Sikolohiyang Pilipino Assumptions

FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY 1. Psychology as WEIRD

2. The dangers of blind faith in Western
psychology
Virgilio Enriquez
3. All psychology is indigenous
 Doc E. 4. Psychology in the Philippines has not yet
 Itinuturing na AMA ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino fully indigenized
 Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang 5. Culture as an organizing principle in
Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 From Balagtas, Bulacan 6. Worldview as an organizing framework of
culture
Assumption #1: PSYCHOLOGY AS WEIRD
Ano ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
 Western, Educated (English-speaking),
 Ito ang ang siyentipikong pag-aaral ng Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
kahulugan ng lahi, lipunan, kultura ng mga Countries
tao at aplikasyon sa makasikolohiyang
pagsasanay ng kaalaman sa ugat,
kamalayan, at pamana ng ating lahing
Pilipino.

Pagkakaiba ng pag-aaral ng Sikolohiya sa

Pilipinas
 Pagsakop ng mga dayunan Whose Psychology will be the gold standard?
- Kastila, Hapon at Amerikano “ONE PSYCHOLOGY FITS ALL MENTALITY”
- kamalayan, kasanayan, kultura at pag
uugali
 Pakikipagkalakalan sa mga dayuhan
- Paniniwala at kasabihan

LESSON 2 - ASSUMPTIONS IN THE STUDY

OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

Why studying Sikolohiyang Pilipino matters?

 "kasali tayo"... creates a more inclusive
psychology Assumption #2: THE DANGERS OF BLIND
 "hindi naman yata sa mga Filipino"...corrects FAITH IN WESTERN PSYCHOLOGY
the biases of a dominantly Euro-American
Psychology
 "alamin natin"... expands the knowledge base
of psychology

Why teaching/studying SP matters for

Filipinos?
 "Kilala ba natin ang Filipino?"... gives us more
opportunities to understand ourselves as
Filipinos
 can be an instrument of decolonization

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CONSEQUENCES OF COPYCAT
 MARGINALIZATION or EXCLUSION of local
experiences
 DISTORTION in the understanding of local
experience
 ALIENATION: psychology as removed from
experiences of the ordinary Filipino
 KULELAT SYNDROME

Assumption #3: ALL PSYCHOLOGY IS Assumption #4: PSYCHOLOGY IN THE

INDIGENOUS PHILIPPINES HAS NOT YET FULLY
1. Developed from within a culture INDIGENIZED
2. Reflect local behaviors
3. Understood using local frame of reference
4. Produces knowledge that is meaningful
and relevant to the culture
Psychology is indigenous if…
 It is developed from within the culture
 Ex. Salimpusa/saling-pusa,
Pagmamalaki/Taking pride
INDIGENIZATION
 It reflects local behaviors
 Ex. Pakikisama, Balikbayan The process of transforming psychology to
reflect local culture
 It can understand behaviors using local INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHOUT
frame of reference
 Ex. Using the concept of kapwa in Contributions from WEIRD psychology are
understanding how Filifinos view failure or contextualized within Filipino culture
success
INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHIN
 It produces knowledge that is meaningful Local culture as resource; integrating local
and relevant to the culture knowledge systems into formal psychological
 Ex. Our own Psychology (Sikolohiyang knowledge base
Pilipino)

INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGIES HAVE Assumption #5: CULTURE AS AN

DEVELOPED IN VARIOUS WAYS
 Limits of western psychology providing
answer to local societal issues
 Nationalist and post-colonial movements
ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE IN SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
CULTURE - the set of ideas that coordinate the
actions and construct the meanings of a group of
people.

INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGIES HAVE

VARIOUS FORMS Assumption #6: WORLDVIEW AS AN
ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK OF CULTURE

