union 2020).
COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to
moderate illness and recover without hospitalization.

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Most common symptoms:fever, cough, tiredness, loss of taste or smell
Less common symptoms:sore throat, headache, aches and pains, diarrhea, a rash on skin, or
discolouration of fingers or toes, red or irritated eyesSerious symptoms:difficulty breathing or
shortness of breath, loss of speech or mobility, or confusion,chest painOn average it takes 5–6
days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take
up to 14 days.
EFFECTS OF COVID 19 ON NIGERIA’S ECONOMY
To prevent further spread of the virus, the federal and state governments put up preventive
measures by locking down the entire federation. All schools, religious centers, markets, and
transporters were barred from their activities, and social gatherings, essential services (banks,
hospitals, para military, and others) were allowed easy movements to discharge their duties. To
cushion the effects of this lockdown, the federal and state governments distributed foods and
other materials to the lucky ones who were able to be available during distributions. Many
people were not happy with the distributions because it did not cut across the citizens.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), organizations, philanthropists, religious
institutions,and private individuals also contributed their quotas. Among the palliatives were
hospital equipment, nose maks and sanitizers, food stuffs, vehicles, cash donations, and other
useful materials.
According to Eludini (2020), KelechiAnuna a member of Nigeria’s national basketball
team, donated COVID-19 relief materials to some residents in his home town, Mbieri, in Imo
State. Also, John Obi Mikel donated 1800 crates of eggs to residents located near his farm. It is
on note that the military hospital, Abuja assisted residents with free hand-sanitizers (Ukwu,
2020).
i. effect on education
The effect of COVID - 19 on education sector is devastating because students at all levels
have lost almost 4 months of learning activities. No how the IQ of the students will be
greatly affected.
The solace is that after 2 months of non-educational activities few private institutions have
resulted into the use of E-learning. Conferences, workshops, and seminars were affected. Due to
the pandemic, most of these were postponed indefinitely. Few institutions saw the need to use
virtual methods for their programs. The use of conferencing and webinar were made use of. The

4
disadvantage of these is that many Nigerians are not conversant with the use of these types of
virtual learning methods.
The pandemic has compelled the academia and researchers to find the solace in presenting their
international and national papers in conferences and lectures to the students. By and large, there
are many disadvantages with regards to e-learning in Nigeria. For example, the electricity in
Nigeria is epileptic and the cost of providing alternatives is high. It is costly to run a petrol and
solar powered generators, not many houses can afford it. The cost of data for the internet is high
too, not all places will have an access to internet or fast internet services. Over 70% of our
students do not have access to laptops and computers. (UKWU 2020).

II. Effect on religious activities

Throughout the nation, religious activities were affected. Most religious centers turned ‘ghost
centers’ The government both state and Federal made announcements during the lockdown that
no religious activities or gathering above twenty members are allowed and each gathering must
comply with the use of nose mask, washing of hands with soap and water, and the use of hand
sanitizer. Some churches and mosques complied, but those that went against this rule were
sanctioned, arrested, and duly punished by the task force set to monitor religious activities. There
was a case in Bornu State while the restriction order was still in force, three Imams of a weekly
Friday mosque went ahead and encouraged worshiper to congregate for the Friday service, the
consequence was that they were arrested and sanctioned (Haruna 2020a). In Lagos State, during
a church service, the pastor of the church and four others were arrested for violating the COVID
- 19 regulation (Alabi, 2020).
The noticeable experience was that members refused to attend services for the fear of getting
contacted. For example, in Bauchi State, due to COVID-19 the Governor placed major
restrictions on markets and places of worship. The residents were banned from conducting the
weekly Friday prayers as well as Sunday church services (Haruna, 2020b). In furtherance of
religious activities during the COVID - 19 pandemic, many churches resulted into live streaming
of the normal church services on the cable TV.
III. Effect on banking activities
Banking sector is one of the essential service allowed to operate during the COVID-19 problem,
but with conditions. No banking hall is allowed to have more than twenty people in the baking

5
hall. The simple rules of cleanliness (washing of hands,use of hand sanitizer, and use of nose
mask) must be strictly adhered with. The Social distance were also enforced. To abide by the
rules, the bank managements provided canopies and chairs outside the entrance to the gates for
the customer’s relaxation before been allowed into the banking hall. In addition to the simple
rules, the temperature of the customers was taken per chance any person with temperature above
38oC was not permitted to enter. Adequate money was dispensed into the ATM machines and
social distancing was applied on the queues.

