Kateb University

English Language Department

Writing
Level Two
 Writing
Chapter One
Introducing yourself
Chapter Objectives
✓Learn how to put sentences into paragraph form
✓Get familiar with paragraph structure
✓Have an overall preview on each part of paragraph
✓The writing process
 Paragraph
 Paragraph is a group of coherent and organized sentences that
talk about a single topic.
Structure of a Paragraph
A paragraph consists of three parts:
1. Topic Sentence: It gives the writer’s main idea about the topic.
2. Supporting Sentences: They prove why the topic is true.
3. Concluding Sentence: Restate the writer’s main idea about the
topic.
 Model

Introducing Myself

I would like introduce myself. My name is Zhang Topic Sentence

Minxiong, but please call me Calvin. Zhang is
my family name. Minxiong means smart and
heroic. I am 21 years old. I am taking classes Supporting sentences
in English and math. I live with my cousin and
his family. I work part-time in his restaurant. I
want to have my own business. That is all
information about me. Concluding Sentence

Note:
✓ Indent the first sentence in the paragraph. (1.27 cm = 5 spaces/1 tap space)
✓ The second sentence follows the first on the same line. (days. He gets…)
 The Writing Process
Step 1: Prewrite, to get idea
Step 2: Write the first draft
Step 3: Revise and Edit the first draft
Step 4: Write the new draft
Step 1: Prewrite, to get idea
 The method of gathering
information or idea.
There are many methods to
gather idea.
➢Listing
➢Mapping
➢Free writing
Introducing Myself

Listing
Introducing Myself
• Name

• Age I would like introduce myself. My name is Zhang

Minxiong, but please call me Calvin. Zhang is my
• Classes
family name. Minxiong means smart and heroic. I
• Family am 21 years old. I am taking classes in English
and math. I live with my cousin and his family. I
• Job work part-time in his restaurant. I want to have
my own business. That is all information about me.
• Future plans

• Home county

• Languages
Step 2: Write the first draft

Just one draft or many drafts.

Draft quickly with no stopping.
Don’t worry about grammatical
mistakes, spelling, punctuations.
Step 3: Revise and Edit the
first draft
Revising:
➢ Change the order of sentences or ideas
➢ Add some information or delete some
information.
➢ Big grammar mistakes like structure …
Edit
➢ Small issues of grammar, punctuation,
Capitalization…
Step 4: Write the last draft

 Sometimes the first draft needs no change.

 Or many drafts.
Thank you
 Writing
Chapter Two
Everyday Routines
Chapter Objectives
✓Learn how to format the page for a paragraph for
handwritten work
✓Understand the terms; title, margins, and heading
 Formatting the Page for a Paragraph
.

When you write a paragraph, you need to think about the format – the way
everything looks on the page.
Page Format for Handwritten Work
1. The paper
Use lined Paper. Paper that is 8.5 by 11 inches is a good size. (A4)
2. The heading (Full name & date)
The heading goes at the top of the page whether on the right or lift.
3. The Title
A title is not usually a sentence but a few words or a word. The title goes on the top
line, in the middle. Skip a line after writing the title and begin writing on the third line.
4. Margins
Leave margins (spaces on the left and right sides of the page), an inch in size.
5. Words at the end of line
If a word doesn’t fit at the end of a line, don’t divide the word into two parts, move it
all to the next line.
Formatting the Page for a Paragraph
Page Format for computer
1. The paper
Use A4 paper, no underlined, no bold, no italicized….
2. The heading (Full name & date)
The heading goes at the top of the page whether on the right or lift.
3. The Title
A title is not usually a sentence but a few words or a word. The title goes on the top line, in
the middle. Skip a line after writing the title and begin writing on the third line.
4. Margins
Leave margins (spaces on the left and right sides of the page), an inch in size.
5. Words at the end of line
If a word doesn’t fit at the end of a line, don’t divide the word into two parts, move it all to
the next line.
 Model
Ahmad Ahmadi
#2
Jan. 18, 2021
Farhad’s Friday #3

Farhad’s Fridays are always busy days. He gets up early.

Then he works from 6:00 A.M. to 2:30 P.M. After work, he gets
his little boy from daycare. Sometimes they go shopping or play
in the park. Then they go home. Farhad’s wife gets back from w #5

ork at 5:30 P.M. They usually have dinner at home. In the

#4 evening, Farhad puts his son to bed. Then he finally has time
relax. He and his wife sometimes watch a movie, but they do not
stay up late, Farhad is tired after his long day.

