इंटरनेट मानक

Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 14153 (1994): Guide for General Description of

Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generating systems [ETD 28: Solar
Photovoltaic Energy Systems]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 ( Reaffirmed 2004 )

Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC ( PV ) POWER GENERATING
SYSTEM

UDC 621.311~25 : 621.383.5

@ BIS 1994

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

August 1994 Price Group 5

Solar Photovoltaic Energy System Sectional Committee, ET 28

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Solar Photovoltaic Energy System Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electro-
technical Division Council.
Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating Systems consist of various components and subsystems.
In this standard, an overview of the major subsystems and a description of components and
interfaces has been detailed. It is intended that future Indian Standards will address a detailed
classification of PV Power Generating-Systems. Performance parameters of PV systems shall be
covered in separate Indian Standards.
In preparing this standard, assistance has been derived from 82 ( CentralOffice ) 19 Guide : General
Description of Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating Systems, issued by the International Electro-
technical Commission ( IEC ).
 IS 14153: 1994

Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC ( PV ) POWER GENERATING
SYSTEM
1 SCOPE 3.4 The PV Power Generating System may
1.1 This Indian Standard gives an overview of operate in parallel with some other auxiliary
terrestrial PV Power Generating System power source(s) that are connected at the
Configurations and is intended to serve as an appropriate interface(s). In any particular PV
introduction to future PV system standards Power Generating System design some of the
under consideration. subsystems shown in Fig. 1 may be absent. 1
1.2 It contains : 3.5 Although the power quality parameters
given for the ac/ac interface and the grid
An overview of major subsystems; interface are identical in theory and in
A description of major components and practice, PV generated power quality should be
interfaces; and controlled at the output stage of the inverter
A table with possible configurations which for grid connected systems. For stand alone
can be derived from the layout in Fig. 2. systems with ac load, the ac/ac interface may
not be necessary since it is ac load power
1.3 Solar photovoltaic/thermal hybrid systems, quality dependent.
auxiliary power source(s), civil engineering
requirements are outside the scope of this 3.6 For grid connected systems, general
standard. conditions relating to supply and use of energy
as per Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 shall be
2 TERMINOLOGY followed.
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the 3.7 All components used fin PV power
definitions given in IS 12834 : 1989, ‘Solar generating system and parameters specified
photovoltaic energy systems - Terminology’ shall conform to Indian Standard Specifications
shall apply. wherever these exist. In the case of components
SECTION ONE or parameters for which Indian Standard
3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Specifications do not exist, these shall be
subject to mutual agreement between supplier
3.1 Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating and purchaser.
System consist of components and subsystems
that are used to convert incident radiation SECTION TWO
directly into electrical energy. The electrical
parameters of the input of a subsystem should 4 MAJOR CONFIGURATIONS
be compatible with the output electrical para-
4.1 The major generating configurations are
meters of a preceding subsystem(s).
identified:
3.2 All subsystems indicated in Fig. 1, except
the ‘PV’, the load/grid and the Electrical a) Stand Alone System - An independent
Storage may be referenced as a Power Condi- power production system that is not
tioner ( PC ) that could be supplied as a single connected to the grid and could thus be
unit. designed free from grid code require-
ments.
3.3 Some or all the elements of two or more
subsystems may be incorporated into one b) Grid Connected System - A power
physical unit that could be capable of producing system interconnected with an
performing the functions of the individually existing electric power grid, subject to
incorporated subsystem. grid requirements.

1
 MASTER , tt
ac,,LiNE h ac/ac
s”B&EM --CI CONTRdLLER k - INVERTOR I, c ac LOAD z
- INTERFACE CI
MONITORING
iz
..

23
Y

STORAGE

(a) STAND ALONE SYSTEM WITH ac LINE

MASTER
CONTROLLER h INVERTDR ac/ac
SUB&STEM - % ac LOAD
,MONlTORlNG c INTERFACE
A

STORAGE

(b) STAND ALONE SYSTEM WITH dc UNE

MASTER
ac/ac GRID
suR&TEM --IC CONTRoLLER % __C INVERTOR __C e ac GRID
INTERFACE
MONITORING

(C) GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM

Fig. 1 PV POWER GENERATING SYSTEM AND MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS

 (b&C DRIVEN PUUP, IRRIcAT#)R...)

