BIOLOGY NOTES

Phylum

• can be invertebrates
or vertebrates.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA • invertebrates(animals have
no backbone or spine).
Huge kingdom that involves many
different species. The animal • Sometimes, they lack cranium.
kingdom involved approximately 1.2 • Most invertebrates are
million species of animals. also aquatic animals
Animals are classified on the basis of • They possess
the level of organization, body exoskeleton rather than
coelom, segmentation, notochord, endoskeleton.
etc.
Phylum Porifera(sponges)
The different phylum of the Kingdom
Animalia is Phylum Porifera, The member of this phylum are
Coelenterata (Cnidaria), commonly known as sponges.
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, This is under the subkingdom
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, parazoa(contains the very
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and simplest animal in invertebrates
Chordata. which are sponges).
Kingdom Animalia is characterized by Parazoans are also known as
multicellular, eukaryotic animal beside animals.
forms. It is also known as Metazoa. During their larva stage
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION they are motile which means
they can freely move from
Depending on the organization of
place to another however at
cells, animals are grouped into 2
their adult stage, they are
categories, namely, parazoans
attached to a substratum
(shows cellular level) and
leading to a sedentary life.
eumetazoans (shows tissue level or
Since they cannot move,
organ level or organ system level or
sponges rely on the water
organization).
current to at least catch the
1. Cellular Level food particle present in the
water.
- In this, cells are not organized
into tissues. They are arranged as ANATOMY OF SPONGE
loose aggregates.
2. Tissue Level Spongocoel/paragastric cavity
- In this, cells performing the
same functions are grouped • This is where gaseous
together to form tissues. and water exchange
3. Organ Level happens.
- In this, tissues are joined to form Osculum
organs, and each organ is
specialized to perform a particular • large opening in
function. the spongocoel.
4. Organ System Level
Mesohyl
- In this, organs become associated
to form a functional system where • gel like structure that
each system is concerned with a encloses the part of the
specific physiological function. sponges.
GERM LAYERS • contains epithelial cells
known as
These are the groups of cells pinacocytes(provides
behaving as a unit during the early framework).
stages of embryonic development.
On the basis of a number of germ Porocytes
layers, animals are placed in two
groups, i.e., diploblastic (embryo is • passageway of water.
two-layered consisting of outer
ectoderm and inner endoderm) and Choanocyte
triploblastic (embryo is three-layered
• responsible for trapping
consisting of outer ectoderm, middle
food and water particles.
mesoderm and inner endoderm).
 Amoebocyte Example of species under classes
of sponges:
• responsible for their
sexual reproduction. 1) Clathrina Clathrus
Lophocytes
• belong to class calcarea.
• responsible for secretion 2) Staurocalyptus
of collagen.
Oocytes • belong to class hexactinellida
• also known as picasso sponge
• egg cell of a sponge
3) Acarnus erithacus
Porocytes
• known as volcanoes sponge
• pores present in the sponges
• belong to class demospongia
Sclerocytes
Phylum coelenterata(cnidaria)
responsible for secreting silica in the
spicules. • Coelenterates are the animals bearing
a speical body cavity called
These are pore bearing animals coelenteron(gastrovascular cavity)
and exhibit the following general They exhibit the following general
characteristics: characteristics:

1. These poriferans are the most 1. These are multicellular animals with
primitive mutlicellular animals that tissue grade organization and show
show cellular level of organization. radial symmetry.

2. Poriferans bear numerous minute 2. These are sedentary or free-

pores called ostia on the body wall,
which lead into the central cavity
spongocoel or perigastric cavity.
The spongocoel opens outside by
an osculum.
3. They may be solitary or
colonial found attached to a
substratum leading a sedentary
life.
swimming animals and exist either in
solitary or in colonial forms.
3. They are diploblastic animals, the
body contains several types of cells
known as stringing vells, interstitial cells
(totipotent cells), sensory cells, nerve
cells, etc.
4. In coelenterates, the skeleton may
be endoskeleton or exoskeleton.