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WORLD VIEW AS VALUE ORIENTATIONS HISTORY
(KLUCKHOLM AT STRODTBECK, 1961)
 The roots of Filipino Psychology can be traced
back to the introduction of the American
education system in the Philippines. Agustin
Alonzo was among the first Filipino
psychologist to return from his education in
America (1925) to teach at the College of
Education in the University of the Philippines.
 On 1960s, Filipino intellectuals and scholars
were already aware of the limitations and
inapplicability of Western Psychology.
 During the 1970s, or during the reign of
Marcos, Filipino Psychology started to
emerge.
Assumption #7: THE SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO COURSE SHOULD ALSO ACCOUNT WHO IS THE FATHER OF FILIPINO
THE DIVERSITY OF THE FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY?
EXPERIENCE
Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez,
It is important for the course to emphasize that
also known as Doc E, is
Filipinos may differ as a function of being the Father of Filipino
immersed in different cultural contexts: social
Psychology "Ama ng
class, age, gender, sexual orientation,
Sikolohiyang Pilipino". He
religion, ideology. was born on November 24,
1942 at Santol, Balagtas
formally Bigaa, Bulacan.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
He is the founder of the
• Recognize that colonial nature of psychology Pambansang Samahan
in the Philippines and the limitations of sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino,
WEIRD psychology. (corporate name: National
Association for
• Discuss the nature of Sikolohiyang Pilipino as
Sikolohiyang Pilipino,
an indigenous psychology.
Inc.).
• Understand how Filipino psyches are shaped
by our cultural contexts.  Enriquez returned from his studies to the
Philippines in 1971 and established the
• Appreciate the diversity of Filipino cultural Philippine Psychology Research House
experiences.  In 1975, the very first annual national
conference on Filipino Psychology was held
by the Pambansang Samahan sa
LESSON 3: PAGKILALA SA SIKOLOHIYANG Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP) marking the
PILIPINO (FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY) formalization of Filipino Psychology.

WHAT IS FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY? DR. VIRGILIO GASPAR ENRIQUEZ

 Filipino Psychology is defined as the  Born in the Province of Bulacan

psychology rooted on the experience, ideas,
and cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
 It is a scientific study of ethnicity, society and
culture of people and the application to
psychological practice of indigenous
knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic
heritage and consciousness.
 Father of Filipino Psychology
 Formerly initiated into Psychology in 1963
when he started teaching at the University of
the Philippines (UP) Pursued his masters in
the US in 1966
 Obtained his Ph.D. in Social Psychology from
Northwestern University, USA
 Together with Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay, they
embarked on research into historical and
cultural roots of Philippine Psychology
 In 1975, he chaired the Unang Pambansang
Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First
National Conference in Filipino Psychology

