Lecture # 02 Flexural Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam

CE315: Design of Concrete Structures I 10/4/2022
Lecture # 02
Flexural Analysis and Design of
Reinforced Concrete Beam
Lt Col Md. Jahidul Islam, PhD, Engrs

e-mail: jahid817@yahoo.com
CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 2
by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 1

 When a simply supported plain concrete beam subjected

a vertically downward load it deforms downward.
 In such a beam, tension is developed at the bottom and
compression is developed at the top.
 Plain concrete beams are inefficient as flexural member

because they are weak in tension during bending.
 For this reason, steel reinforcing bars are placed on the
tension side as close to the extreme tension fiber.
 In such a RCC beam, the tension caused by the bending
moments is chiefly resisted by the steel reinforcement,
while the concrete alone is capable of resisting the
corresponding compression.

 When the load in a beam is gradually increased from zero

to the magnitude that will cause the beam to fail, several
stages of behavior can be clearly distinguished.
 Stage1 (Stresses Elastic & Section Uncracked):

 At low loads, as long as the tensile stress in the concrete
is smaller than the modulus of rupture, the entire
concrete is effective in resisting stress.
 At this stage, all stresses in the concrete are of small
magnitude and are proportional to the strains.

 Stage2 (Elastic & Cracked):

 When the load is further increased the tensile strength of
concrete is reached and tension crack is developed.
 In a cracked section, concrete does not transmit any
tensile stresses and steel resists the entire tension.
 At moderate load, if the concrete stresses do not exceed
approximately fc’/2, stresses and strains continue to be
proportional.
 Stage3 (Inelastic & Cracked):

 When the load is further increased, stress and strain rise
correspondingly and no longer proportional.
 The resulting nonlinear relation between stresses and
strains is that given by the concrete stress-strain curve.

 Stage4 (Failure):
 Failure can be caused in one of two ways.
 With moderate amount of reinforcement, when steel reach its
yield point, reinforcement stretches a large amount, and the
tension cracks widen visibly and propagate upward, with
simultaneous significant deflection of the beam. This is a
gradual failure.
 Stage4 (Failure):
 Failure can be caused in one of two ways.
 If large amount of reinforcement are used, the compressive
strength of concrete may be failed before the steel starts
yielding. Compressive failure of concrete is sudden and
explosive in nature.
10

11
12

 As long as the tensile stress in the concrete is smaller than

the modulus of rupture, so that no tension crack
developed, the stress and strain distribution remain linear
as shown in the figure.
 This beam can be solved by adopting “transformed
section” method, where the actual area of the
reinforcement is replaced with an equivalent concrete
area to nAs located at the level of the steel.
13
 A rectangular beam has the dimensions b = 10 in., h = 25

in., and d = 23 in. and is reinforced with three No. 8 (No.
25) bars so that As = 2.37 in2.
 The concrete cylinder strength (fc ) is 4,000 psi, and
tensile strength in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi.
The yield point of the steel (fy) is 60,000 psi. And n = 8.
 Determine the stresses caused by a bending moment M =
45 ft-kips.
14

 n = Es/Ec = 29,000,000 / 3,600,000 = 8

 (n-1)As = (8-1) x 2.37 = 16.59 in2
 Calculation of the location of the neutral axis of this
section:
 From the top,
10  25 12.5 + 16.59  23
y= = 13.2 in
10  25 + 16.59
 Moment of inertia:
10  253
I= + 10  25  (13.2 − 12.5 )
2
12
+16.59  ( 23 − 13.2 ) = 14, 737 in 4
2
 Moment, M = 45 ft-kips = 540,000 in-lb

15
 According to the flexural beam theory,

the maximum bending stress occurs at
the outer fibers and is equal to Mc
f max =
I
 The concrete compression stress at top
fiber is, 540, 000 13.2
fc = = 484 psi
14737
 The concrete tension stress at bottom
fiber is,
540, 000  ( 25 − 13.2 )
fc = = 432 psi
14737
 Which is less than the tensile strength of
the concrete, 475 psi, so no tensile cracks
will form. CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 16
16

 The stress in the steel reinforcement is,

My
fs = n
I
540, 000  ( 23 − 13.2 )
fs = 8  = 2873 psi
14737
17
18

 When the tensile stresses exceeds the modulus of rupture,

cracks form. If the concrete compressive stress is less
than approximately fc’/2 and the steel has not yet reached
the yield point, both material behave elastically.
 All the concrete that is stressed in tension is assumed
cracked, and therefore effectively absent.
19
 To compute stresses, the transformed section will be

used.
Compression force:
fc
C=  bkd
2
Tensile force: T = As f s
Taking moment
about C gives:
M = Tjd = As f s jd
Taking moment about T gives:
Therefore, the steel fc f
M = Cjd =  bkdjd = c kjbd 2
stress is: 2 2
M The concrete stress is
fs = 2M
As jd fc =
CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam kjbd 2 20
20

Reinforcement ratio:
As
=
bd
Expression for k
and j
k= ( n) + 2 n −  n
2
k
j = 1−
3
21

 The concrete cylinder strength (fc’) is 4000 psi, and tensile
strength in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The
yield point of the steel (fy) is 60,000 psi. Given, Es =
29,000 ksi and Ec = 3,600 ksi.
 Determine the stresses caused by a bending moment M =
90 ft-kips.
22

 n = Es/Ec = 29,000,000 / 3,600,000 = 8

 As = 3 x 0.79 = 2.37 in2
 Moment, M = 90 ft-kips = 1,080,000 in-lb
 The concrete compression stress at top fiber is,
1, 080, 000 13.2 Mc
fc = = 968 psi f max =
14737 I
 The concrete tension stress at bottom fiber is,
1, 080, 000  ( 25 − 13.2 )
fc = = 865 psi
14737
 Which is greater than the tensile strength of the concrete,
475 psi, so tensile cracks will form and analysis should be
adapted considering cracked section.
23
As 2.37
= = = 0.0103

bd 10  23
k= ( n) + 2 n −  n
2

= ( 0.0103  8) + 2  0.0103  8 − 0.0103  8 = 0.33

2
kd = 0.33  23 = 7.6 in
 k 0.33
j = 1− = 1− = 0.89
3 3
fc =
2M 2 1, 080, 000
 fc = = 1,390 psi
kjbd 2 0.33  0.89 10  232
M 1, 080, 000
fs =  fs = = 22, 262 psi
As jd 2.37  0.89  23
24