4. Spongocoel and the canals are 5. Digestion is both intracellular and

lined by special cells. extracellular. Respiration and
excretion are by diffusion through the
5. Digestion is intracellular: body wall.
respiration and excretion occur
through the body wall by diffusion 6. it shows metagenesis(alternation of
generation) and reproduction occurs
6. reproduction is by asexual or by both sexual and asexual methods.
sexual methods
CLASSES OF SPONGE
Phylum porifera contains different
classes depending on their presence of ANATOMY OF CNIDOCTES
thei r sponges and spicules Nematocyst
1) Class Demospongia
stores the thread and barb
• lack spongines and contain
spicules Thread

2) Class Calcarea contains toxins

• contains spicules but does not
Cnidocil
have spongines.
3) Class Hexactinellida. hair-like structure that when
 touched, automatically activates the
nematocyst to secrete toxin in the
thread.
Cnidarians display different
morphology in terms of shape:
Medusa(bell-shape)
contains a downward opening
known as mouth and they also
possess tentacles.
they are free-moving even when
they reach maturity.
Jellyfishes(common example)
Polyp(stalked shape)
Hydra(common example)
they are free-living during the
larva stage but during maturity,
they are sessile.
They contain an upward
opening known as mouth and
they possess tentacles.
Obelia
contains both medusa and
polyp structure.
contains gonozooid(responsible for
asexual budding of medusa. They
are also known to be colonial
hydroid).
gastrozooids
the body of the host.
Responsible for internal blockage
and perforation.
Shows instances such as when in
the presence of a malnourished kid,
yet the kid has a bloated stomach.
Schistosomiasis
Caused by Schistosoma or Blood
flukes (trematode worms), which
are found in common garden snails.
Will happen if host penetrate the
skin during contact with
contaminated freshwater, wherein
certain types of snails carrying
schistosomes, and wherein eggs of
those schistosomes are living and
existing.
Enterobiasis
Enterobiasis (also known as
pinworm infestation) is caused by
the small, thin, white roundworm
called Enterobius vermicularis.
Taeniasis
Caused by 3 species of tapeworm:
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm),
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and
Taenia asiatica.
WORM TYPES

responsible for capturing prey for 1. ANNELIDA (Segmented worms)

their food.
- Lumbricus terrestris (aka
Common earthworm)
DISEASES CAUSED BY
HELMONTHS 2. NEMATODA (Roundworm)

- Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Rat

Angiostrongyliasis
lungworm
Caused by Rat lungworms, in - Ascaris lumbricoides (cause of Ascariaxsis)
the pulmonary arteries of rats.
Cause of eosinophilic meningitis
(swelling due to eosinophils entering 3. PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworm)
the CSF, then the meninges are also
affected because that is where the - Taenia (Tapeworms)
CSF flows).
- Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm)
Ascariasis
- Schistosoma (Blood flukes,
causes Schistosomiasis)
Caused by Ascaris
lubricoides roundworms HELMINTHS
Will happen after the host ingests
eggs of the worm, which will later
grow and reproduce rapidly inside - Parasitic worms, ranges from
macroscopic to microscopic