#1
Thank you
 Writing
Chapter Three
Every Picture Tells a Story

Chapter Objectives
✓Understand the difference between title and topic sentence
✓Learn the different parts of a topic sentence
✓The position of its parts
n
Topic Sentence
A topic sentence comes at the beginning of a paragraph. The topic
sentence gives the writer’s main idea about the topic. A good topic
sentence helps the readers understand the paragraph.
Parts of a Topic Sentence
A topic sentence has two parts:
▪ A topic – what the paragraph is bout, and
▪ A controlling idea – what the writer is going to focus in the paragraph.
Example:
Topic sentence: Farhad Sadiqi is a good father.
This topic tells the reader that the paragraph will be about Farhad Sadiqi. It
will be about Farhad as a father. The paragraph will not have any other
information. For example, it will not tell the reader about his education, his
friends, of his future plans.
Position of topic and controlling idea

A topic usually comes first and controlling idea comes after the topic. However,
sometimes it is possible that you have controlling idea first and topic second or
sometimes you might even find them in two separate sentences.

My brother Maisom is the most hardworking person in our family.

The most hardworking person in our family is my brother Maisom.

Maisom is my brother. He is the most hardworking person in our family.

Topic Sentence and Title

The title and topic sentence both help the reader understand what the paragraph will
be about.
A title is usually not a complete sentence, and it does not do the job of a topic
sentence. That is to say, A title helps the readers understand what the paragraph is
about but the topic sentence helps the readers understand what is going to be
discussed about the title.

Example:
My brother
My brother is the most hardworking person in our family.

Note: Do not do this:

My brother
He is the most hardworking person in our family.
Do this:
My brother is the most hardworking person in our family.
Thank you
Writing
Chapter Four
A Good Day

Chapter Objectives
✓Understand the term organization of a paragraph
✓Learn one specific type of organization
.
Organization of a Paragraph
Paragraph organization is the way sentences are ordered and structured
to create a unified, cohesive, and clear body text.

Based on the topic and the type of information, the writers use different
organizational methods organize (arrange) ideas clearly, such as time
order, logical division of ideas, comparison and contrast, cause and
effect and so on.
For example,
,
To tell a story or explain a process Time Order (Chronological) method
To talk about similarities and differences Compare and Contrast method
To explain reasons, advantages, dis.., types, etc. Logical Division of Ideas
Time Order Method (Chronological method)
Time order means putting your ideas in the order in which
they happened. You need to use this method of organization
when you write about the events in the order they happened or
should happen.
Time Order Signals (Words)
Time order signals help make information clear to the reader.
They go at the beginning of a sentence. A comma follows each
one except Then & Soon.
 Signal Example
First, Second,… First, I have my breakfast. Second, I do my homework.
After, / Afterward, Afterward, she sees her father smoking.
As soon as, As soon as Ahmad got there,…
At that time, At that time, he finds out that his brother passed away.
Eventually,/ Finally, I gave up.
Finally,
Formerly, Formerly, he had met a young beautiful girl.
Immediately, Immediately, everyone started laughing.
In / on (date), In 2020,I got to know him.
Last, …
Now, …
Then …
Later, …
Next, …
In the morning at 9:00 Am at noon in the evening at night at 10:00 PM
Model
My Friday Morning

I make a delicious breakfast every Friday morning for my family.

First, I prepare the ingredients like eggs, sausage, oil, pepper etc.
After preparing all the ingredients for the breakfast, I put the griddle
on the stove to heat it up. Next, I get the eggs and sausage. I mix up
all together. Then I add some oil onto the hot griddle, and of course
some onion and pepper as well. I move them around for a while in
order not to be burnt and get fried enough. After that, I add the mixed
eggs and sausage onto the griddle. For sure I move them all around as
well for not to be burnt and get cooked well. Next, I add some salt
and other spices to make it so delicious. After 5 minutes, the
breakfast is ready to serve. Finally, we sit all together and enjoy our
breakfast. To conclude, I spent my Friday morning to cook a
delicious breakfast.
Using Capital Letters
Some words in English must begin with a capital letter. Here are five rules
for capital letters that writers need to know.