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 Authored several publications in indigenous
psychology, Filipino personality, psychology of
language and politics, philosophy and values,
cross-cultural psychology and pilipinolohiya.
 Received numerous awards, recognitions,
and grants both in the Philippines and
internationally.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
refers to the psychology born out of the
experience, thought and orientation of the
Filipinos based on the full use of Filipino
culture and language.
 “…the study of diwa (psyche).” - refers to the
wealth of ideas referred to by the
philosophical concept of “essence” and an
entire psychological concepts from awareness
to motives to behavior.
 The approach is one of the “indigenization
from within”, also termed as cultural
revalidation, whereby the theoretical
framework and methodology emerge from the
experiences of people from the indigenous
culture.
 It is based on assessing historical and socio-
cultural realities, understanding the local
language, unraveling Filipino characteristics,
and explaining them through the eyes of
native Filipino.
FORMS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
 Psychology in the Philippines (Sikolohiya sa
Pilipinas)
 Psychology of the Filipinos (Sikolohiya ng
mga Pilipino)
 Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)
Psychology in the Philippines (Sikolohiya sa
Pilipinas)
 It refers to a series of events related to the
field of psychology in the Philippines.
 Ito ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng
sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.
 Ito rin ay tumutukoy sa lahat ng mga pag-
aaral, libro, at sikolohiyang makikita sa
Pilipinas, banyaga man o makapilipino.
Psychology of the Filipinos (Sikolohiya ng
mga Pilipino)
 It refers to any theories or knowledge of
Filipino nature regardless of source, western
or local.
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 Ito ang palasak na anyo sapagkat
pinakakaraniwan o pinakamadali makita.
 Ito rin ay tumutukoy sa pananaliksik, pag-
aaral at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may
kinalaman sa mga Pilipino.
Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)
 It refers to a psychology based of the
Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behavior,
and must derived from indigenous Filipino
sources, language, and method
 Nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng
karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino.
4 FILIATIONS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
Zeus Salazar (1985), a historian, later examined
the history of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up
with a description of the four filiations of Philippine
psychology:
 Academic-scientific psychology (Sikolohiyang
Akademiko- Siyentipiko)
 Academic-philosophical psychology
(Sikolohiyang Akademiko-Pilosopikal)
 Ethnic psychology (Sikolohiyang Katutubo)
 Psycho-medical system with religion
(Sistemang Sikomedikal at Relihiyon)
1. Academic-Scientific Psychology
(Sikolohiyang Akademiko-Siyentipiko)
 The Western tradition – This follows the
American-oriented psychological tradition that
can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876.
It was introduced in the Philippines through
formal American education system in
universities.
2. Academic-Philosophical Psychology
(Sikolohiyang Akademiko-Pilosopikal)
 The clerical tradition (clergy) – This was
started by priest-professors at the University
of Santo Tomas during the 17th century
Spanish era. This tradition originally came
from the writings of the preachers and monks
in philosophy and “pre-scientific" Spanish
elites and would later join with the American-
oriented scientific psychology.
3. Ethnic Psychology (Sikolohiyang
Katutubo)
 this is the Philippine indigenous psychology in
the sense that this includes the frame of
psychological reasoning, enculturation
 practices, beliefs, and proto- clinical practices
that can be culled from language, literature,
myths, legends, etc. This also includes
psychological systems worked out by Filipinos
with Filipino indigenous elements as basis
(eg. Hermano Pule, Rizal, Isabelo de los
Reyes, Kalaw, etc.) and Sikolohiya ng mga
Pilipino (Psychology of the Filipino) as
formulated by Virgilio Enriquez.
4. Psycho-medical system with religion
(Sistemang Sikomedikal at Relihiyon)
 A psychological tradition that is closely related
to ethnic psychology. The psycho-medical
tradition that has religion as the basis and
explanation. This includes the faith healing
practices of the babaylan and the katalonan.
According to Salazar, he believes that “no
real healing could take place if there were
 No common ideology or frame of reference
understood and accepted by both healer and
patient.
BASIC TENETS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
 Core Value or Kapwa (shared inner self)
 Pivotal Interpersonal Value
 Linking Socio-personal Value
 Accommodative Surface Values
 Confrontative Surface Values
 Societal Values
Core Value or Kapwa (shared inner self)
 Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino
Psychology. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang
Tao and Hindi Ibang Tao.
Ibang Tao (outsider)
There are five interaction levels under this
category:
 Pakikitungo: civility - right behavior meant
right demeanor towards authorities (Parents,
Elders, etc.).
 Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing - This is a
social value that is primarily communitarian. It
espouses the ability to adapt.
 Pakikilahok: act of joining - This translates to