TELECDMbttJNICATION. UCHTlNG
SPEclRc
1 AlH0DlC PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . .

r-
LOAD
(AC DRIVEN PUMP. lRRlG+TlDN . . . 1

(PV DRIVEN HOME APPLIANCES ...)

STAND-ALONE
SYSTEM

VIUAGE ElJXTRtFICATlON WITH

6 C DiSTRlBUTlON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0)

p~4g~~;gg~i~iCATl0td wITtj
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

DC LOAD (DC POWERED HOME APPUANCES...)

w
GRlD AC LOAD
61ACNEi3-UP
(-. SYSTEM_. ]
hTrtlouT STORAOE
AC LOAD
ITH STORAGE _ (MULTI-FA~~~LY HOUSES . . . . . .._ - . . ...)

- DC LOAD -
WiTHDul STDfME
GRlD p- AC LOAD -
CONNECTED (&E&Eh$AAL;y!XE”. FACILITY PV
ITH STORAGE . .. .. .. .. . .. . ... . . ... . .. .. .. .)

ir,
SYSTEM KLOCWD-

DISTRIBUTED
MULTI-LOAD

~~VCTRlFltZATl0N WITH DC f;;

g~cTRlmnoN Wm
. . . . . . . . . . . ..“.........d........

FIG. 2 EXAMPLE
OF Pv POWERGENERATING
SYSTEM
IS 14153 : 1994

SECTION THREE c) Analogue display; and

DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS, d) Permanent recording type.
COMPONENTS AND INTERFACES OF THE The subsystem control function uses collected
PV POWER GENERATING SYSTEM data to assure proper operation of all major
5 MASTER CONTROL AND MONITORING system subelements.
(MCM) The subsystem control functions may include
5.1 Functional Description but are not limited to:
The master control and monitoring subsystem a) storage control device;
is the highest order of photovoltaic system b) array tracking;
control. It supervises the overall operation of c) system startup;
PV Power Generating System and the
d) dc power transmission control;
interaction between all subsystems. The master
control may also interact with the load(s). e) inverter startup and control;
The MCM may be a subsystem that consists of f) ac load;
electromechanical, electronic and/or logic
g) support function(s) startup and control;
circuitry or its functions may be incorporated
in the other subsystems. For ease of design and h) security;
operation some or all functions of the MCM j) fire protection;
may be included in other subsystems. k) auxiliary supply startup and control;
The accuracy and operating range of all types m) grid interface power control; and
of control and monitoring functioning shall be
n) other support functions.
specified by the manufacturer and the accuracy
shall be as agreed to between the supplier and In any particular PV Power Generating System
the purchaser. design, some of the subsystems shown may be
The MCM should ensure system operation in absent and some of the components of a
either the automatic or the manual operating subsystem may be present in single or multiple
form.
mode.
The monitoring function of the MCM sub- 6 PV SUBSYSTEM
system may include sensing and collection of 6.1 Functional Description
data signals, processing; recording transmission The PV subsystem consists of a mechanically
and presentation of system data as required. and electrically integrated assembly of compo-
The function can monitor: nents required to form a unit that can produce
dc power directly from incident solar
a> The photovoltaic array; radiation.
b) dc conditioner;
6.2 Main Characteristic
Cl dc/dc load ~interface; The PV subsystem may be comprised of but not
4 The storage subsystem; limited to :
4 aclac interface; a) modules;
f 1 Load(s); b) sub-array;
g> Inverter; c) array field;
h) Auxiliary suppIy, etc; d) electrical interconnection;
_i) Grid interface; e) foundation;
k) Environmental conditions; f) mounting structure;
m) Power conditioner;
g) protecting device(s); and
n) Photovoltaic array current;
h) earthing.
p) Array average temperature;
q) Battery state of charge; and The PV subsystem should be designed on the
basis of an economic and physical assessment
r) Battery temperature. of required system design functions and
Monitors may be of the following types: performance requirements ( suciaa; opz;atfl~
conditions, meteorological
a) Light emitting diodes; performance, load characteristics &d safety
b) Alpha numeric digital display; requirements ).