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION ON REMOTE WORK

Remote work is a working style that allows professionals to work outside of a traditional office
environment. It is based on the concept that work does not need to be done in a specific place to
be executed successful, (Farrer, 2020).
Kollewe (2020) Defines Remote work (also known as work from home [WFH] or
telecommuting) as a type of flexible working arrangement that allows an employee to work from
remote location outside of corporate offices. For employees who can complete work offsite, this
arrangement can help ensure work-life balance, access to career opportunities or reduced
commutation costs.
Although the recent American Community Survey (2017) showed that the number of US
employees who worked from home at least half of the time grew from 1.8 million in 2005 to 3.9
million in 2017, remote working at that time was just 2.9 percent of the total US workforce. Even
in Europe, only around 2 percent of employees teleworked mainly from home in 2015 but in
Nigeria there was no record that shows that Nigerian workforce was engaged (Eurofound,
2017 ).Indeed, the concept of work design encompasses the notion of remote work (since
working virtually represents a different “organization” of one's tasks compared to working in the
office), and has been argued to be relevant to other contemporary work changes, such as the
current digital era (e.g., Bélanger et al., 2013 ; Parker & Grote, 2020 ; Wang et al.,2020 ).
Think of it this way: instead of commuting to an office each day to work from a designated desk,
remote employees can execute their projects and surpass their goals wherever they please. People
have the flexibility to design their days so that their professional and personal lives can be
experienced to their fullest potential and coexist peacefully.

6
There has been a cultural paradigm shift in what society deems to be an appropriate workplace -
and remote work has capitalized off of that newfound freedom.

COVID-19 AND YOUTH ENGAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY ON REMOTE

WORK
NEGATIVES
The remote work (working from homes) has a negative effect on the youth as it would add to the
youth unemployment which has already upshut the normal level in the Nigerian system. When
the older employees from each establishment public offices inclusive embrace remote work this
means that those firms and establishment would no longer need the services of energetic youth
but try to maintain the already employed workers by allowing them to work from homes because
it will help them to minimize cost in terms of offices expenses and so on.
In a research conducted by U.K-based graduate website called Milkround shows that 18% of the
youth graduates jobs compared to 60% before the Covic-19 pandemic. Remote work has been
the evident phenomenon for this.

POSITIVES
On the other hands, youth between the ages of 18 and 30 years has also been able to see some
opportunities from remote work in which they need not to move to the big cities like Lagos,
Abuja, Port Harcourt etc. before they could transact businesses with others, thereby reducing the
cost of service and save some money for their rents.
The remote work has also exposed the youth to some of the businesses treading in the business
world without leaving the shore of their locality before they could involve in them.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

Social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process.
According this theory propounded by George Homans a sociologist believes that the purpose of
this exchange is to maximize benefit and minimize cost.

Social exchange theory claims that society is composed of ever present interactions among
individuals who attempt to maximize rewards while minimizing costs. It furthers to weigh the

7
potential benefits and risks of social relationship when the risks outweigh the rewards, people
will terminate or abandon that relationship.

Most relationships are made up of a certain amount of give-and-take, but this does not mean that
they are always equal. Social exchange suggest that it is the valuing of the benefit and cost of
each relationship that determine whether or not we choose to continue a social association.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was noted that the value for life outweighed the cost of death
i.e. to live is far better than to die. Therefore, the government had to bring about total lockdown
to save life and thereby hampered social interaction that supposed to exist between and among
the people of the society. So many things was affected the economics of many countries began to
go down. When they weigh the value derived from total lockdown to the cost in terms of state
economy it was discovered that cost outweighed the value especially in Nigeria.

Hence, the remote work i.e. working from home became the solution to deprivation of
social interaction where workers use the social media platform such as, zoom, facebook, video,
message and so on to interact with society in terms of relationship, businesses, lectures and
social meetings among people especially youth were able to engage in various businesses in
Nigeria through social media the youth were able to reach out to the outside world in order to
make their business known and make profit without leaving the shore of their homes thereby
reduce the level of youth unemployment in the country. Today, it is crist ally obvious that the
value of engaging in remote work has outweigh the cost.

CONCLUSION
No doubt COVID - 19 pandemic is real in Nigeria due to the fact of the daily increase in the
record of cases and death. The FGN and the state governments have trying to curb the spread of
the virus with enacting enabling laws like the total lockdown, curfew, closure of schools, ban on
religious, social gatherings.
As information and communication technologies (ICTs) have advanced in their capabilities, and
especially with the greater availability of high‐speed internet, remote working (also referred to as
teleworking, telecommuting, distributed work, or flexible work arrangements; Allen et al., 2015
It can be readily concluded that remote work in the world's working system today cannot be
overemphasised mostly due to the virus outbreak. It a substantial substitute to the normal
working in aorganisation which is a classical working model. It empowers the organisation to
save the stress of acquiring a working environment and maintenance whereby remote work
service which is one of the efficient usage of the pattern.

8
Finally, number ofisolation centers increase due to the conversion and upgrading of existing
structures and hospitals.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Remote working system can be largely reliable in smooth running of businesses and efficence
working condition of workers as it is important to note that workers are more comfortable and
will work effectively when not strictly supervised or not conformed to a station.
It should be recommended that remote working system should be adopted in to the working
system in Nigeria in case of another emergency.
To resolve this concern, I would call for more research that expands into at least four different
areas. The first is information security and information privacy at a global level, in the context of
remote work. The attack surface for hackers continues to increase with threats such as
ransomware attacks, phishing, denial of service attacks, and even misconfigured VPN
connections (Rai,2020 ). Compliance with government regulations, especially for privacy, will
also be a challenge in the new remote work environment (Watson et al., 2020 ).

9
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