participation of the entire community to help a
person.
 Pakikibagay: conformity - This runs into
conflict with individuality which many Filipinos
in fact willingly throw away in favor of
conformity with demands of those who are in
charge.
 Pakikisama: being united with the group.
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Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)
There are three interaction levels under this
category:
 Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual
trust
 Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
 Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
Pivotal Interpersonal Value or Pakiramdam
(shared inner perceptions)
 Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception
of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide
their dealings with other people.
Linking Socio-personal Value Kagandahang-
Loob (shared humanity)
 This refers to being able to help other people
in dire need due to a perception of being
together as a part of one Filipino humanity.
Accommodative Surface Values
 Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most
Western psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense
of propriety'.
 Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos
are expected by their neighbors to return
favors—whether these were asked for or
not—when it is needed or wanted.
 Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth
Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined
by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is
primarily guided by conformity with the
majority.
Confrontative Surface Values
 Bahala na: Bahala Na translates literally as
"leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as
an expression, almost universally, in Filipino
culture. Filipinos engage in the bahala na
attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive
coping strategy when faced with challenging
situations.
 Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized
by being courageous in the midst of problems
and uncertainties.
 Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means
concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of
the Filipino to undertake revolutions and
uprisings against a common enemy.
Societal Values
 Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this
actually refers to what other people see in a
person and how they use that information to
make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
 Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer
to how other people judge a person of his/her
worth. This compels a common Filipino to
conform to social norms, regardless how
obsolete they are.
 Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May
refer to how a person judges his own worth.
 Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice,
this actually refers to equity in giving rewards
to a person.
 Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically,
this may clash with the less important value of
pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).
WHAT IS PSYCHOPATHOLOGY?
 Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in
Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the
study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino
context. Several mental disorders have been
identified that culture-bound syndromes, and
can therefore be found only in the Philippines
or in other societies with which Filipinos share
cultural connections.
Example
 Amok: Malayan mood disorder, more aptly
called "Austronesian Mood Disorder", in which
a person suddenly loses control of himself
and goes into a killing frenzy, after which
he/she hallucinates and falls into a trance.
After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no
memory of the event.
 Bangungot: A relatively common occurrence
in which a person suddenly loses control of
his respiration and digestion, and falls into a
coma and ultimately to death. The person is
believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss
at the onset of his death. This syndrome has
been repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada
syndrome and to the ingestion of rice.
However, no such medical ties have been
proven.
MANIFESTATION OF UNIVERSAL MENTAL
DISORDERS
 Filipino psychopathology also refers to the
different manifestations of mental disorders in
Filipino people. One example of such is the
manifestation of depression and
schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are, for the
most part, less violent.
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Amok Bangungot
FILIPINO PSYCHOMEDICINE
 Hilot: The use of massage to aid a pregnant
mother in the delivery of her child.
 Kulam: Hex or bewitchment.
 Lihi: An intense craving for something or
someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or
manghihilottestify that if the craving is not
satisfied, abnormality of the child may result.
 Pasma: A concept that explains how init(heat)
and lamig(cold) together can result in illness,
especially rheumatism.
 Susto: Soul-flight. Derived from Latin
American traditions. a case of spirit attack
 Pagtatawas: A method of diagnosing illness
wherein alum (called tawas) is ritualistically
used by the albularyo or medicine man for
diagnosis of a variety of health conditions
 Usog: A concept that explains how a baby
who has been greeted by a stranger acquires
a mysterious illness. Apparently derived from
the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo.
 Gabâor gabaa: The Visayan concept of
negative Karma.