Description Uncracked Cracked

Section Section
Neutral axis 13.2 in 7.6 in
Moment 45 ft-kips 90 ft-kips
Concrete compression stress 484 psi 1390 psi
Steel stress 2,873 psi 22,262 psi
25
1. Strain in reinforcement and

concrete shall be assumed
directly proportional to the
distance from the neutral
axis.
2. Maximum usable strain at
extreme concrete
compression fiber shall be
assumed equal to u = 0.003.
3. Tensile strength of concrete
shall be neglected in axial
and flexural calculations of
reinforced concrete.
26

4. Stress in reinforcement fs below the yield strength fy shall

be taken as Es times the steel strain s. For strains
greater than fy/Es, stress in reinforcement shall be
considered independent of strain and equal to fy.
5. Relationship between concrete compressive stress
distribution and concrete strain shall be assumed to be
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape
that results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with results of compressive tests.
27
4. Requirements of the above assumption may

be considered satisfied by an equivalent
rectangular concrete stress distribution
definedas follows: A concrete
stress of 0.85fc’ shall be

assumed uniformly
distributed over an
equivalent compression
zone bounded by edges of
the cross-section and a
straight line located
parallel to the neutral axis
at a distance a = 1c from
the fiber of maximum
compressive strain.
28

29
 At high loads, close to failure, the distribution of stresses

and strains are no longer elastic distribution.
30

 The following figure represents the distribution of internal

stresses and strains when the beam is about to fail.

 α = 0.72 for fc’ ≤ 4000 psi and decreases by 0.04 for

every 1,000 psi above 4,000 up to 8,000 psi. For fc’ > 8,000
psi, α = 0.56.
 β = 0.425 for fc’ ≤ 4000 psi and decreases by 0.025 for
every 1000 psi above 4000 up to 8000 psi. For fc’ > 8000
psi, β = 0.325.
31
 For a nominal moment (Mn), For tension yielding of the

the beam will fail either by steel failure, fs = fy.
 Tension yielding of the For the second mode of
steel failure, it is assumed that
 Crushing of the concrete in concrete fail when maximum
the outer compression strain u reaches 0.003.
fiber.
C =  f cbc
T = As f s
32

 For failure initiated by

yielding of the tension steel:
 Distance to the neutral axis:
As f y
C = T   cf cb = As f y  c =
 f cb
 Total compression force on
concrete: As f y  bdf y  df y
c= = =
C =  f cbc  f cb  f cb  f c
 The nominal moment:
 f yd   f yd  2
 f y 
M n = Cz =  f cbc ( d −  c ) =  f cb d −   =  f y bd 1 − 
 f c   f c    f c 
  fy 
M n =  f y bd 2 1 − 0.59 
 f c 
33
 For failure by compression of concrete:

 Distance to the neutral axis:
As f s
C = T   cf cb = As f s  c =
 f cb
The nominal moment:

M n = Cz =  f cbcz =  f cbc ( d −  c )
M n = Tz = As f s z = As f s ( d −  c )
 Steel stress:
d −c
f s =  s Es =  u Es
c
d −c
 Hence,  cf cb = As u Es
c
 Solve this quadratic equation for c.
34

Balanced Steel Ratio, ρb

 The balanced steel ratio ,
representing that amount of
Whether or not the steel
reinforcement necessary for
has yielded can be
beam to fail by crashing of
determined by comparing
the concrete at the same load
the actual reinforcement
that causes the steel to yield.
ratio with the balanced
 This means concrete reaches reinforcement ratio, ρb.
its compressive strain, εu and
for steel, fs = fy.
u  f c u
 For this case,
c= d b =
u +  y f y u +  y
35

 The concrete cylinder strength is fc’ is 4,000 psi. The yield
point of the steel fy is 60,000 psi. Given, Es = 29,000 ksi
and Ec = 3,600 ksi. Also u = 0.003 and y = 0.002
 Determine the nominal moment Mn at which the beam will
fail.
36

 Given: b = 10 in., h = 25 in., and d = 23 in. and As = 2.37 in2.

 fc’ = 4,000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi.
 Actual reinforcement ratio:
As 2.37
= =
= 0.0103
 Balanced reinforcement ratio:
bd 10  23
 f  u 0.72  4, 000 0.003
b = c  b =  b = 0.0284
f y u +  y 60, 000 0.003 + 0.002
 Since, ρ < ρb, the beam will fail in tension by yielding of the steel.
  fy 
 Nominal moment: M n =  f y bd 2 1 − 0.59 
 f c 
 0.0103  60, 000 
= 0.103  60, 000 10  232 1 − 0.59 
 4, 000 
= 2,971, 214 in-lb = 248 ft-kips
37
 The nominal strength of a proposed member is

calculated, based on the best current knowledge of
member and material behavior.
 This nominal strength is modified by a strength reduction
factor , less than unity, to obtain the design strength.
 Thus reinforced concrete members are proportioned so
that,
Mu  Mn
Vu  Vn
 Where the subscripts n denote the nominal strengths in
flexural and shear respectively, and the subscript u denote
the factored load moment and shear.
38

