ASSIGNMENT NO 2

NAME: .Husnain Zafar

ROLL NO: 21020920-001

SUBJECT: “Business Math”

SECTION: Section (A) 3rd S.

SUBMITTED TO: Sir. Awais

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: Matrix and simultaneous

System of equation.
 1. Simultaneous equations

i. Definition

 What is a system of simultaneous linear equations?

Simultaneous equations are two or more algebraic equations that share variables e.g. x
and y . They are called simultaneous equations because the equations are solved at the same
time. Each of these equations on their own could have infinite possible solutions.

 First, ask “what is a linear equation?”

It is an equation in one or more variables where each term’s degree is not more than 1. That
means a variable x may appear, but neither any higher power of x, such as x2, nor any product
of variables, such as xy, may appear. It has to be a pretty simple equation like

3x + 2y – 5z = 8.

In fact, any linear equation can be put in the form

c1x1 + c2x2 + ... + cnxn = c0.

where n is the number of variables, the variables are x1, x2, ... , xn, and c0, c1, ... , cn are
constants.

A system is just a collection of such linear equations, and to solve a system look for the
values of the variables which make all the equations true simultaneously. For instance,
if x and y are the variables, then an example system of linear equations is

5x – 2y = 4

x + 2y = 8

There are various ways of solving this system, and they lead to the unique solution
where x = 2 and y = 3. We’ll look next at a common algorithm for solving systems of
simultaneous equations called elimination.
 ii. History of system of simultaneous equation:

Algebra is known as the history of the theory of equations.

The history of algebra began in ancient Egypt.

The origins of mathematical matrices lie with the study of systems of simultaneous linear
equations.

Simultaneous equations are two or more algebraic equations that share variables e.g. x
and y . They are called simultaneous equations because the equations are solved at the same
time. Each of these equations on their own could have infinite possible solutions.

iii. Examples :

 The algorithm of elimination

for solving a system of simultaneous linear equations is not difficult and has been
discovered more than once. The first time was by the ancient Chinese and appears in
chapter 8 of the work Jiuzhang suanshu (Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art, circa
100 B.C.E.–50 C.E.). Here’s the first problem from that chapter taken from The
Development of Mathematics in China and Japan by Yoshio Mikami, 1913 (reprint
Chelsea, 1974).

We illustrate the elemination method by solving the simultaneous linear equations:

7x + 2y = 47 (1)

5x − 4y = 1 (2)

We are going to multiply Equation (1) by 2 because this will make the magnitude of the
coefficients of y the same in both equations.

Equation (1) becomes 14x + 4y = 94 (3)

If we now add Equation (2) and Equation (3) we will find that the terms involving y
disappear:

5x − 4y = 1

+ 14x + 4y = 94

19x = 95

and so x = 95/19 x = 5.

Now that we have a value for x we can substitute this into Equation (2) in order to find y.
Substituting 5x − 4y = 1

5 × 5 − 4y = 1

25 = 4y + 1 24 = 4y y = 6.

 . Solving simultaneous equations - method of substitution

How can we handle the two equations algebraically so that we do not have to draw graphs?
We are going to look at two methods of solution. In this Section we will look at the first
method - the method of substitution. Let us return to the two equations

2x − y = 3 (1)

3x + 2y = 8 (2)

By rearranging Equation (1) we find

y = 2x − 3 (3)

We can now substitute this expression for y into Equation (2)

3x + 2(2x − 3) = 8

3x + 4x − 6=8

7x − 6=8

7x = 14 x = 2
Finally, using Equation

(3), y = 2 × 2 − 3 = 1.

So x = 2,

y=1

is the solution to the pair of simultaneous equations.

iv. Uses of simultaneous equation:

 Simultaneous equations are used when you need to calculate the value of two or
more unknown quantities. These are called simultaneous equations and when asked
to solve them you must find values of the unknowns which satisfy all the given
equations at the same time.

 simultaneous equations used in jobs?

Budget analysts, auditors, accountants, insurance underwriters, and loan

officers are a few of the professionals that use equations to balance accounts, set
budgets, and estimate pricing. Equations can be used to solve different problems
which involve one or more unknown variables.

v. Purpose of simultaneous equation:

 Simultaneous equations can be used when considering the relationship between the
price of a commodity and the quantities of the commodity people want to buy at a
certain price. An equation can be written that describes the relationship between
quantity, price and other variables, such as income.

 On occasions you will come across two or more unknown quantities, and two or more
equations relating them. These are called simultaneous equations and when asked to
solve them you must find values of the unknowns which satisfy all the given
equations at the same time.
 2. Matrix
i. Defination:

matrix, a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array.
The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix.