 Barang: Any magical practice, in the
Philippines, that afflicts a person with bugs
inside his/her body.
POSITIVE VALUE
1. Hospitality
This is one of the most popular qualities of
Filipinos. Foreigners who have gone to the
Philippines find themselves falling in love with the
warm hospitality they are shown.
2. Respect
This is often observed—not just by younger
people—but also by people of all ages.
3. Strong Family Ties and Religions
Yes. Filipinos value their families so much that
they tend to keep families intact through the
generations.
4. Generosity and Helpfulness
Filipinos are generous people. Even when we
have very little, we always share with those
around us.
5. Strong Work Ethic
Yes, we are hardworking people to the point that
we are willing to work almost the whole day just to
feed our families.
6. Love and Caring
This is so true! Filipinos are the sweetest and
most loving people in the world. I'm not just
saying this because I'm a Filipino; if you know us
well, you will soon figure this out.
NEGATIVE TRAITS
1. Crab Mentality
A way of thinking best described by the phrase "if
I can't have it, neither can you".
2. Ningas – Kugon
Leaving our work either half-baked or unfinished
3. Manana Habit
“Mamayana na” or “Bukas na lang”
4. Filipino Time
Minutes or hours behind the standard time
5. Balat-sibuyas
Filipino’s extrasensitive to insults
6. General Disregard for Rules
Filipinos’ penchant for law-breaking
7. Colonial Mentality
A preference for all things foreign over own
8. Balikbayan box mentality
Exploitive or jealous of the success of the OFW
9. Bahala na attitude
Bahala na si Batman
10. Double Standard
When a situation is desirable for one group but
deplorable for another
11. Corruption
12. Excessive Partying
Celebrating line there’s no tomorrow
13. Amor Propio (Pride)
POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Palabra de Honor
Assurance, word of honor
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2. Utang na Loob
Debt of gratitude and reciprocity, to say that we are
indebted to that person for life “give back”
SUPERSTITIONS
 Fitting your wedding dress prior to your
wedding day will cost you your life.
 When someone sees you and you appear to
be headless, it means you’re about to die.
 When a woman sings while cooking, she will
end up a spinster.
 Saying “tao, tao po” while knocking at
someone’s door is more than just asking if
there’s someone in the house.
 When three people pose for a picture, the one
at the center will be the first to die.
 Sweeping the floor at night will bring you bad
luck.
 Oro, Plata, Mata.
 Crossing paths with a black cat is a bad
omen.
 Bringing home food served at a wake or a
funeral will bring bad luck.
 If you’re coming from a wake, take a detour if
you must, just DON’T go home immediately.
LESSON 4 - ANG BATAYAN NG
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO SA KULTURA AT
KASAYSAYAN NI DR. VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ
KATUTURAN NG MGA KATAWAGAN
SIKOLOHIYA
 Ang pag aaral ng isip, diwa at asal
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 tungkol sa kamalayan na tumutukoy sa
kanyang damdamin’t kaalamang
nararanasan
 tumutukoy sa kanyang ugali, kilos at asal
 kaluluwa at budhi
SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS
 bunga ng pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga
pangyayaring may kinalaman sa sikolohiya
sa ating bayan
SIKOLOHIYA NG MGA PILIPINO
 ang bawat teorya ng sino mang nais mag aral
tungkol sa kalikasan ng sikolohikal ng mga
Pilipinong naninirahan sa Pilipinas at maging
sa ibang bansa
 TAHANAN (HOME)
isang lugar kung san ka nananahan,
isang lugar kung saan kumportable ka sa
iyong sarili. Tumutulong na humubog sa
iyong pagkatao
 BAHAY (HOUSE)
isang istraktura kung saan doon ka
tumitira ngunit hind masasabing
makabuluhan o pangmatagalan
 BABAYLAN (Tagalog)
isang taong may kakayahang mamagitan
sa mga mundo ng espiritu
 CATALONAN (Visaya)
ay ang katumbas ng Tagalog ng Visayan
Babaylan
 PULAHANES
nagsasanay ng mga sinaunang kaalaman
at paniniwala gaya na lamang ng mga
Derobio Eskrima na gumagamit ng bolo
at anting anting.
ACQUIESCENCE EFFECT (EPEKTO NG
PAGSANG-AYON)
 isang teorya na nag-sasaad na ang tao ay
maaaring magbigay ng maling impormasyon
hingil sa kanyang sarili o kaalaman kapag ito
a tinanong. Madalas positibo ang pagsang-
ayon kesa sa negatibo dahil sa ninanais ng
tao na makabuluhan ng pagtingin sa kanya
ang taong nagtatanong
PAGKAKAIBA NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
SA SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS
 Ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ang maaring
ihambing sa salitang “Taumbahay” na may
kahulugan na ang kanyang kilos, pang
unawa, damdamin, kaisipan ay umaayon sa
tamang tagapangasiwa ng bahay. Isang
taong nawiwili maging tagapag alaga ng
isang tahanan
 Ang Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas ay
maikukumpara sa salitang “tao sa bahay”
na ang ibig sabihin ay tao na nasa loob
lamang ng bahay. Masasabi na ang tao na
nasa bahay ay walang anumang obligasyon
o kagustuhan sa pangangasiwa sa tahanan.
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 Masasabi na ang Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas ay
mga teoryang napag-aralan o pinag- aralan
ng mga dalubhasang lokal o banyaga noon at
hanggang ngayon
 Samantalang ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay
ang buong pagkatao ng mga Pilipino sa isip,
sa salita at sa gawa na hinubog ng kanyang
karanasan sa kasaysayan at oryentasyon.
ANIM (6) NA BATAYAN NG SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO AYON KAY DR. VIRGILIO G.