 In this case, the actual stress distribution is replaced by an

equivalent simple rectangular outline.
 The intensity of stress is γfc’ of this equivalent constant
stress and its depth, a = β1c.
 Note that, c   = 2
 = = 1
C =  f cab
a 1
T = As f s
 a
Mn = T d − 
 2
 a
M n = As f s  d − 
 2
39
f c − 4000
1 = 0.85 − 0.05
1000
and 0.65  1  0.85
Concrete stress block parameters
fc’, psi
≤ 4000 5000 6000 7000 ≥8000
α 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
β 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325
β1=2β 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
γ=α/β1 0.85 CE315:0.85 0.85
Dr M. Jahidul Islam 0.86 0.86
40
40

 At balance failure, the steel strain = y and the strain in

the concrete, u = 0.003.
 Balanced reinforcement ratio can be calculated from the
equilibrium requirement, C = T.
b f y bd = 0.85 fcab = 0.851 fcbc
u
f  u c= d
b = 0.851 c u +  y
f y u +  y
 For,
 u = 0.003
fy f c 87, 000
& y = b = 0.851
29 106 f y 87, 000 + f y
41
 A compression failure gives little if any warning of distress,

while a tension failure typically is gradual.
 With gradual failure observing large deflections and
widening of concrete cracks associated with yielding of the
steel reinforcement it is possible to take measures to avoid
total collapse.
 Because of that, it is prudent to design beams in such a
way that failure, if it occurs, will be by yielding of the
steel, not by crushing of the concrete.
 This can be achieved by requiring that the reinforcement
ratio, ρ be less than the balanced ratio, ρb.
f c 87, 000
b = 0.851
f y 87, 000 + f y
42

 To ensure underreinforced behavior, ACI Code provides the

maximum reinforcement ratio for beams with net tensile
strain t = 0.004: f  u
 = 0.851 c
f u f y u + t
 max = 0.851 c
f y  u + 0.004
 For underreinforced concrete, fs = fy,
 a
M n = As f y  d −  As =  bd
 2
As f y
a=
0.85 f cb
43
 a
M n = As f y  d − 
 2
As f y
a=
 Substituting a into Mn we have, 0.85 f cb
 1 As f y   1  bdf y  As =  bd
M n = As f y  d −  =  bdf y  d − 
 2 0.85 f cb   2 0.85 f cb 
 f  2
M n =  f y 1 − 0.59 y  bd = Rbd
2
 f c 
  fy 
R =  f y 1 − 0.59 
 f c 
44

  fy 
R =  f y 1 − 0.59 
 f c 
 The flexural resistance factor R depends only on the
reinforcement ratio and the strength of the materials and
is easily tabulated (Table A.5a and A.5b of Appendix A).
45
 The ACI Code encourages the use of lower reinforcement

ratios.
 A tension-controlled member as one with a net tensile
strain greater than or equal to 0.005.
 The corresponding strength reduction factor is  = 0.9.
 A compression-controlled member as having a net tensile
strain of less than 0.002 and the corresponding reduction
factor is 0.65 (0.75 for spirally reinforced members).
 The strength reduction factor varies linearly.
46

47
 The design strength:

 a
 M n =  As f y  d − 
2  
  fy 
 M n =  f y 1 − 0.59  bd
2
 f c 
 M n =  Rbd 2
48

1.6 f c
 For a rectangular section: As ,min = bd
fy
2.7 f c
 For T-beam (compression in flange): As ,min = bw d
fy
6.2 f c
 For T-beam (tension in flange): As ,min = bw d
fy
 According to ACI Code (for any section):
3 f c 200bw d
As ,min = bw d 
fy fy
 According to ACI Code 10.5, the requirement of above equation need
not be imposed if, at every section, the area of tensile reinforcement
provided is at least one-third greater than the required by analysis.
Specially applicable for grade beams, where the usual equations may
require excessive amounts of steel.
49
Flexural beam problem can be broadly classified as:

 Analysis problem
 In this problem, the section dimensions, reinforcement,
and material strengths are known.
 The moment capacity is required.
 Design problem
 In this case, the required moment capacity is given, as
are the material strengths.
 It is required to find the section dimensions and
reinforcement.
50

 A rectangular beam has width 12 in. and effective depth

17.5 in. It is reinforced with four No. 9 (No. 29) bars in one
row. If fy = 60,000 psi and fc’ = 4000 psi, what is the
nominal flexural strength, and what is the maximum
moment that can be utilized in design, according to the
ACI Code?
 Solution:
 Area of four No. 9 bars, As = 4 x 1.00 = 4.00 in2.
 Now, the actual reinforcement ratio,
As 4.00
= = = 0.019
bd 12 17.5
 Maximum reinforcement ratio,
f c u 4000 0.003
 = 0.851 = 0.85  0.85 = 0.0206
max
f y  u + 0.004 60000 0.003 + 0.004
 Since, ρ < ρmax, this is an under-reinforced beam.
51
4.00  60000
As f y
a= =
= 5.88 in

0.85 f cb 0.85  4000 12
 Nominal moment,
 a  5.88 
M n = As f y  d −  = 4.00  60, 000 17.5 −  = 3490, 000 in-lb = 3490 in-kip
 2  2 
 Depth of N.A.: c = a 1 = 5.88 0.85 = 6.92
d −c 17.5 − 6.92
 Net tensile strain: t = u = 0.003  = 0.00459
c 6.92
 The strength reduction factor:
 = 0.65 + ( 0.00459 − 0.002 )( 250 3) = 0.87
 Now, design moment,
 M n = 0.87  3, 490 = 3, 036 in-kip
 Check:  = 0.0206  
max
3 f c 200 3 4, 000 200