Rules Examples

1. Capitalize the subject pronoun I. Farhad and I are in the same class.

2. Capitalize the first letter of a sentence His first name is David.

3. Capitalize people’s names and titles My dentist’s name is Dr. Salimi

4. Capitalize words for nationalities and Nationalities Languages

languages
American English
Afghan Dari
Colombian Spanish

5. Capitalize place names. (proper nouns) She lives in the Kabul. I like my university.
Capital Letter for Titles

Rules Examples

1. Capitalize the first letter of the first My Life

word of a title The Best Day of My Life

2. Capitalize every noun, verb, A Day at the Races

pronoun, adjective, and adverb in a Take Me Out to the Ball Games
title. Do not capitalize a, an, the, or
prepositions.

3. Do not put a period (.) after the Getting Ready for the Day.
title of a paragraph incorrect

4. Do not put quotation marks (“ “) “ Ali’s Favorite Day”

around the title of a paragraph Incorrect
Thank you
Writing
Chapter Five
Your Hometown

Chapter Objectives
✓Learn how to write supporting sentences
✓Understand what a sentence is
✓Learn to write simple sentences
Supporting Sentences
The sentences that follow a topic sentence is
called supporting sentences. Supporting sentences
must show why the topic sentence is true. They
must present evidence – information that helps to
prove the writer’s point about the topic.

❑ Supporting sentences support the topic sentence

in the same way that the legs of a table support
the tabletop.
 Sentence and its types!

What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that have subject and verb and makes
complete sense.
I love my father.
The baby cries.
we in the park
We love.
The children in the part with their parents and other relatives.

Subject: Is the doer of an action.

Verb: Verb is a word that shows an action, state or occurrence, such as
smoke, play, dance, watch, write, sing. Work, walk, teach, speak,…
Types of a Sentence
.

There are four types of sentence which goes as the following;

Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence, Complex Sentence,
Compound-complex Sentence.

#1 Simple Sentences

A simple sentence consists of a subject, a verb and a completed

thought.
He loves his mother. (1 sub. 1 verb)
He and his brother love their mother. (2 sub. 1 verb)
He loves and misses his brother. (1 sub. 2 verbs)
He loves and misses his mother and his brother. (1 sub. 2 verbs)
Thank you
Writing
Chapter Six
On the Job

Chapter Objectives
✓Understand paragraph unity
Paragraph Unity
A paragraph must have unity. That means that all the supporting sentences in a
paragraph must be relevant – they must relate to the controlling idea in the topic
sentence. The opposite of relevant is irrelevant. A sentence that goes off-topic or
does not support the controlling idea is irrelevant and must be removed from the
paragraph.
My Brother
My brother Mehran is a hardworking person. He usually goes to
bed at 11:45 PM. He works long hours each day. He took the Kankor
test three years ago and scored 333 on this extremely challenging
national test. My cousin had also taken the Kankor test but he failed
on his both tries. A year later, Mehran took the TOEFL and could
score 115 on his first try with a month prior preparation. TOEFL test
has four sections; reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Also, he
has just got a fully funded scholarship from University of London. He
really is a great role model.
Thank you
Writing
Chapter Seven
Memories of a Trip

Chapter Objectives
✓Learn Listing Order method
✓Learn to write a good concluding
sentence
Concluding Sentences
Most of the paragraphs end with a concluding sentence. Concluding means “finishing”
or “completing”. It usually refers to the information in the topic sentence.
Below are two ways to write a concluding sentence
#1: Sometimes the concluding sentence repeats the words of topic sentence.
My brother Mehran is a hardworking person. He usually goes to bed at 11:45
PM. He works long hours each day. He took the Kankor test three years ago and
scored 333 on this extremely challenging national test. A year later, Mehran took
the TOEFL and could score 115 on his first try with a month prior preparation.
Also, he has just got a fully funded scholarship from University of London. He
really is a great role model.
#2: Sometimes the writers ends the paragraph with a personal comment about
the topic.
Bamyan is a great place to visit. It has such spectacularly joyful views and
natural spots. You will be shocked by the water flowing in Band-e-Amir damn. Not
only the natural places will attract your notice out there but also the manmade
monuments like Budha Statue, one of the most wonders in Afghanistan. Every time
I think of Bamyan I remind of peace.
Organization
Listing Order
One way to organize a paragraph about the future is to use listing order.
Listing order method is used when you don’t know the time order of
future events or if the order in time is not important.

Below are some listing-order words. Model

Time order word

Frist,
First of all,
Second,
Third,
Also,
In addition,
Finally,
The End
Thank you