ENRIQUEZ
MGA BATAYAN SA KINAGISNANG
SIKOLOHIYA
 Kinagisnang sikolohiyang Pilipino:
babaylan catalonan, mga dalangin at bulong,
ng ibat- ibang etnikong grupo, paglaganap at
pagkilos ng mga Pulahanes.
 Sikolohiya sa literaturang Pilipino: ang mga
salawikain, epiko, alamat, kwentong bayan,
awit, sawikain, korido
 Kaugaliang minana ng mga Pilipino: ugali
at paniniwala tungkol sa pag aaruga ng mga
bata, dasal, okasyon
ANG BATAYAN SA TAO AT SA KANYANG
DIWA
 Batayan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay ang
pagpapahalaga sa tao at ang kanyang diwa
 Dapat linawin na ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay
bahagi at kabahagi ng sikolohiya sa daigdig
 Tomatasitikong pananaw na pinakalat ng
Tomasitiko (UST): sikolohiyang rasyonal na
nagsimula kila Aristotle at Descartes
 Ayon sa manunulat na si Salazar (1974)
dapat bigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang
pagtuturo ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino kagaya ng
lamang ng Teorya ng dalawang kaluluwa sa
pinaniniwalaan sa Pilipinas (binubuo ng diwa
at katambal)
ANG BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG
PAGBABAGONG-ISIP (Renaissance)
 Pedro Serano Laktaw; Isabelo Reyes,
Antonio Luna
 ”Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos” –
hinggil katamaran ng mga Filipino ni Rizal
 “El Cristianismo y la Antigua Civilizacion
Tagala” – Paghahambing sa ating mga
manunulat sa mga dayuhan ni Paterno
 “Ninay” – isang nobelang panlipunan ni
Ponce
 “Liwanag at Dilim”ni Jacinto
 Emilio Aguinaldo – psicologos del verbo
Tagalog – ito ay isang patibay na hindi dala
ng mga Amerikano at Kastila ang Sikolohiya
sa bansa natin na para bang sinasabi na
dinanatnan ng mga dayuhan na mangmang
ang mga Pilipino
BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG
PAGPAPAHALAGA SA KILOS AT
KAKAYANAN NG TAO
 Ang mga pag-aaral nila Agustin Alonzo
(kaunaunahang nakapagtapos ng Master sa
Sining ng Sikolohiya sa Unibersidad ng
Pilipinas ay nag aral ng sikolohiya sa
damdamin at may impluwensya ng dayuhang
sikolohista na Thorndike (Bahaviorist)
 Kalaunan si Hartendorp ay kaunaunahang
Amerikanong nagpakita ng interes sa
Sikolohiya ng mga Negrito
 Filipe (1969) ang moral na pangangailangang
harapin ang mga suliranin
 Ang teorya ni Osias (1940) tungkol sa
kaugnayan ng wika sa lipunan ay ang
halimbawa ng pag uugnay ng kaalamang
panglingwistika sa kilos ng tao
 Ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay tiyak na may
mapanghahawakang mga tuwirang
batayan. Kabilang dito ang gawain nina
Isidoro Panlasigui (1952), Sinfroso Padilla
(1961, 1963) at Alfredo Lagmay (1964) na
pawang nagpapahalaga sa kilos at
kakayanan ng tao. Ang mga kalakarang ito
ay makikita sa kasalukuyang panahon hindi
lamang sa Kamaynilaan kundi maging sa
iba’t ibang dako ng Pilipinas.
BATAYAN SA PANAHON SA
PAGPAPAHALAGA SA SULIRANIN NG
LIPUNAN
 Aldaba – Lim - nagbigay pagpapahalaga
sa suliranin ng lipunan. Madalas hinihikayat
ang mga sikolohistang Pilipino na makinig sa
mga suliranin ng Lipunan
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 Hindi sapat na magkaroon ng mga teoretikal
na kaalaman. Kinakailangan na subukin ang
mga obhetibo nito upang magkaroon ng
kabuluhan sa lipunan. Ang pananaliksik ay
nararapat na magkaroon ng mahusay na
aplikasyon sa lipunan. Ang kaalaman at
pananaliksik ay lagi dapat tungo sa
paglilingkod sa kapwa.
ANG BATAYAN SA WIKA, KULTURA AT
PANANAW NG PILIPINO
 Pinakapundamental na saligan ng mga
batayang ito ay ang pagpapahalaga sa wika,
kultura at pananaw ng Pilipino
 Isang napakahalangang batayan ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay ang wikang Pilipino
at ang mga wikang katutubo sa Pilipinas
sapagkat ang wika ay isang mahalagang
daluyang maaring baguhin bilang saligan ng
pananaliksik
 Ang acquiescence effect ay naangkop na
tawaging “epekto ng pagtutol” kung
pasasagutin ang mga Pilipino sa isang
pananaliksik
 Ang sikolohiya ay isang unibersal na agham,
samakatuwid ang mga prinsipyong
natuklasan sa agham na ito ay walang
kinikilalang bayan
KUNKLUSYON
 Ang anim (6) na batayan ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino ay lininang ng kanyang nakaraan,
karanasan, at oryentasyon. Bagamat may
mga dayuhang paniniwala umangkop o
niyakap ng mga Pilipino ito ay patuloy na
humahalo sa kung sino nga ba ang mga
Pilipino bago pa dumating ang mga
mananakop. Ang mga batayan na ito ay
makikita pa rin sa kasalukuyang panahon at
patuloy na hinuhubog ang ugali, asal at diwa
ng mga Pilipino.
LESSON 5 – INDIGENOUS RESEARCH INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHOUT
METHODS
 Content indigenization translation of
imported materials
RESEARCH APPROACHES IN  Theoretic indigenization
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO  Indigenization as strategy
 Culture assimilation – happens when two
Ano ang layunin (major goals) ng Sikolohiyang culture or groups of people influence one
Pilipino? another indigenous versions of imported
systems
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIKOLOHIYANG INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHIN
PILIPINO KNOWLEDGE  Identification of indigenous concepts,
methods, theories
 Semantic elaboration (meaning of words)
Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 Indigenous codification re-codification
 pagsasakatutubo (indigenization) (process of arranging according to plan)
 pagka-agham (science)  Systematization/explication of implied
 pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity) theoretical frameworks (process of analyzing)
 Application/use