 min =  =  = 0.0033  
fy fy 60, 000 60, 000
52

 Find the cross section of concrete and area of steel

required for a simply supported rectangular beam with a
span of 15ft that is to carry a computed dead load of 1.27
kips/ft and service live load of 2.15 kips/ft. Material
strengths are fy = 60,000 psi and fc’ = 4000 psi.
 Solution:
 Factored load, wu = 1.2 x 1.27 + 1.6 x 2.15 = 4.96 kips/ft.
 Factored moment,
1 1
M u = wu l 2 =  4.96 152 = 139.5 ft-kips = 1674 in-kips
8 8
 Maximum reinforcement ratio,
f c u 4000 0.003
 = 0.851 = 0.85  0.85 = 0.0206
max
f y  u + 0.004 60000 0.003 + 0.004
3 f c 200
 min =  = 0.0033
fy f y Dr M. Jahidul Islam
CE315: 53
53
 Consider reinforcement ratio (for εt = 0.005),

f u 4000 0.003
 = 0.851 c = 0.85  0.85 = 0.0181
f y  u + 0.005 60000 0.003 + 0.005
 Setting the required flexural strength equal to the design
strength,
  fy 
Mu = Mn  M n =  f y 1 − 0.59  bd
2
 f c 
 0.0181 60  2
1674 = 0.9  0.0181 60  1 − 0.59  bd
 4 
bd 2 = 2040 in 3
 For a beam with, b = 10 in
 d = 14.3 in
 Assuming 2.5 in concrete cover from the centroid of the
bars, the required total
CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam depth is h = 14.3 + 54
2.5 = 16.8 in.
54

 The required steel area,

As =  bd = 0.018110 14.3 = 2.59 in 2
 Two No. 10 bars provide As = 2.54 in2 and is very close to

the required area.
 However, the concrete dimensions b and h are always
rounded upward to the nearest inch, and often to the
nearest multiple of 2 inch.
 Hence, for the present problem, b = 10 in and h = 18 in.
 So, d = h – 2.5 = 18 – 2.5 = 15.5 in.
 With the increment of the concrete proportion, steel
requirement will be less, and calculated based on the
actual effective depth (d = 15.5 in).
55
 Setting the required flexural strength equal to the design

strength,
M u =  M n =  As f y  d − 
a
 2
 Assume, a = 5 in.
 5
1674 = 0.9  As  60 15.5 − 
 2
As = 2.38 in 2
 Checking the assumed a:
As f y 2.38  60
a= = = 4.2 in
0.85 f cb 0.85  4 10
 Which is close enough to the assumed value that no
further trial is need.
 Now, three No. 8 bars with (As = 2.37 in2) can be used.
56

 The ACI Code encourage the use of lower reinforcement

ratios by allowing higher strength reduction factors in
beams.
 The Code defines, for εt = 0.005, Ф = 0.9.
f  u For spiral:  = 0.75 + (  t − 0.002 )( 50 )
 max = 0.851 c
f y u + t For other:  = 0.65 + (  t − 0.002 )( 250 3)
57
 In practice, the design of beams and other reinforced

concrete members is greatly facilitated by the use of aids.
 For design purposes, where concrete dimensions and
reinforcement are to be found and the factored load
moment Mu is to be resisted, there are two possible
approaches:
 One starts with selecting the optimum reinforcement
ratio, and then calculating concrete dimensions.
 The alternative approach starts with selecting concrete
dimensions, after which the required reinforcement is
found.
58

1. Set the required strength Mu equal to the design strength Mn.

  fy 
M u =  Rbd 2 R =  f y 1 − 0.59 
 f c 
2. With the aid for Table A.4, select an appropriate reinforcement ratio
between ρmax and ρmin. For practical purpose use, ρ = 0.6ρmax.
Selection of    for t = 0.005 assures that  = 0.90. For   max and
for  for t = 0.005 , an iterative solution will be necessary.
 = 0.65 + (  t − 0.002 )( 250 3)
3. From table A.5 for a selected ρ in second step chooses value of R for
a given f’c and fy. Now calculate, Mu
2
bd =
R
4. Choose b and d. Unless otherwise restricted, d ~ 2 to 3 times b.
5. Calculate required steel area, As =  bd
6. Then from Table A.1, A.2 and A.7 find size, number of bars and
spacing.
59
1. Select beam width b and effective depth d. Then

calculate the required R:
Mu
R=
 bd 2
2. From Table A.5 for a given f’c and fy, find the
reinforcement ratio between ρ < ρmax that will provide
the required value of R and verify the selected value of
.  = 0.65 + (  − 0.002 )( 250 3)
t
As =  bd
3. Calculate required steel area,
4. Then from Table A.1, A.2 and A.7 find size, number of
bars and spacing.
60

 Using the concrete dimensions, b = 10 in, d = 17.5 in, and h = 20

in, and material strengths are fy = 60,000 psi and fc’ = 4000 psi, find
the steel area required to resist a moment Mu of 1,300 in-kips.
61
 To provide the steel with adequate concrete protection

against fire and corrosion, the designer must maintain a
certain minimum thickness of concrete cover outside the
outermost steel.
62

 To provide the steel with adequate concrete protection

against fire and corrosion, the designer must maintain a
certain minimum thickness of concrete cover outside the
outermost steel.
 Cover:
 At least ¾ inch for slabs and walls.
 At least 1½ inch for beams and columns.
 If the concrete is exposed to weather or in contact with
ground, a protective measure of at least 2 inch is
required.
 If the concrete is in contact with ground without the
use of forms, a protective measure of at least 3 inch is
required.
63
 The common reinforcing bar sizes range from No. 3 to No. 11.
 The two larger sizes, No. 14 & No. 18 are used mainly in
columns.
 It is often desirable to mix bar sizes to meet steel area
requirements more closely, but they have to of comparable
diameter.
 It is necessary to maintain a certain minimum distance between
the adjacent bars to ensure proper placement of concrete
around them.
 ACI Code 7.6 specifies that the minimum clear distance
between adjacent bars shall not be less than the bars
diameter or 1 inch.
 For two or more layers of beam reinforcement, the clear
distance between layers must not be less than 1 inch, and the
bars in the upper layer should be placed directly above those
in the bottom layer.
64

 Also known as doubly reinforced beam.