4
 1s 14153 : 1994

The PV subsystem may be designed to meet Fuse

average or peak system requirements of the Switch
load. Its size may be limited either by site Blocking diode
restrictions or by the results of system optimi- Lightning protection
zation studies that include performance and Voltage level contoller
cost. Maximum power tracker
It should be ncted that since PV subsystem Although the dc-conditioner can be specified
orientation affects system energy production, and tested independently of the PV Power
system design calculations are necessary to select Generating System, the technical charac-
the optimum orientation for the array. Arrays teristics depend upon the requirements of the
can be either fixed or discretely/continuously system in which the unit is to he installed
adjustable. Optimum selection of the fixed tilt ( Fig. I ).
angle depends upon many factors such as
location, distribution of sunlight, load profile 7.3 Parameters
throughout the year. and particular site The following should be specified:
conditions.
a) Input conditions
6.3 Parameters 1) nominal voltage and current;
The following features, whichever applicable 2) voltage and current range;
should be specified:
3) dynamic variations;
a) Input couditions
1) irradiance; and 4) ripple;
5) regulation;
2) irradiation.
6) load conditions at which regulation
b) Output conditions is needed;
1) power; 7) duty cycle of operation of the load;
2) voltage; and
3) current; and/or 8) noise immunity for the load.
4) energy. b) Output conditions
c) Protection equipment 1) voltage and current;
1) lightning protection device; 2) tolerance of output voltage;
2) earthing; and 3) current limitation;
3) subsystem protection, that is, bypass 4) character of the loads; and
diode(s). 5) dc conditiqeer efficiency.
d) Environmental conditions. c) Protection and monitoring equipment
e) Site security. 1) unit protection;
f) General mechanical features. 2) for the load; and
g) Interaction with master control. 3) isolation between input and output.
h) Instrumentation ( sensors ). d) dc conditioner efficiency.
j) Personnel safety.
e) Interaction with master control.
7 DC CONDITIONER SUBSYSTEM f) Environmental conditions.
7.1 Functional Description g) General mechanical features.
The dc-conditioner provides protection for the h) Safety requirements.
dc electrical components and converts the PV j) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i ).
subsystem voltage into a usable dc voltage.
It generally includes all auxiliary functions k) Instrumentation.
( such as internal power supplies, error ampli- m) Acoustic noise level.
fiers, self protection features, etc) required for
its proper operation. 8 dc/dc SUBSYSTEM

7.2 Main Characteristics 8.1 Functional Description

The dc-conditioner may consist of one or The dc/dc subsystem includes the necessary
more, but is not limited to the following functions to interface the PV Power Generation
elements: System dc voltage to the dc load. It may
IS 14153 : 1994

additionally connect an auxiliary dc power protection, output current laminater, instru-

suPPlY* mentation, etc.
8.2 Main Characteristics 9.2 Main Characteristics
A dc/dc interface may include, but is not The characteristics of the storage subsystem
limited to, one or more of the following may include, but are not limited to, the
elements: following:
a) Disconnect switches and fuses
a) Type of storage
b) dc/dc voltage conversion
b) Storage capacity
c) Sanction of auxiliary dc supply
c) Maximum depth of discharge
d) Filtering devices d) Environmental constraints
e) Protective devices such as: e) Temperature dependency
1) earthing; f) Life cycles
2) lightning; and &I Internal loss of storable energy ( time
related )
3) under/over voltage.
h) Specific energy ( ratio of storable energy
8.3 Parameters to the weight of the storage component)
The following should be specified:
9.3 -Parameters
a) Input conditions
The following should be specified:
1) nominal voltage and current;
2) voltage and current ranges; a) Input conditions
3) dynamic variation; and I) nominal voltage and voltage range;
4) dc conditioner efficiency. 2) maximum charging current; and
3) battery trickle charge current.
b) Output conditions
1) voltage and current; b) Output conditions
2) tolerance of output voltage; 1) voltage range;
3) current limitation; and 2) maximum discharge current;
4) characteristics of loads. 3) maximum depth of discharge;
4) battery temperature; and
Cl Interface efficiency
5) battery voltage - full battery voltage
d) Protection equipment and voltage per cell
1) unit protection;
2) for the load; c) Number of ‘no sun’ days that the system
can operate for
3) isolation between input a,nd output;
and 4 Energetic and faradic efficiency
4) over voltage and current. e) Self discharge
f) Cycling conditions
e) Interaction with master control
f 1 Environmental conditions g) Protection equipment
1) unit protection;
g) General mechanical features
h) Safety requirements 2) for the load;
j) Electromagnetic interference (e.m.i) 3) over/under current and voltage;
k) Instrumentation 4) for safety; and
m) Acoustic noise level. 5) for environment.
9 STORAGE SUBSYSTEM h) Safety requirements