 Matrices have wide applications in engineering, physics, economics, and statistics as

well as in various branches of mathematics. Matrices also have important applications
in computer graphics, where they have been used to represent rotations and other
transformations of images.
 Matrices occur naturally in systems of simultaneous equations. In the following
system for the unknowns x and y,

the array of numbers .

ii. History :

 Historically, it was not the matrix but a certain number associated with a square
array of numbers called the determinant that was first recognized. Only gradually
did the idea of the matrix as an algebraic entity emerge.
 The term matrix was introduced by the 19th-century English mathematician James
Sylvester, but it was his friend the mathematician Arthur Cayley who developed the
algebraic aspect of matrices in two papers in the 1850s. Cayley first applied them to
the study of systems of linear equations, where they are still very useful. They are also
important because, as Cayley recognized, certain sets of matrices form algebraic
systems in which many of the ordinary laws of arithmetic (e.g.,
the associative and distributive laws) are valid but in which other laws (e.g.,
the commutative law) are not valid.

iii. Examples:

 If there are m rows and n columns, the matrix is said to× 1 matrix; thus, 3 can be
thought of as the matrix [3]. A matrix with only one row and n columns is called a
row vector, and a matrix with only one column and n rows is called a column vector.
  In a common notation, a capital letter denotes a matrix, and the corresponding small
letter with a double subscript describes an element of the matrix. Thus, aij is the
element in the ith row and jth column of the matrix A.
 If A is the 2 × 3 matrix shown above, then a11 = 1, a12 = 3, a13 = 8, a21 = 2, a22 =
−4, and a23 = 5. Under certain conditions, matrices can be added and multiplied as
individual entities, giving rise to important mathematical systems known as matrix
algebras.
 Matrices occur naturally in systems of simultaneous equations. In the following
system for the unknowns x and y,

 the array of numbers is a matrix w be an “m by n” matrix,

written “m × n.” For example,

is a 2 × 3 matrix. A matrix with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n.
An ordinary number can be regarded as a 1

whose elements are the coefficients of the unknowns. The solution of the equations depends
entirely on these numbers and on their particular arrangement. If 3 and 4 were interchanged,
the solution would not be the same.

 A matrix consists of rows and columns. These rows and columns define the size or
dimension of a matrix. The various types of matrices are row matrix, column
matrix, null matrix, square matrix, diagonal matrix, upper triangular matrix,
lower triangular matrix, symmetric matrix, and antisymmetric matrix.

iv. Uses of matrix :

Matrices can be used for calculating data, stats, etc., and plotting graphs.

How can matrices be used?

Matrices have multiple applications, especially for representing coefficients in systems of
equations or linear applications; a matrix can perform the same function as vector data in a
linear system of application. Depending on this, some applications include:
  In computer science: one of the fields where matrices are most used, given their
effectiveness in working with information. Matrices are ideal for graphic
representations and animating shapes.
 In robotics: matrices are used for programming robots that can execute different
tasks. One example of this is a bionic arm that can use programmable mechanical
processes to fulfill functions similar to those of a human arm. All of this programming
is the result of calculations using matrices.

v. Applications of Matrices

Matrices have many applications in diverse fields of science, commerce and social science.
Matrices are for used in:

(i) Computer Graphics

(ii) Optics

(iii) Cryptography

(iv) Economics

(v) Chemistry

(vi) Geology

(vii) Robotics and animation

(viii) Wireless communication and signal processing

(ix) Finance ices.

(x) Mathematics.

 Use of Matrices in Computer Graphics

Earlier, architecture, cartoons, and automation were done by hand drawings but
nowadays they are done by using computer graphics. Square matrices very easily
represent the linear transformation of objects. They are used to project three-
dimensional images into two-dimensional planes in the field of graphics. In graphics,
a digital image is treated as a matrix to start with. The rows and columns of the matrix
correspond to rows and columns of pixels and the numerical entries correspond to the
pixels’ colour values.

Using matrices to manipulate a point is a common mathematical approach in video

game graphics. Matrices are also used to express graphs. Every graph can be
represented as a matrix, each column and each row of a matrix is a node and the value
of their intersection is the strength of the connection between them. Matrix operations such
as translation, rotation and sealing are used in graphics.

 Use of Matrices in Science

Matrices are used in the science of optics to account for reflection and for refraction.
Matrices are also useful in electrical circuits and quantum mechanics and resistor
conversion of electrical energy. Matrices are used to solve AC network equations in
electric circuits.

 In robotics:
Matrices are used for programming robots that can execute different tasks. One example of
this is a bionic arm that can use programmable mechanical processes to fulfill functions
similar to those of a human arm. All of this programming is the result of calculations using
matrices.

Next presenter M. Umer Farooq