 If a beam section is limited, it may happen that the
compression force developed in concrete may not be
enough to resist the bending moment.
 In this case, reinforcement is added in the compression
zone as well as tension reinforcement.
 Conditions for doubly reinforced beams:
 Tension and compression steel both at yield stress.
 Compression steel below yield stress.
 Tensile steel below the yield stress.
65
 If, in a doubly reinforced beam, the tensile reinforcement

ratio b, the strength of the beam may be approximated
within acceptable limits by disregarding the compression
bars. However, if the tensile reinforcement ratio >b a
somewhat more elaborate analysis is required.
 It is assumed initially that both compression steel (A’s) and
tension steel (As) are stressed to fy at failure.
 The total moment can be thought as the sum of two parts.
66

 The first part Mn1 is provided by,

M n1 = As f y ( d − d  )
 The second part Mn2 is the contribution of the remaining
tension steel,
 a
M n 2 = ( As − As ) f y  d − 
 2
( As − As ) f y (  −  ) f y d
a= =
0.85 f cb 0.85 f c
 Where,
A A
 = s ;  = s
bd bd
 The total nominal resisting moment is then,
 a
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = As f y ( d − d  ) + ( As − As ) f y  d − 
 2
67
 The balanced reinforcement ratio for a doubly reinforced

beam is, f  u
b = b +   b = 0.851 c
f y u +  y
 The maximum reinforcement ratio,
 max =  max +   f c  u
 = 0.851
A
 Where,   = s
max
f y u + t
bd
 However, a check of t is required to determine the

strength reduction factor .
 Alternately, use the following expression for  = 0.90:
0.005 = 0.005 +   f 0.003
 = 0.851 c
0.005
f y 0.003 + 0.005
68

 The tension steel will yield if,   b

 The compression steel will yield if,   cy
 Where, the minimum tensile reinforcement ratio,
f c d   u f  d  87, 000
cy = 0.851 +   = 0.851 c + 
f y d u −  y f y d 87, 000 − f y
 Hence,
cy    b
69
 The compression steel will be below yield stress if,

f c d   u
  cy cy = 0.851
f y d u −  y
+ 
 The balanced steel ratio: f  u
b = 0.851 c
f s f y u +  y
b = b +    =
As
fy bd
 d 
f s =  s Es = Es  u − (  u +  y )   f y
 d 
 The maximum steel ratio:
f  d 
 max =  max +   s f s =  s Es = Es  u − (  u + 0.004 )   f y
fy  d 
 Steel ratio for t = 0.005:
f  d 
0.005 = 0.005 +   s f s =  s Es = Es  u − (  u + 0.005 )   f y
f y M. Jahidul Islam
CE315: Dr  d 70 
70

 If cy    b
 Then the tensile steel is at the yield stress at failure but
the compression steel is not.
 So, the compression steel stress,
c − d
f s =  u Es
c
 Considering equilibrium, “c” can be easily solved.
c − d
As f y = 0.85 f cab + As u Es
c
 Nominal moment for this case,
M n = 0.85 f cab ( d − a 2 ) + As f s ( d − d  )
a = 1c
71
 For compression steel to yield, cy     max
 If d’ is assumed to be 2.5 in., the minimum depth of

beam necessary for the compression steel to yield may be
found for each grade of steel.
72

 Calculate the total factored moment Mu that comes from

load.
 Check for singly or doubly reinforced section:
 Select a reinforced ratio,  =  max or,  =  0.005 ( with  = 0.9 )
 Calculate tensile steel area, As =  bd
 Calculate the nominal moment
 a As f y  f yd
M n = As f y  d −  a = =
 2 0.85 f cb 0.85 f c
 Check, if Mu > Mn, then doubly reinforced beam.
 Find the excess moment, if any, that must be resisted,
and set, M
M2 = Mn M1 = u − M 2

 As from previous step is now defined as As2, i.e., As 2 = As
73
 Assume compression steel at yield, i.e., f s = f y

 Then, A = M1
f y ( d − d )
s
 Set, As1 = As

 The total tensile steel area, As = As1 + As 2
 Analyze the doubly reinforced beam to see if the   cy
compression steel at yield; that is, check the tensile
reinforcement ratio against, cy .
74

 If   cy, the compression steel below yield stress: f s  f y

 The compression steel area must be increased to proved
the needed force.
 Calculate compression steel stress,
c − d a As 2 f y
f s =  u Es c= a=
c 1 0.85 f cb
 As − As ( f s f y )  f y
 Total compression steel,
or a =  
M1 0.85 f cb
As =
f s ( d − d  )
fy
 Revised compression steel area, As, revised = As,trial
f s
 Set, A = A
s1 s
 Total tensile steel, As = As1 + As 2
75
 A rectangular beam that must carry a service live load of

2.47 kips/ft and a calculated dead load of 1.05 kips/ft on
an 18 ft simple span is limited in cross section for
architectural reasons to 10 in. width and 20 in. total
depth. If fy = 60,000 psi and f’c = 4,000 psi, what steel
area(s) must be provided?
76

 Factored load, wu = 1.2 x 1.05 + 1.6 x 2.47 = 5.21 kips/ft.

 Factored moment,
1 1
M u = wu l 2 =  5.21182 = 211 ft-kips = 2530 in-kips
8 8
d’ = 2.5 in.
20
d = 16 in.
in.
4 in.
CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam

10 in. 77
77
 First check the capacity of the section if singly reinforced.