9.1 Functional Description d Interaction with master control ( MCM )

kj Maintenance
Thestorage subsystem provides the means to m) General mechanical features
preserve electrical energy. The subsystem may
also include input-output control devices such n) Instrument.ation
as charge regulation, over/under voltage p) Battery management system

6
 fS 14153 : 1994

1) control charge to full charge/trickle 3) isolation between input and output; and
charge; 4) over voltage and current
2) prevention of over charge/over e) Loss without load
discharge; and
f) Interaction with the master control
3) protection of battery from emergency g) Environmental condition
due to load fault.
h) General mechanical features
10 INVERTER SUBSYSTEM
j) Safety requirements
10.1Functional Description k) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i )
The inverter changes dc-conditioner and/or m) Instrumentation
storage battery output into usable ac power. n) Acoustic noise generation
It may include voltage control, internal power
supplies, error amplifiers, self protective 11 ac/ac SUBSYSTEM
devices, etc. 11.1 Functional Description
10.2 Main Characteristics The ac/ac subsystem includes the necessary
The inverter may control one or more, but is functions to interface the PV Power Generating
not limited to the following parameters: System ac voltage to an ac load. It may
additionally connect an auxiliary ac power
a) Frequency supply *
b) Voltage level 11.2 Main Characteristics
c) Start up and shut down An aclac subsystem may consist of one or
d) Synchronization more, but is not limited to the following
me) Reactive power elements:
f) Quality of output power a) Disconnect switches and fuses
b) ac/ac voltage conversion
Although the inverter can be specified and
tested independently of the PV Power Generat- c) Connection of auxiliary ac supply
ing System, the technical characteristics d) Filtering devices
depend upon the requirements of the system in
which the unit is to be .instailed. For example, e) Protective features such as:
parameters can differ between a stand alone 1) earthing;
and a grid interactive system. 2) lightning protection devices;
10.3 Parameters 3) under/over voltage; and
The following should be specified: 4) safety.
11.3 Parameters
a) Input conditions
The following should be specified:
1) nominal voltage and current;
2) voltage and current range; and a) Input conditions
3) dynamic variations of input voltage. 1) number of phases;
b) Output conditions 2) nominal voltage(s) and current(s);
1) number of phases; 3) voltage and current ranges;
2) voltage and current; 4) frequency;
3) output frequency and harmonic 5) power factor ( pf ); and
distortion; 6) dynamic variations.
4) tolerance of voltage and frequency; b) Output conditions
5) current limitation; 1) number of phases;
6) character of the loads; and 2) voltage and current ranges;
7) power factor ( pf ). 3) frequency and harmonic distortion;
c) Inverter ~ehiciency 4) tolerance of voltage and frequency;
d) Protective equipment 5) current limitation;
1) unit protection; 6) characteristics of loads; and
2) for the load; 7) power factor ( pf).