The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 Development of indigenous psychological
concepts
 Utilization of indigenous research methods
 Creation of authentic and appropriate
social scientific psychology
RESEARCH APPROACHES
 Experimental – adherence to predetermined
set of procedures
 Survey – conform to an informal agreement
with respondents
 Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as they
arise
 Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as
one-with-the-other
INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
 Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the
modern and the traditional i.e. using scientific
methods and ensuring that they are culturally
appropriate.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows
concepts from both the modern and traditional
cultural systems.
APPROACHES IN THE DEVELOPMENT &
UTILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS VIEWPOINTS
 Indigenization from within basis: the
indigenous direction: outwards culture- as-
source
 Indigenization from without basis: the
exogenousdirection: inwards culture as-target
USING THE CULTURE AS SOURCE
 Indigenization from within
Necessarily implies the need for cultural
revalidation
A demand for concepts and methods which are
culturally appropriate, scientifically valid
RESEARCH MODELS
Models of data collection
 Self-orientation Model:
The data collector and contributors relate to the
other only to the extent of waiting until the other
stops responding, e.g. Laboratory-based studies
of memory.
Communication is not taking place through
between them through socially shared
interpretations or common contructs.
 Experimenter-orientation Model:
The data collectors appear to influence while only
the data contributors appear to be influenced, e.g.
Asch’s person perception study; an imbalance of
power in favor of data collectors who appear to
define the experimental situation.
 Reactive-orientation Model:
The participants in the data collection are reacting
to what is currently taking place between them,
e.g. verbal conditioning research; yet the
capacities of both data contributors and collectors