 From Table A.4, select the maximum reinforcement ratio,
 =  ( for  t = 0.005) = 0.0181

 Calculate the tensile steel area,
As =  bd d’ =
= 0.018110 16 = 2.90 in 2 2.5 in.
 Calculate the nominal moment, d = 16 in.

As f y 2.9  60, 000
a= = = 5.12 in
0.85 f cb 0.85  4, 000 10
 a 4 in.
M n = As f y  d − 
 2
 5.12 
= 2.9  60 16 −  = 2,340 in-kips 10 in.
 2 
78

 Calculate the design moment,

 M n = 0.9  2,340 in-kips = 2,106 in-kips
 Since, Mu > Mn, it is a doubly reinforced beam. Hence,
M 2 = M n = 2,340 in-kips
As 2 = As = 2.90 in 2
2530
M1 = − 2340 = 470 in-kips
0.9
 Assume, compression steel at yield, then
M1 470
As = = = 0.58 in 2
f y ( d − d ) 60 (16 − 2.5)
As1 = As = 0.58 in 2
As = As1 + As 2 = 2.90 + 0.58 = 3.48 in 2 3.48
= = 0.0218
10 16
79
 Checking for compression steel at yield,

3.48
= = 0.0218
10 16
f c d   u
cy = 0.851 + 
f y d u −  y
4 2.5 0.003 0.58
= 0.85  0.85 + = 0.0226 + 0.004 = 0.0266
60 16 0.003 − 0.002 10 16
 Since,   cy , compression steel below yield stress.
 Now, calculate compression steel stress and area,
c − d 6.02 − 2.5
f s =  u Es = 0.003  29, 000 = 50.9 ksi
c 6.02
M1 470
As = = = 0.68 in 2 = As1
f s ( d − d  ) 50.9 (16 − 2.5 )
 Total tensile steel area,
f 50.9
As = As1 s + As 2 = 0.68 + 2.90 = 3.48 in 2
fy 60
80

 Compression steel area, As = 0.68 in 2

 Select two No. 6 bars with steel area of 0.88 in 2.
 Tensile steel area, A = 3.48 in 2
s
 Select six No. 7 bars with steel area of 3.60 in 2.
d’ = 2.5 in.
20
d = 16 in.
in.
4 in.
10 in.
81
 For analysis, in which the concrete dimensions,

reinforcement, and material strengths are given.
 The flexural strength can be calculated:
 a
 A 2f 
a=
s2 y
0.85 f cb
 Confirm that the tensile reinforcement ratio is less than
f s
b = b +  
fy
 With compression steel stress
 d 
f s =  s Es = Es  u − (  u +  y )   f y
 d 
82

 The tensile reinforcement ratio defining compression steel

yielding is calculated from,
f c d   u
cy = 0.851 + 
f y d u −  y
 And this is compared with the actual reinforcement ratio.
 If   cy , then f s = f y
 And nominal moment is found using,
 a
 If    cy, then f s  f y
 2
 In this case, “c” is calculated by solving,
c − d
As f y = 0.85 f cab + As u Es
c
 Nominal moment: c − d
M n = 0.85 f cab ( d − a 2 ) + As f s ( d − d  ) f s =  u Es
CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 83 c
83
 A rectangular beam has a d’ =

width of 12 in. and an 2.5 in.
effective depth to the
centroid of the tension d = 24 in.
reinforcement of 24 in. The
tension reinforcement
consists of six No. 10 (No.
32) bars in two rows. 4 in.
Compression reinforcement
consisting of two No. 8 (No. 12 in.
25) bars is placed 2.5 in
from the compression face
of the beam. If fy = 60,000
psi and f’c = 5,000 psi, what
is the design moment
capacity of the beam?
84

 The steel areas and ratios are:

As = 7.62 in 2 =
7.62
= 0.0265
12  24
As = 1.58 in 2 1.58
= = 0.0055
12  24
 Check for doubly reinforce case:
f  u 5 0.003
 max = 0.851 c = 0.85  0.80 =
f y u + t 60 0.003 + 0.004
 Since,    max , this is a doubly reinforced beam.

f c d   u 5 2.5 0.003
cy = 0.851 +   = 0.85  0.80 + 0.0055 = 0.0245
f y d u −  y 60 24 0.003 − 0.002
 Since,    cy , compression steel at yield stress.
 Hence the maximum reinforcement ratio:
 max =  max +   = 0.0243 + 0.0055 = 0.0298
 The actual reinforcement ratio is below the maximum
value, as required.
85
 Now, a = As 2 f y = ( 7.62 − 1.58 ) 60 = 7.11 in.

0.85 f cb 0.85  5 12
c = a 1 = 7.11 0.80 = 8.89
d −c 24 − 8.89
t = u = 0.003  = 0.0051
c 8.89
 Therefore,  = 0.90
 Nominal moment:
 a
M n = As f y ( d − d  ) + ( As − As ) f y  d − 
 2
 Design moment:
 M n = 0.90  9450 = 8,500 in-kip
86

 All doubly reinforced beams designed according to the ACI

Code must be underreinforced, i.e., the tensile
reinforcement ratio is limited to ensure yielding at beam
failure.
 However two cases may be observed where it is not. Such
as,
 Tension steel does not yield, but compression steel does,
and
 Neither tension steel nor compression steel yields.
 The solution in such cases is obtained by writing an
equation for horizontal equilibrium, in which both tension
and compression steel stresses are expressed in terms of
the unknown neutral axis depth c. The resulting quadratic
equation is solved for c, after which steel stresses can be
calculated and
CE315: the nominal
Dr M. Jahidul Islam flexural strength
87 determined.
87
88