- Includes worms from any phylum
and genus, commonly Ascaris,
Hookworm, and Whipworm
Co-extinction
• This phenomenon can be defined as
the loss of related species, because
when a species becomes extinct, the
following animals that were
dependent on it also become extinct.
Adaptation
• The biological mechanism by
which organisms adjust to new
environments.
Euglandina rosea (Rosy
wolfsnail/cannibal snail)
• Used to balance the population
of Achatina fulica/Great East
African snail
• Endangered, and near extinction
• Invasive species
• Cannibal
GASTROPODA
• Species of molluscs that use their
stomachs as feet (Gastro, Poda)
also known as GASTROPOD.
• Common mollusc we encounter
(ex: Snail)
• Slimy texture looks like mucus.
• Cornu aspersum (Garden snail)
• Order: Stylommatophora
(terrestrial gastropod molluscs)
Nudibranch (Sea slug)
• Does not contain shell, aquatic
counterpart of terrestrial
gastropods.
Achatina fulica (Giant East African
land snail)
• Host of worms (Angiostrongylus
cantonensis or Rat lungworm, a
Nematode, that can cause brain
diseases or meningitis, commonly
resides in pulmonary arteries of
rats)
Schistosoma (Blood flukes)
• Flatworms thriving inside the body of
common garden snails or golden
snails, na kapag pumasok sa atin,
magkakaroon tayo ng
schistosomiasis (can damage ur liver,
block ur blood vessels, reproduce
asexually and rapidly)
• Carrier of schistosoma:
Freshwater snails (certain types)
Ascaris lumbricoides
• Roundworm of genus Ascaris,
Phylum Nematoda, responsible for
intestinal blockage and perforation,
parasitic.
• Helminths are also known as
Parasitic worms
THREE PHYLUM OF WORMS:
• ANNELIDA (Segmented worms)
• NEMATODA (Roundworm)
• PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworm)
Butterfly chiton (Cryptoconchus
porosus)
• Member of class polyplacophora
• Species of polyplacophorans
Wood chiton (Mopalia lignosa)
• Mantle is a bit like brush-like/hair-
like/moss
• Species of polyplacophorans
Gumboot Chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri)
• Soft body
• Plates serve for protection
• Red in color
CLASS BIVALVIA
• Two shells/two valves
LOCOMOTION: Muscular foot (located
inside the shell, looks like a tongue)
REPRODUCTION: “males release sperm
into
the water, females catch the sperm”
EXAMPLES:
•Perna canaliculus (common
greenshell mussel)
• Argopecten irradians (Bay scallop)
• Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)
commonly found in pacific waters
• Their mantle filters particulates,
which irritate the oyster, so to avoid
irritation, they secrete "Calcareous
Nacre" inside.
• Calcareous Nacre = Mother of Pearl
GENUS TRIDACNA
• Mollusks huge in size, bright mantle,
inhabit shallow waters of coral reefs
in warm seas of the Indo-Pacific
region
Tridacna gigas (Giant clam, or Taklobo)
• Largest living bivalve mollusks
• Source of income, kaya sila nauubos
WHY DO SOME OYSTERS
PRODUCE SOME PEARLS?
Tridacna squamosa (Fluted giant clam)
• Native in South Pacific and Indian
Oceans’ shallow coral reefs
Tridacna crocea (Boring clam, Crocus
clam, Saffron-coloured clam)
• Native in the Indo-Pacific region
Tridacna maxima (Small giant clam)
• Found throughout the Indo-
Pacific region
Hippopus hippopus (Horse Hoof
clam, Strawberry clam)
Genus:
Hippopus
Family:
Tridacna
- Southeast Asian delicacy
CLASS SCAPHOPODA
• Boat, Feet, or Tusk shells, inside
these shells they live woah
• Testes for reproduction
EXAMPLE:
1. Antalis vulgaris
SPECIES OF SQUID
1. Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, or
Giant squid
• Eye is as big as a plate
• Giant squid average size is as big as
a boat
• Not kraken kasi hindi siya lovecraftian
2. Dalupapa, or local giant
squid, or Architeuthis dox?
3. Spioteuthis lessoniana, or Bigtin
reef squid
• Common in our local waters, sold
in markets
ANCIENT CEPHALOPODS = GENUS
ALLONAUTILUS, and GENUS NAUTILUS
EXAMPLES OF GENUS ALLONAUTILUS
SPECIES:
1. Allonautilus perforatus
- patterns are inside and outside, but
does not cover the whole shell
2. Allonautilus scrobiculatus
- shell is more textured that perforatus
- bigger than pompilius, smaller
than macromphalus
EXAMPLES OF SPECIES OF GENUS
NAUTILUS:
1. Nautilus macromphalus
• Biggest
2. Nautilus pompilius
• Smaller than scrobiculatus
 and macromphalus - mandible is located inside their mouths

3. Nautilus stenomphalus - possess Malpighian tubules

EXTINCT NAUTILUS SPECIES CLASS CHILOPODA

EXAMPLES:
- Alupihan, or Centipede
1. Nautilus praepompilius
- not into humans, venomous but not
2. Nautilus cookanum harmful to humans

SPECIES OF CLASS CEPHALOPODA - “100” segments, each segment has two

appendages
1. Common Octopus, aka Octopus
vulgaris CLASS DIPLOPODA

- each tentacle has minds of their own - Millipede

- Cephalopods, mainly octopi, have

three heart - “million” segments, each segment has 4
appendages
- two for the blood pumping beyond the gills
CLASS PAUROPODA
- one for the continuous circulation of blood
to the tentacles (which stops when PHYLUM CHORDATA
swimming
Urochordata (Tunicates) - look like sponges,
- Reproduction: but they are chordates.