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to construe are assumed to be unimportant and
are ignored.
 Mutual-orientation Model:
The data collector and contributor give
something to, and gain something from the data
collection, e.g. Piaget’s early research on
conservation. Indigenous psychology research
uses this model as the cultural researcher is a
culture bearer himself.
 Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model
 Scale of the Researcher Iskala ng
Mananaliksik
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction
between the Researcher and the
Researchee Iskala ng
Pagtutunguhanng Mananaliksik at
Kalahok
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH MODEL
RESEARCHER-RESEARCHEE RELATIONSHIP
MODEL
 Scale of the Researcher (Iskala ng
Mananaliksik)
These are methods used by the researcher in
generating data that are tried and tested and are
culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing
research with Filipinos.
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction
between the Researcher and the
Researchee (Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng
Mananaliksik at Kalahok)
The level of interaction between the researcher
and the researchee significantly determines the
quality of data obtained.
 Levels of Relationship
There are eight levels of interaction which range
from the relatively uninvolved civility of
pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in
pakikiisa. These eight levels of interaction can be
divided into two categories: the ibang-tao
(outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).
 Ibang-tao category (outsider)
 pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
 pakikisalimuha (interaction)
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 pakikilahok (participation, joining)
 pakikibagay (conforming)
 pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
 Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
 pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
 pakikisangkot (active involvement)
 pakikiisa (full trust)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS
Collective indigenous method
 partakes of the characteristics of: a
community dialogue, focused group
discussion, natural cluster interview, group
attestation
 puts premium on: cultural appropriateness an
ordinary get-together
Approaches & Techniques
 Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)
 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
 Pakikialam (concerned interference)
 Pakikilahok (participation)
 Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
 Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Pakapa-kapa
An approach characterized by groping, searching,
probing into an unsystematized mass of social
and cultural data to be able to obtain order,
meaning, and directions for research.
o Implies an exploration into cultural, social
or psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical framework borrowed
from observations outside the focus of
investigation.
o Can be related to unobtrusive techniques
because the actual procedures for
collecting information may range from
observation, documentation, intervention,
participation.
 Panunuluyan Approach
Interaction techniques, levels of relationship mula
paninimbang hanggan malalimangc
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
 o Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at
teknolohikal.
o Pakikipagkapwa: ang
batayangpanlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan.
o Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan:
pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan,
pakikisuno.
o Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.
o Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan
at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob
o Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin,
mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o
mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na
ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos,
parinig at matalinhagang salita (talas ng
pakiramdam).
o Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality
disposition, as a situational behavior, as a
coping mechanism; closely related to
many general psychological concepts
such as empathy and sensitivity.
o Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan
(sentido komon) and pinaiiral dito at
panuman and Namamasid o nadama o ay
napakiramdaman aangkupan ng tugong-
kilos, subalit iniisip and kahalagahan at
kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito
(pagtutumbas).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Panunuluyan Approach
o Pamamaraan
 panimulang pagsasanay
 paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
 pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring
 panuluyan paghanap ng tulay
 pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
o Pagsasakatuparan
 pagbati at pagpapakilala
 pag-aayos ng mga dala- dalahan
 pakikipagpalagayan
 pagtulong-tulong
 pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga
metodo paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat
o Suliraning etikal
 pagsasabi ng layunin n
pananaliksik
 pagkasangkapan sa
pagkakaibigan
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pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng
pananaliksik
 paghingi ng pahintulot
 pagtanaw ng utang na
loob/pamemerwisyo
 pagbubunyag ng natuklasang
katiwalian
 Pagtatanong-tanong Method
Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking
questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-
tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose; one is
truly determined to get answers to ones
questions.
o Major Characteristics
- Participatory in nature
- Equality of status
- Appropriate and adaptive
- Integrated with other indigenous
methods
PREPARATION: pagtatanong-tanong is part of
everyday casual interaction, researcher must plan
very well for certain conditions, consider
convenience and comfort of informants, their
language, norms, values, and background
(history, within/between group differences.
Activities, policies).
PROCEDURE of pagtatanong-tanong:
 Get to know the people place, lifestyle
 Greet informant, give credentials (name
the go between)
 Go tell them the purpose of the study
 Give them estimate of the expected length
of the session
 Guide questions are used when necessary
 Goodbye and thankyou is not abrupt
PRINCIPLES of pagtatanong-tanong:
 The level of the relationship that exists
between the researcher and the informant
significantly influences the quality of data
obtained (Santiago- Enriquez Model).
 The language of the respondent is used in
the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
 The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for
another’ (cultural sensitivity), through this
the researcher knows when to ask or
avoid questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a
‘no’.
  The equality of status is maintained, as it
is a dialogue (informant is a kausap or
person spoken with) not an interview.
 The issue of reliability: consistency of
response can be checked by repeating the
question in a different way.
 The problem of investigator bias and data
contamination can be solved by having
more than one person do the
pagtatanong-tanong.
 Repeated sampling from as many
informants as possible can produce
commonalities of lexical domain which can
then constitute a ‘construct.’
 Familiarity with the language, values,
cultural norms, will optimize accuracy and
relevance of interpretations.
- libangan
- linangan ng kaalaman
- lunas sa karamdaman
 collective orientation (pananaliksik na
sama-sama)
 contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
 construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
 cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali sa likas
na umpukan)
PRINCIPLES of pakikipagkwentuhan
 with a topic to talk about but without a theme
(may pakay pero walang paksa)
 worth or value of story produced from the
kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
 Validity: trustworthiness not truth
(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)
 Reliability: certification not consistency
(process of pakikipagkwentuhan- indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)

 Pakikipagkwentuhan Method
 Ginabayang Talakayan Method
Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of  Collective discussion technique‘sama-
information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it sama’ orientation
is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and  Community dialogue or focus group
discussion
experiences.
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method
 Oral (pasalita)
 Written (pasulat)
 Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time
 Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)
 Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as
well as a social process of exchanging
information, thoughts, and knowledge that is
part of human daily activities.

PROCEDURE of pakikipagkwentuhan
 initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw)
before living-in the community
(panunuluyan)
 introduce yourself to the community
 invite yourself to community gatherings
 initiate a conversation when in a natural
cluster
 invest time in story sharing sessions

PRINCIPLES of pakikipagkwentuhan
May pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan may ‘paki’
ang kalahok sa kwento may pakinabang sa
kwentuhan

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