 Except for the precast system, most reinforced concrete

floors, roofs, decks, etc are always monolithic, and
hence, a part of the slab will act with the upper part of
the beam to resist longitudinal compression.
 The resulting beam cross section is T-shaped rather than
rectangular. The interior beam has a flange on both sides.
The spandrel beam with a flange on one side only is often
referred to as an inverted L-beam.
89
 Because of the “shear-lag” effect, the portions of the

flange closest to the web are more highly stressed than
those portions farther away.
 The compressive stress is maximum over each web,
dropping between the webs.
 When analyzing and designing the section for positive
moments, an effective compression flange width is used.
90

 The criteria for effective flange width:

 For symmetrical T-Beams,
 the effective width, b shall not exceed one-fourth the
span length of the beam.
 The overhanging slab on either side of the beam web
shall not exceed 8 times the thickness of the slab nor go
beyond one-half of the clear distance to the next beams.
91
 For beams having a slab on one side only,

the effective overhanging slab width
 shall not exceed one-twelfth the span
length of the beams, 6 times the slab
thickness, or one half the clear
distances to the next beam.
 For isolated beam, where the flange is
only used for the purpose of providing
additional compressive area,
 hf ≥ bw/2.
 b ≤ 4bw.
92

93
 The neutral axis of a T beam may be either in the flange

or in the web.
 If the calculated depth to the neutral axis is less than or
equal to the slab thickness, hf, the beam can be analyzed
as if it were a rectangular beam of width equal to b, the
effective flange width.
 When the neutral axis is in the web, methods must be
developed to account for the actual T-shaped compressive
zone.
94

 A T beam may be treated as a rectangular beam if the

depth of the equivalent stress block is less than or equal
to the flange thickness.
 For trial purposes the stress block is assumed to be

completely within the flange.
As f y  f yd
a= =
0.85 f cb 0.85 f c
 If a ≤ hf, it is a rectangular beam of width b and depth
d. CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 95
95
 If a > hf, a T beam analysis is required as follows.

 It is assumed that the strength of the T beam is controlled
by yielding of the tensile steel.
 Total tensile steel is divided into two parts.
 The first part, Asf, is balanced the compressive force in
the overhanging portion of the flange. Thus,
0.85 f c ( b − bw ) h f
Asf =
fy
 And the total nominal resisted moment by Asf:

 h 
M n1 = Asf f y  d − f 
 2 
96

97
 The remaining steel, As – Asf is balanced the compressive

force in the rectangular portion of the beam.
As − Asf =
M n2
a=
( As − Asf ) f y
f y ( d − a 2) 0.85 f cbw
 The additional nominal moment resisted by As – Asf :
 a
M n 2 = ( As − Asf ) f y  d − 
 2
98

 The total nominal resisting moment is:

   a
 + ( As − Asf ) f y  d − 
h
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = Asf f y  d − f
 2   2
 This moment is reduced by the strength reduction factor 

in accordance with the safety provisions of the ACI Code
to obtain the design strength.
99
 Yielding of the tensile reinforcement and Code requirements are

ensured if the net tensile strain is greater than 0.004.
From the geometry of the section: c u


dt  u +  t
 Setting u = 0.003 and t = 0.004 provides a maximum c/dt ratio of
0.429. Therefore, as long as the depth to the neutral axis is less than
0.429dt, the net tensile strain requirements are satisfied.
As
 This will happen if, w =   w,max =  max +  f
bw d
Asf
 Where, f =
bw d
 max for a rectangular section
100

 When designing a T beam, normally the slab dimensions

and beam spacing depends on transverse flexural
requirements.
 Only the width and depth of the web and the area of the
tensile steel are determined from flexural considerations.
 Proportions of the web is selected:
 So as to keep an arbitrarily low web reinforcement ratio, w.
 So as to keep web-shear stress at desirably low limits
 In order to ensure the integrity of the compressive flange
of T beam additional bars must be added to permit the
overhanging flanges to carry, as cantilever beam, the
loads directly applied.
101
 For analyzing the capacity of a T beam with know

concrete dimensions and tensile steel area, it is
reasonable to start with the assumption that the stress
block depth a does not exceed the flange thickness hf.
 In such condition, all ordinary rectangular beam equations
apply with beam width taken equal to the effective width
of the flange.
 If, upon checking that assumption, a proves to exceed hf,
then T beam analysis must be applied.
102

 An isolated T beam is composed of a flange 28 in. wide and 6 in. deep

cast monolithically with a web of 10 in. width that extends 24 in.
below the bottom surface of the flange to produce a beam of 30 in.
total depth. Tensile reinforcement consists of six No. 10 bars placed in
two horizontal rows. The centroid of the bar group is 26 in. from the
top of the beam. It has been determined that the concrete has a
strength of 3,000 psi and that the yield stress of the steel is 60,000
psi. What is the design moment capacity of the beam?
28 in.
hf = 6 in.
30 in. d = 26
in.
4 in.
10 in.
103
 Check the flange dimensions to satisfy the ACI Code.

 For isolated beam,
 hf (6 in.) ≥ bw/2 (10/2 = 5 in.).
 b (28 in.) ≤ 4bw (4x10 = 40 in.).
 So, the entire flange can be considered effective,
ie. b = 28 in.
 For 6 No. 10 bars, As = 7.62 in2.
 First check the location of the neutral axis:
As f y 7.62  60
a= = = 6.40 in
0.85 f cb 0.85  3  28
 Since, a > hf (= 6 in.), T beam analysis is required.
104

 Total tensile steel is divided into two parts.

