REVEIWER FOR EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

UNICELLULAR
-organisms that are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the
organism. Unicellular organisms include bacteria, protists, and yeast
MULTICELLULAR
-organisms that composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on
specialized functions. In humans, cells differentiate early in development to become nerve cells,
skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and other types of cells.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
CAROLUS LINNAEUS-the biological system of naming the organisms in which the name is
composed of two terms, where the first term indicates the genus and the second term indicates
the species of the organism.
CREATIONISM- Life was put here, on Earth, by divine forces. This is based on faith, not fact.
Day1- earth covered by water and light Day2- atmosphere and sky
Day3- dry land, plant, and fruit trees. Day4-Sun, Moon, and Stars.
Day5-Birds and sea creatures. Day6- Land, animals, Adam and Eve.
THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS
-the idea that life arose from nonlife more than 3.5 billion years ago on Earth. Abiogenesis
proposes that the first life-forms generated were very simple and through a gradual process
became increasingly complex.
STANLLEY MILLER
-was an American chemist who made landmark experiments in the origin of life by
demonstrating that a wide range of vital organic compounds can be synthesized by fairly simple
chemical processes from inorganic substances.
FRANCESCO REDI
spontaneous creation of maggots-He is a physician, naturalist, and poet. His works challenge
the previous popular theory of spontaneous generation. He disproved the idea that living things
may arise from non-living things.
LOUIS PASTEUR
Pasteur experiment -French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important
founders of medical microbiology.
THEORY OF CATASTHROPISM
-the French naturalist GEORGES CUVIER developed his theory of catastrophes. Accordingly,
fossils show that animal and plant species are destroyed time and again by deluges and other
natural cataclysms, and that
ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH-THE SUBSYSTEM
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
Crust -is the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet. Earth's crust is generally divided into older,
thicker continental crust and younger, denser oceanic crust. The dynamic geology of Earth's
crust is formed by plate tectonics
Mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust.
Mantles are made of rock or ices and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the
planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone
differentiation by density.
Outer Core is the third layer of the Earth. It is the only liquid layer and is mainly made up of the
metals iron and nickel, as well as small amounts of other substances.
Inner Core is the most metal place on Earth—even more so than the outer core. Both are made
mostly of iron, along with a smattering of nickel. But the iron is thought to also contain traces of
lighter elements like oxygen, carbon, and silicon.
THE FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH
ATMOSPHERE
-Gaseous layer above the earth's surface primarily composed of
different gases such as nitrogen and oxygen
BIOSPHERE
-The zone of the earth where all forms of life exist. This serves as the
ecosystems of all living non-living organism
GEOSPHERE
-The solid part of the Earth that consists of the entire planet from the center of the core to the
outer crust. It includes core, mantle, and crust of the Earth.
HYDROSPHERE
-The water part of the Earth that includes ocean and glaciers
ROCK AND ROCK CYCLE
VALUES OF ROCKS
-Help answer questions about history of earth and the solar system.
-Record of what the earth used to be Fossils
TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS – SEDIMENTARY- METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS - formed by cooling of magma
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS- formed after lava cools above the surface
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASTIC ROCK-formed from broken fragments of pre-existing rocks and minerals
CHEMICAL ROCK-formed when minerals precipitate or solidify from a solution like sea water or
lake water.
ORAGANIC ROCK-formed from accumulation of plant.
ROCK WEATHERING
-Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering
FROST WEDGING
Limestone is made from shells of sea animals and plants. It forms only under water.
Conglomerate is made of a mixture of smooth around stones and pebbles.
Sandstone is made up of tiny bits of sand. It is cut into blocks and used in walls and buildings.
Shale is made from mud and fine sit or clay. It is commonly called mudstone.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
-These rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks changed by extreme heat and pressure.
MINERAL
-It is a naturally occurring substance with distinctive chemical and physical properties.
-Must be solid (not made of liquid or gas.)
-Must be naturally occurring (not man-made.)
-are organic compound in mineral form it is a compound containing carbon that usually bonded
by hydrogen.
ORGANIC VS. INORGANIC
ORGANIC
-always contain carbon with hydrogen, and sometimes with oxygen.
-often soluble in water.
INORGANIC: Electrolytes, minerals and compounds that do not contain carbon with hydrogen.
Ex: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, inorganic acid, and bases salts.
SOLID
- A mineral should exhibit stability at room temp., which can only be attained if it is solid.
Define Crystal Structures
-Highly ordered atomic arrangements of atoms in regular geometric patterns ex: diamon,
apatite, Feldspar, quarts.
Definite Chemical Formula
-Minerals are expressed by a specific chemical formula.
-Gold (Au) -Calcite (CaCO3) -Quartz(SiO2) -Pyrite(FeS2)
Composition of earth’s crust
-Eigth elements that make up over 98% of earth crust
-(O) – silicon(Sl) -aliminum(Al) –(Fe) -Calcium(Ca) -Sodium(Na) -Potassium(K) -Magnesium (Mg)
How do minerals identified:
-color -luster -hardness -streak -Density -Crystal shape -cleavage and fractures -special
properties.
Optical properties
-color and streak
-luster mineral surface in reflected light
Strength
-Tenacity – scarchability -density
Cleavage and Fractures
Cleavage- is the tendency of a mineral to split on crack along parallel or flat planes
Fractures- occurs when a mineral breaks at random lines instead of at consistent cleavage
planes.