7
IS 14153 : 1994

8) phase imbalance limitations 4) relays; and

Protection equipment 5) isolation transformer.
1) unit protection e) Coupling and discoupling system
2) for the load
12.3 Parameters
3) isolation between input and output
The following should be specified:
4) over voltage and current
Interaction with master control a) Input conditions
Environment conditions 1) number of phases;
f) General mechanical features 2) nominal voltage(s) and current(s);
g) Safety requirements 3) voltage and current ranges;
h) Interface efficiency 4) frequency;
j) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i ) 5) frequency range;
k) Instrumentation 6) power factor ( pf ); and
12 GRID INTERFACE SUBSYSTEM 7) dynamic variation.
b) Output conditions
12.1 Functional Description
The grid interface subsystem electrically 1) number of phases;
interconnects the output of the dc/ac inverter 2) voltage and current range;
and the grid distribution network. It permits 3) frequency and harmonic distortion;
the PV Power Generating system to operate 4) tolerance of voltage and frequency;
in parallel with the grid and thus power may
flow to or from the grid. 5) current limitation;
6) characteristics of loads;
NOTE- The PV Power Gonerating system generated
power that flows to the grid should not adversely 7) -power factor ( pf ); and
affect the quality of the existing power on the phase balancing.
distribution system nor endanger the safety of its 8)
operation. c) Production equivalent
12.2 Main Characteristics 1) unit protection;
An at/Grid interface subsystem may consist 2) for the load;
of one or more, but is not limited to the 3) isolation between input and output;
following elements: and
a) Disconnect switches and fuses 4) over voltage and current.
b) ac/ac voltage conversion d) Interaction with master control
c) Filtering device e) Environmental conditions
d) Protective features such as: f) General mechanical features
1) earthing; g) Safety requirements
2) lightning protection devices; h) Interface efficiency
3) under/over voltage protection j) Electromagnetic interface ( e.m.i )
devices: , k) Instrumentation
 1s 14153 : 1994

ANNEX A
EXAMPLE CONFIGURATIONS DERIVED FROM FIGURE 2, WITH SOME
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
X denotes a necessary system component
(X) optional system component

Cemponents dC I dc/dc Storage Inverter ac/ac acjac Typical Examples

SK Condi- Interface Interface Grid
system tioner I Interface

Photovoltaic
Po~~mGenerating
I I I

STAND-ALONE

dc stand-alone X (X) X Pumping - Hydrogen

without storage production
_ --- I_____-
dc stand-alone X Lighting - Telecommuni-
X (X) X cations -Domestic
with storage
appliances
_---- ~-------~~--~
ac stand-alone ’ x (X) X X Pumping
without storage
I I
---_ I__-__I______
ac stand-alone X (X) X X X Rural electrification
with storage Telecommunications
______~ ~~___~
dc and ac stand-
alone without
X (X) x X X X Remote - industrial
*torage
----- ~~--~ --_
dc and ac stand. X (X> x X X x Industrial with DC loads
alone with storage

ELECTRIC UTILITY CONNECTED

ac Grid connected X (X) X x 1 x Urban residential appli.

without storage cations feeding power to
grid
--____----____
ac Grid connected X (X) X X X X Uninterrupted power
with storage SUPPlY
i

ELECTRIC GRID CONNECTED

~~~
Grid connected
with storage
X (X) x
I I X Power stations

Grid conneoted X (X)

with storage

9
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to
promote harmoious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality
certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced
in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not -preclude the free use,
in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sixes, type
or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director
( Publications ), BIS.

Revision of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards
are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review
indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken
up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the
latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards
Monthly Addition’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. ET 28 (3185).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

-
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 -Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )

Regional Offices : Telephone

Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 ( 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C. I. T. Scheme VIII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola f37 84 99, 37 85 61
CALCUTTA 700054 137 86 26, 37 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 160
1603 843,
20 25,
f235 02 16, 235 04 42
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113
1235 15 19, 235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ) f632 92 95, 632 78 58
BOMBAY 400093 1632 78 91, 632 78 92
Branch : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. CQIMBATORE.
FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD, GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR
LUCKNOW. PATNA. THIRUVANANTHPURAM.

Printed at Printwell Printers. Alisarh. India