How? They have notochords during their

- Blood is bloo (Hemocyanin)
larva stage. These notochords disappear at
their adult stage, replaced by Dorsal
- Can regenerate Ganglions.

EXAMPLES OF SPECIES OF THE Why are they called tunicates? They have
GENUS HAPALOCHLAENA OCTOPI tunicin, a variety of cellulose, and they also
have “tunics”, leathery sacs that help provide
protection for the animal.
2. Hapalochlaena maculosa (Blue
Ringed Octopus) Examples: Doliolida, Ascidi

• Venomous (Tetrodotoxin, much worse Cephalochordata

than cyanide, kill count on average
is 20 people) - commonly called Lancelets.
3. Hapalochlaena lunulata (Greater Examples: Lancelets (because they also
Blue- Ringed Octopus) have notochords, blade-like chordates that
live in marine sands under the sea, have
4. Hapalochlaena fasciata (Blue- numerous pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal
tail)
lined Octopus)
Vertebrata
PHYLUM ARTHTOPODA
- more complex than Urochordata and
Cephalochordata, includes most
SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA - mostly
organisms with backbones, but not all
terrestrial vertebrates have backbones.
- most are barrowing animals
- possess brains
- have body segmentations
- cranium (skull nlang sir) forests, moist soil, and under dry leaves.

ex: Andrias haponicus, Koolasuchus, Axolotl,

- notochords are replaced by
etc.
vertebral column

- multilayered integumentary system 3. Order Anura -

pakalak ex: frogs,

- fully developed complex systems
toads
UNDER CLASS VERDEBRATA

1. Order Cyclostomata - consists of:

CLASS REPTALIA
- elevated forms of amphibians,
adapted million years ago, says there
- agnathans were modifications on their bones
ex: sea lampreys
- belong to Phylum Chordata, and are
cold- blooded, and since they are evolved
- gnathosome amphibians, these once “Devonian Animals”
s Subclasses: are the first to adapt on land

- - chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) - CLASS REPTALIA

consists of 750 different species, flexible
and soft due to cartilages
- - have lateral line systems for their
sensory organs (ex: ampullae of lorenzini)
ex: Manta, Shark
- - osteichthyes (bony fishes) - distinct
animals due to scales and mucus secretion,
also possess lateral line systems for the
awareness of their environments. They have
protective flaps on their gills (aka
Operculum/Operculi).
- elevated forms of amphibians,
adapted million years ago, says there
were modifications on their bones
- belong to Phylum Chordata, and are
cold- blooded, and since they are evolved
amphibians, these once “Devonian Animals”
are the first to adapt on land
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Mostly terrestrial

ex: salmon, barracuda, tilapia, bangus, sea 2. Possess scales

bass, etc.
3. Cold-blooded
(SUB)CLASS AMPHIBIA - live on both
water and land, aka Devonian animals. Most
are tied to waters for the protection and
survivability of their eggs. No external ears, only use “Tympanum”
which are found inside the ear
ex: frogs/anura (they come out of the rain
to mate. Eggs are laid on a pod, for the 4. Sexual
males to insert their baby froggies)
5. Lay eggs - their eggs (snake and bird)
are different. There’s more Yolk in snake
UNDER CLASS AMPHIBIA eggs’ embryo. These posses no albumen
and chalaza, which are found in bird eggs.
1. Order Apoda/Caecilia - also known as blind
- their underdeveloped eggs looks as if the
worms, eyes are covered by skin and
yolk blankets the snake embryo.
sometimes bones. They barrow through the
soil to obtain prey, with the aid of their
tentacles, placed on their heads. Mucus 6. Reptiles w/o limbs are barrowing
secretion is also crucial to maintain their
stasis. reptiles BODY DIVISIONS:

1. Head
2. Order Urodela - salamanders and
newts, possess tails, mostly seen in
2. Neck
3. Trunk
4. Tail
KINDS OF REPTILES:
1. W/limbs
- Penta-limbs (???)
2. W/o limbs
Note: there are species of reptiles that
have four-chambered hearts. There’s no
externalear on all reptiles.
SKULLS OF REPTILES:
1. Anapsida = their dermal bones form into
roof-like bones. Their skulls have no
temporal bones.
- squamosal
- parietal
- lacrimal
- nasal
- fronta
2. Parapsida = possess one temporal
bone. During the cretaceous period, there
was an extinction of these kinds of
reptiles.
ex: Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus (parang
Loch Ness Manster), Placodonts
3. Diapsida = possess two temporal bones
on their skull (supra and infratemporal)
ex: Pterosaurs, Lepidosaurs (Lizard-like
reptiles), Archosauria
ex. of Lepidosauria: Youngina capensis
ex. of Archosauria: Brontosaurs
ORDER OF REPTILES (NON-EXTINCT):
1. Squamata = lizards and snakes, “scaled” or
“scale-y” reptiles
EXAMPLES:
Banakon snake (Philippine Cobra) - most
dangerous snake, since it is hugely
venomous
Pit viper - can camouflage on leaves
Reticulated Pythons (Sawa)
2. Testudines = composed of different
species of Tortoise, Turtle, and Terrapin
Tortoise = Terrestrial, Pagong
(possess elephant-like limbs)
Turtle = Aquatic, Pawikan (possess
flipper- like limbs)
Terrapin = Mixed (Terrestrial and
Freshwater living), small limbs, smaller
stature compared to the two
3. Crocodilia = composed of Crocodiles,
Alligators, Gavial and Caiman
Differences on the Snouts:
Crocodiles = V-shaped, Visible Lower Teeth
Alligators = U-shaped, Hidden Lower Teeth
Gavial = Too Narrow and Thin, Looks like the
snout of a swordfish
Caiman = Smaller compared to the three
- Deinosuchus - look like Crocodiles, and
are larger compared to Crocodiles today
4. Sphenodontia = consists of wedged
teeth (dont = ngipin OOOOOHHH)
ex: Tuatara species
CLASS AVES
- birds
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. No external ear
2. Varied feet depending on their niche
3. Varied beaks depending on their
diet, location and/or niche
4. Possess epidermal scales
5. Have pneumatic bones - hollow, air-filled
bones that support their wings and
overall flying movement
6. Bird have no teeth, they just peck.
(Pano yung isang character dun sa My
Hero Academia)
 (Basal and Terminal), phalanx can be
INSIGHT ON THE WINGS: viewed as fingers

- these are modified forelimbs - fully developed muscles

- if we have phalanges, birds have phalanx HIND LEGS TYPES:

1. Coot In short, they have two stomachs

2. Mallard = for paddling ORDER OF AVES:

3. Hawk 1. Columbiformes = consists of pigeons

and doves
4. Grouse
Differences:
5. Ostrich
Pigeon - used for racing (lmao), stubbier
6. Jacana stature

7. Crow Dove - smaller stature

8. Wood Pecker = for gripping on tree trunks 2. Galliformes = chickens, peacocks,

peafowl, turkeys
9. Parrot = for gripping on circular branches
ex: Red jungle fowl
BEAK TYPES:
3. Anseriformes = ducks
1. Generalist 4. Struthiomiformes = large, flightless
2. Insect-catching birds ex: Ostrich

3. Surface-skimming 5. Podicipediformes = consists of

grebes, birds that dive in and take off
4. Mud probing from water

5. Grain-eating 6. Cocoliformes = Cuckoos (oops)

6. Coniferous seed-eating 7. Gruiformes = crane-like birds

7. Probing 8. Psitaciformes = where different

parrots belong
8. Fiber-feeding
ex: Kulasisi (Philippine parrot)
9. Nectar feeding

10. Fruit-eating 9. Strigiformes = owls

11. Aerial fishing ex: Great-horned, Philippine Eagle Owl,

Barn, Pygmy
12. Pursuit fishing
10. Accipitriformes = mostly diurnal
INSIGHT ON CHICKEN ANATOMY birds (specifically hawks, eagles,
vultures, kites)
1. Beak = they have no teeth, so food
exception: Falcons
is directly pecked and swallowed
Flamingos = Phoenicopteriformes
2. Crop = softened food
Falcons = Falconiforme
3. Gizzard = breaks down the softened food