 The first part, Asf,
0.85 f c ( b − bw ) h f 0.85  3  ( 28 − 10 )  6
Asf = = = 4.59 in 2
fy 60
 The second part,
As − Asf = 7.62 − 4.59 = 3.03 in 2
a=
(A − A ) f
s sf y 3.03  60
= = 7.13 in.
0.85 f cbw 0.85  3 10
 The total nominal moment,
 h   a
(
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = Asf f y  d − f  + As − Asf f y  d − 
 2
)
 2 
 6  7.13 
M n = 4.59  60  26 −  + 3.03  60  26 −  = 10, 413 in-kips
 2  2 
105
 Check t  0.005 to ensure that  = 0.9

 Find c = a/1 =
 When the ACI strength reduction factor is incorporated,

the design strength is,
 M n = 0.9 10, 413 in-kips = 9,372 in-kips
106

For design, the following steps must be considered:

 Establish flange thickness hf based on flexural requirements of the
slab, which normally spans transversely between parallel T beams.
 Determine the effective flange width b according to ACI limits.
 Choose wed dimensions bw and d based on either of the following:
 Negative bending requirements at the supports, if a continuous T beam
 Shear requirements, setting a reasonable upper-limit on the nominal unit shear
stress vu in the beam web.
 With all concrete dimensions thus established, calculate a trial value
of As, assuming that a does not exceed hf, with beam width equal to
flange width b. Use ordinary rectangular beam design methods.
 For the trial As, check the depth of stress block a to confirm that it
does not exceed hf. If it should exceed that value, revise As using the
T beam equations.
 Check t  0.005 or c/d  0.375 to ensure that  = 0.9
 Check to ensure that w  w,min
107
 A floor system consists of a 3 in. Concrete slab supported

by continuous T beams with a 24 ft span, 47 in. on
centers. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-
moment requirements at the supports, are bw = 11 in. and
d = 20 in. What tensile steel area is required at midspan
to resist a factored moment of 6,400 in-kips if fy = 60,000
psi and fc = 3,000 psi?
108

 Calculate the effective flange width, be,

 For T-beam with symmetric flange,
 be = bw + 16hf = 16 x 3 + 11 = 59 in.
 be = l/4 = (24 x 12)/4 = 72 in.
 be = Centerline beam spacing = 47 in.
 So, the centerline beam spacing controls in this case, i.e. be = 47 in.
 The tensile steel at midspan can be calculated by trial and error
method.
 Assume the stress block depth equal to the flange thickness, i.e., a =
hf (= 3 in.)
 Hence,
Mu 6, 400
As = = = 6.41 in 2
 f y ( d − a 2) 0.9  60  ( 20 − 3 2 )
As f y 6.41 60
a= = = 3.21 in
0.85 f cb 0.85  3  47
109
 Since, a > hf (= 3 in.), T beam analysis is required.

 Assume,  = 0.9.
 Thus,
0.85 f c ( b − bw ) h f 0.85  3  ( 47 − 11)  3
Asf = = = 4.59 in 2
fy 60
 h   3
M n1 = Asf f y  d − f  = 4.59  60   20 −  = 5095 in-kips
 2   2
Mu 6400
M n2 = − M n1 = − 5095 = 2016 in-kips
0.9 0.9
 Now, assume a = 4.0 in.
M n2 2016
As − Asf = = = 1.87 in 2
f y ( d − a 2 ) 60 ( 20 − 4 2 )
a=
(A − A ) f
s sf y
=
1.87  60
= 4.0 in
0.85 f cbw 0.85  3 11
 Therefore, it is ok to assume value of 4 in for a.

110

 Hence, the total tensile steel area is,

As = Asf + Asw = 4.59 + 1.87 = 6.46 in 2
 Check for strength reduction factor:
a 4
c= = = 4.71 in
1 0.85
c 4.71
= = 0.236  0.375
dt 20
 Hence, the assumption of  = 0.9 is satisfactory.
a=
(A − A ) f
s sf y
=
1.87  60
= 4.0 in
0.85 f cbw 0.85  3 11
111
 A concrete floor system consists of parallel T beams

spaced 10 ft on centers and spanning 32 ft between
supports. The 6 in. thick slab is cast monolithically with T
beam webs having width bw = 14 in. And total depth,
measured from the top of the slab of h = 28 in. The
effective width will be taken 3 in. less than the total
depth. In addition to its own weight, each T beam must
carry a superimposed dead load of 50 psf and service live
load of 225 psf. Material strengths are fy = 60,000 psi and
fc = 4,000 psi. Determine the required tensile steel area
and select the reinforcement needed for a typical
member.
112

Lecture # 02 Flexural Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam

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Lecture # 02 Flexural Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam

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CE315: Design of Concrete Structures I 10/4/2022

Lt Col Md. Jahidul Islam, PhD, Engrs

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 2

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 1

 When a simply supported plain concrete beam subjected

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 3

 Plain concrete beams are inefficient as flexural member

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 4

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 2

 When the load in a beam is gradually increased from zero

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 5

 Stage1 (Stresses Elastic & Section Uncracked):

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 6

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 3

 Stage2 (Elastic & Cracked):

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 7

 Stage3 (Inelastic & Cracked):

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 8

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 4

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 9

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 10

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 5

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 11

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 12

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 6

 As long as the tensile stress in the concrete is smaller than

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 13

 A rectangular beam has the dimensions b = 10 in., h = 25

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 14

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 7

 n = Es/Ec = 29,000,000 / 3,600,000 = 8

 Moment, M = 45 ft-kips = 540,000 in-lb

 According to the flexural beam theory,

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 8

 The stress in the steel reinforcement is,

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 17

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 18

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 9

 When the tensile stresses exceeds the modulus of rupture,

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 19

 To compute stresses, the transformed section will be

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 10

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 21

 A rectangular beam has the dimensions b = 10 in., h = 25

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 22

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 11

 n = Es/Ec = 29,000,000 / 3,600,000 = 8

= ( 0.0103  8) + 2  0.0103  8 − 0.0103  8 = 0.33

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 12

Description Uncracked Cracked

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 25

1. Strain in reinforcement and

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 26

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 13

4. Stress in reinforcement fs below the yield strength fy shall

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 27

4. Requirements of the above assumption may

stress of 0.85fc’ shall be

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 14

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 29

 At high loads, close to failure, the distribution of stresses

CE315: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 30